Unit 11 The Merchant of Venice
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【知识点】
　1．重点词汇、短语、句型结构
　1）greedy, mercy, desire, trial, bless
　2）be in love with, on condition, scold sb. for sth. , have mercy on, read out, take…in one's arms, at the mercy of, play the role of, be seated, take pride in, do the deed
　3）I never knew so young a lady with so wise a head.
　2．课文掌握程度
　通过对本单元的学习，了解正义终究会战胜邪恶，同时应了解到友情、亲情是取得成功的必要保障。
　3．重点语法
　复习不定式的用法。
　4．交际要求　
　就餐时的习惯表达法。
【重点难点讲解】
　1，At the time of this story, they were all at sea. 在这个故事发生的时候，他的所有船只都在海上。
　这里的be at sea 是"下海，出海"的意思。
　关于sea的用法小结：
　1）at sea表示在"茫茫大海上"，意指"离海岸很远"。如：
　Now his ships were all at sea. 现在他的船都出海了。
　The ship hit an iceberg and buried at sea. 这条船撞上了冰山葬身海底。
　Several ships were lost at sea owing to the hurricane. 由于飓风，好几艘船在海上失踪。
　They had first met at sea. 他们在海上航行时首次见面。
　2）at sea前面加上all或completely时，引伸为"茫然不知所措"之意。如：
　I'm all at sea. I can't understand that problem. 我简直是一片茫然，我无法理解这个问题。
　He was all at sea when he began his new job. 他开始新工作时，茫然不知所措。
　Would you please explain it again? I'm all at sea. 你是否再解释一下，我一点也不懂。
　The girl was completely at sea when her mother scolded her. 当母亲责怪她时，她简直一片茫然。
　3）请注意by sea与by the sea的区别，前者表示"经海路"，后者表示"在海边"。
　How did you go there? by train? No, we went there by sea.
　你们怎么到那里去的？乘火车？不，我们乘船去那里。
　The Turners lived by the sea. 特纳一家住在海边。
　4）注意go to the sea与go to sea的区别，前者意为"去海滨"（度假或野餐），后者表示"去当水手"。
　Last Sunday, the students in Class Two went to the sea. 上星期天二班的学生去海边玩。
　"I want to go to sea when I grow up." said the boy to his mother. 这小孩对母亲说："我长大了要去当水手。"
　2，Bassanio, Antonio's best friend, was in love with Portia, a rich and beautiful lady who also loved him.
　安东尼奥的挚友巴萨尼奥爱上了一位富有而美丽的女子鲍西娅，而鲍西娅也爱他。
　be in love with 意为"与……恋爱，爱上"。
　He has never been in love with anybody before. 他从来没有爱上过谁。
　She was in love with the paintings he had painted. 她喜爱他画的画。
　短语fall in love with 也是"爱上"的意思。
　We fell in love with the garden as soon as we saw it. 一看见那个花园我们就喜爱上了它。
　3，Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock. Do not be so bitter. 宽恕安东尼奥吧，夏洛克。不要这样怀恨在心。
　如：Have mercy on me. 宽恕我吧。
　They had no mercy on their prisoners. 他们对囚犯毫无怜悯之意。
　He showed mercy to the defeated enemy. 他宽恕了被打败的敌人。
　4，It is useless trying to argue with Shylock. Don't wait any longer. Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants. 跟夏洛克讲理是没有用的。别再等待了。对我宣判吧，把夏洛克想要得到的东西给他。
　但也可以说：It is useless to do sth.
　5，This is a most troublesome case. 这是一个非常麻烦的案子。
　a most troublesome＝a very troublesome，又如：He is a kindest man.
　＝He is a very kind man.／This is a most interesting film.
　＝This is a very interesting film.
　形容词最高级前加a与加the含义不同，比较下列句子：
【词语辨析】
　1，flesh与meat的区别
　flesh和meat都解释为肉，但涵义有所不同，flesh指人或动物身上的肉，如指食用肉，则专指兽类的肉，不包括鱼禽类的肉。如：
　Mr Green is losing flesh. 格林先生瘦了。
　Have you ever tasted the flesh of the snake? 你尝过蛇肉吗？
　You should get up early and do some exercise. Otherwise, you'll put on flesh.
　你应该早起锻炼，否则会发胖的。
　The Great Wall was made only of stone and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.
　长城不仅是用石头和泥土砌成，而且是几百万人的血肉所组成。
　meat指供食用的兽类肉，是兽类肉的总称，如pork, mutton, beef. 可统称为meat有时也指植物的肉。如：the 　meat of an apple. 如：
　What kind of meat is it? 这是什么肉。
　I like meat while my brother likes fish. 我喜欢吃肉，而我弟弟喜欢吃鱼。
　注： meat是不可数名词，"一块肉"是a piece of meat. "一磅肉"是a (one) pound of meat. 我们看到的meats是指多种肉。
　2，find与find out的区别
　find是"偶然或通过一番经历而发现"；而find out则指通过调查，研究，观察等查明原因，发现真相，请比较下列句子。
　I found him dishonest. 我发现他不诚实。
　As soon as the facts have been found out, we can begin to draw the conclusion.
