Unit 13 The USA
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【知识点】
1　 单词和词组：
　四会单词和词组：shoot (n .) , now that 既然 , take possession of 占有，拥有，have an effect on / upon 对……产生影响 ，unpleasant 使人不愉快的 ，telegraph
　三会单词和词组：plain (n .) , object (v .) , suitcase ，a handful of 少量的，turn away 把……打发走，tear down 拆毁，拆除
2　 日常交际用语：
　Offers
　Can/May/Could/Shall I help you?
　What can I do for you?
　Would you like me to…?
　Is there anything (else) I can do for you?
　Do you want me to…?
　Let me… (for you).
　Would you like some…?
　Responses
　Thanks./Yes, please.
　That would be nice/fine.
　That's very kind of you.
　Thanks for your help.
　No, thanks. (I can manage it myself.)
　That's very kind of you, but….
　Thank you all the same.
3　 语法：
　复习和归纳句子的成分-主语。
【重点难点讲解】
　1，In 1626 the island of Manhattan was bought from local Indians, Native Americans, for a handful of goods worth about$24. 曼哈顿岛是于1626年从当地的印地安人(即美洲土著人)手中买来的，只花了价值约为24美元的为数不多的货物。
　1）a handful of… 一把，一撮；少数(人或物)。例如：
　She put a handful of sweets on the desk and asked me to eat.她抓了一把糖果放在书桌上，请我吃。
　The little boy got a handful of rice to feed the chickens. 小男孩拿了一把米来喂小鸡。
　Only a handful of people attended the dance.只有少数几个人参加了舞会。
　2)…goods worth about$24意为"价值约为24美元的货物"。其中的 worth是形容词，作"价值为"、"值得"解，后跟名词或动词-ing形式，构成后置定语，修饰它前面的名词。例如：
　He bought a coat worth over ￥1,000. 他买了一件价值为一千多元的大衣。
　New York is a city worth a visit/ visiting. 纽约是一座值得看一看的城市。
　worth 也可作表语，构成"be worth sth./ doing sth."结构。例如：
　The coat isn't worth over ￥1,000. 这件大衣值不得一千多元。
　New York is worth a visit/ visiting. 纽约是值得看一看的。
　2，After the War of Independence ended, New York became the capital of the USA for a short time (1789-90) before Washington, D. C.
　独立战争结束以后，在华盛顿成为首都之前，纽约市曾经一度是美国的首都，不过时间很短(1989-90)。
　3，By 1820 the population of New York had grown to　 about 125,000, making it the largest city in the USA.到1820年，纽约市的人口增长到12.5万人左右，使它成了当时美国最大的城市。
　1)句中的by有"before(在……之前)"或"not　 later　 than(不迟于)"的意思，表示"在(某时)前"或"到某时"已发生某事或出现某种情况，谓语动词多用完成时态。句中的" 1820年"是过去时间，所以谓语动词用过去完成时 had grown。又如。
　By 5 p.m. yesterday they had already done half of the work.
　到昨天下5点钟以前，他们已经完成了工作任务的一半。
　By the end of last term, we had learned about 1,500 English words and phrases.
　到上学期末，我们已经学了 1,500个英语单词和短语。
　She had finished her composition by the time I came home.
　在我回到家里以前，她已经完成了作文。
　By next Sunday we'11 have made a plan for performance.
　到下个星期天我们将订出演出计划。
　2)句中的 … making it the largest city in the USA 是-ing形式短语，作状语，表示结果。此处 make作"使成为"解，后跟由名词或形容词构成的复合结构。例如：
　Jack had all work but no play， making him a dull boy.杰克只学不玩，这使得他成为一个呆笨的孩子。
　The hurricane brought down a great number of houses, making thousands of people homeless.
　飓风刮倒了大批房屋，使得成千上万的人无家可归。
　Her husband died in the war, making her a widow with four children.
　他的丈夫在战争中牺牲了，使她成为带着4个孩子的寡妇。
　4，In 1858 an area of poor housing, factories and farm buildings was torn down and Central Park was created, reaching from 59th Street to 110th　 Street and across three avenues.
　1858年拆除了一大片破旧的房屋、 工厂和农舍，建起了中央公园，这个公园从59街延伸到110街，跨越三条大马路。
　tear(tore，torn)是动词，作"撕开，扯掉"解。短语动词 tear down作"撕下，拆毁"解。例如：
　Don't tear down the notice, please. 请不要扯掉这个布告。
　The workmen tore down the old house and built a new one in its place. 工人拆毁旧屋，并在原地另盖新屋。
　The city will tear down these buildings to make room for the new highway.