　一搞清事实，我们就可以开始做结论。
　I found I had made a mistake. 我发现我出了个错。
　We have not been able to find out who broken the window. 我们至今还未发现是谁打破了窗子。
　This precious mineral is found in several provinces. 这种贵重的矿物在好几个省都有发现。
　Try to look up the new word in the dictionary to find out its exact meaning.
　要弄清这个生词的确切意思还是去查查词典。
【语法】
1，倍数的表示方法
　times作“倍数”解释时，是可数名词，用times表示“A是B的几倍大（或高、长、宽、深等）”，“A比B大（高、长、宽、深等）几倍”，常见的句型如下：
　1）A is three times (four etc) the size (height、length、width、depth、etc) of B.
　The new bridge is four times the width of the old one. 这座新桥是旧桥的四倍宽。
　The meeting room is three times the size of the classroom. 会议室是教室的三倍大。
　The tower is three times the height of the building. 这塔是那座楼房的三倍高。
　The river is five times the depth of the brook. 这条河是小溪的五倍深。
　2）A is three (four, etc) times as big (high, long, wide, deep, etc) as B. 如：
　Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
　This box is three times as heavy as that one. 这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。
　This new highway is three times as wide as the old one. 新公路是旧公路的三倍宽。
　The classroom is four times as big as our bedroom. 教室是我们寝室的四倍大。
　4）A is three (four, etc) times bigger (higher, longer, wider, etc) than B. 如：
　The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.
会议室比我们办公室大三倍，（会议室是我们办公室的四倍大）
　Asia is three times larger than Europe. 亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
　注：用times表示倍数，一般只限于表示包括基数在内三倍或三倍以上的数，表示两倍不用two times，而用twice或double，如：
　My income is now double what it was. 我的收入是以前的二倍。
　Now the number of sheep is more than double that of 1980. 现在羊的数目是一九八○年的两倍多。
　2，不定式用法归纳
　动词不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的多种特征，它在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、同位语等成分。
作主语：
To master a foreign language is not easy.
It is a great pleasure to see you.（it是形式主语，to see you是实际主语）。
作宾语：
Don’t forget to turn off the light when you leave the room.
He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.
作表语：
不定式作表语跟在连系动词之后，用来说明主语的内容。例如：
Her wish is to be a teacher.
　　His job is to sweep the floor.
作状语：
不定式作状语通常跟在不及物动词或“be＋形容词”之后，表示目的、原因或结果等。例如：
I’m glad to see you.(原因)
They ran over to meet a friend.他们跑过去迎接一个朋友。（目的）
I went to see him only to find him out. 我去拜访他，不料发现他却出去了。(结果)
　　They could have done better to have had some tools. 他们要是有些工具，会干得更好。（条件）
作定语
不定式作定语只能放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，不能放在之前。例如：
I have got something important to tell you.
　　We must find a hotel to stay in tonight.
作宾语补足语
I encouraged her to play the role of queen in the play. 我鼓励她在剧中扮演皇后角色。
I have trained the dogs not to let strangers into the castle.
作主语补足语
带有复合宾语（宾语＋宾补）的句子改为被动语态后，句中原来的宾语变为主语，原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。例如：
He was seen to enter the laboratory. 有人看见他走进了实验。
（比较：Someone saw him enter the laboratory.）
You are not allowed to go out alone.
作同位语
The order to start the general attack soon came. 进行总攻击的命令很快下达了。
I had no idea where to hold the meeting.
【例题解析】
　例1，----The light in the Office is still on.
　　　----Oh, I forget ______ .
　A．turning it off B．turn it off
　C．to turn it off D．having turned it off
　【答案】C
　【解析】英语中某些动词后既可以接不定式，又可以接动名词作宾语，但含义不同，常见的有：
　forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
　forget doing sth. 忘了做过某事
　remember to do sth. 记住去做某事
　remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
　regret to do sth. 对将要做的事表示抱歉
　regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
　此外，还有try, stop, mean, go on等。
　例2，We agreed ______ here but so far she hasn't turned up get.
　A．having met
　B．meeting
　C．to meet
　D．to have met
　【答案】C
　【解析】某些动词后只要求跟不定式作它的宾语。例：agree, ask, arrange, choose, dare, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, long, learn, manage等。
　例3，John was made ______ __the truck for a week as a punishment.
　A．to wash
　B．washing
　C．wash
　D．to be washing
　【答案】A
　【解析】see, watch, look at, feel, notice, observe, hear, listen to等感官动词（或短语）以及使役动词make, have, let跟不带to的不定式作宾补，但这为类动词变成被动语态时，小品词"to"一定不可以省略。例如：
　He was made to finish the work in an hour.
　例4，The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river.
　A．playing
　B．to be playing
　C．play
　D．to play
　【答案】A
　【解析】当see sb. doing sth. 变成被动语态时，其句型应当为：sb. be seen doing sth. 即doing不变，不可以换成to be doing的表达形式。
　例5，Paper produced every year is _____ the world's production of vehicles.（上海98，7）
　A. the three times weight of
　B. three times the weight of
　C. as three times heavy as
　D. three times as heavier as
　【答案】B
　【解析】要把倍数放在the weight of 前，讲解请见本期的语法讲解。

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