　市政当局要拆毁这些建筑物，以让出地方修筑新的公路。
　5，In 1892 the age of mass arrivals began, during　 which 15 million　 new people passed throuph Ellis Island into the USA over a period of 62 years. 1892 年开始了一个国外移民大量涌入的年代，在随后的62年中，有1,500万新来的人通过埃利斯岛进入美国。
　1）during which 15 million new people…62 years 是非限制性定语从句，during which=during the age of mass arrivals.这个定语从句修饰先行词 the age，从句与先行词之间被谓语动词 began 隔开，这种从句叫分隔式定语从句。例如：
　The days will come soon when people have enough to eat and to wear.人们丰衣足食的日子是会很快到来的。
　In one night, the city of Tangshan was destroyed, in which about 240,000 people died from the earthquake. 一夜之间，唐山市被毁了，市内约有24万人死于地震。
　2)短语动词 pass through 作"穿过"、"通过"、"路过"解，其中的 through可以 是介词，也可以是副词。例如：
　He passed through the doorway and entered the room. 他穿过门口进入室内。
　We're just passing through on our way to New York. 我们是去纽约的，只不过是路过这里。
　They had to pass through the forest to get to the river. 他们必须穿过森林才能到达江边。
　6，People who wanted to enter the USA had to go through a number of mental and physical tests and about 2 million people were turned away. 想要进入美国的人都必须经过多次的心理测验和体格检查，大约有200万人不准入境。
　1）go through 作"经历(困难、痛苦等)"解(to suffer or experience something bad)。例如：
　His grandpa went through many dangers during the war. 在战争期间，他的祖父经历了许多危险。
　She has gone through a lot since her husband was killed. 丈夫牺牲后，她经历了许许多多的困难。
　They would go through fire and water to serve the people.为人民服务，他们情愿赴汤蹈火。
　go through 还有许多其它的意思，最常见的是做"审阅"、"检查"、"翻找"解。例如：
　Please go through these papers carefully.请你仔细审阅这些文章。
　Mother went through the drawer looking for the sweater.母亲翻抽屉找那件毛线衫。
　2) turn away作"拒不接纳"，"不准进入"解(to refuse to admit)。例如：
　Because the hall was full,many people were turned away.因为大厅里已经满座，许多人被打发走了。
　Crowds of people were turned away for lack of room.由于缺少场地，许多人被拒之门外。
　7，A 55-storey building went up in 1913, and in 1931 the Empire State Building was completed, then the tallest building in the world. 1913年一座55层高的大楼拔地而起。 1931年帝国大厦竣工，这在当时是世界上最高的大厦。
　then the tallest building in the world. 可以看作是下列非限制性定语从句的省略：…,(which was) then the tallest building in the world,其中的 which 代替主句中的主语 the Empire State Building,这个定语从句对这个主语作补充说明。又如：
　He bought the car in 1980, then a modern type in China.
　他于1980年买了这部汽车，当时在中国这还是一种新型的车子。
　8，It is thought that they arrived more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America.他们被认为是在3万多年以前从亚洲跨越一座陆桥来到美洲的。
　1)本句是由形式主语 it引导的句子，真正的主语是后面的　 that-clause。句中的　 It　 is thought that…大体相当于：People think that ….因此，本句可以改写成：
　People think that they arrived more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America.
　或者改写成：
　They are thought to arrive more than 30,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge from Asia to America.
　9，Now that they could ride horses, it became easier to hunt the bison,a type of cattle which used to exist in huge numbers on the plains of America. 既然土著人会骑马了，猎取野牛也就容易了。这种野牛以前是成群结队地生活在美洲平原上的。
　这是一个复合句。主句是由形式主语 it引导的句子：it became easier to hunt the bison，随后跟着的 a type of cattle是 bison的同位语，并由定语从句 which used to … the plains of America 所修饰。 Now that they could ride horses 是表示原因的状语从句。
　1）now that是一个连词词组，作"既然"(since)解，连接一个表示原因的状语从句。在口语中这个that常可省略，而只用now连接从句。而now在从句中已失去了"现在"的时间概念(从句中不一定要用现在时态)。不过，严格地说，now that多少含有"到这时"，"到达……的阶段或状态"的意思。本句中的 now that they could ride horses 就含有"既然到了他们可以骑马的时候"的意思。例如：
　Now (that) you are well again, you can work with them. 既然你已经康复了，你就可以跟他们一起工作。
　Now (that) we are alone, we can speak freely. 既然没有别人了，我们就可以无拘束地谈谈了。
　Now that you have finished your work, you may go. 既然你的工作完成了，你就可以走了。
　Now that he was really gone,I felt very sorry. 到他真的离开了的时候，我倒感到很抱歉了。
　2）in huge numbers 作"大量地"解(huge=very large/big)。也可以说"in big/large/great numbers"。注意，这个词组中的 number 要用复数(numbers)。例如：
　One afternoon I saw ants coming out in huge numbers. 有天下午我看到大批大批的蚂蚁出来了。
　That day we killed and wounded the enemy in great numbers. 那天我们杀伤了大量的敌人。
　Food supplies are coming in large numbers. 食品供应源源而来。
　10，From 1830 onwards in the USA and from about 1870 in Canada, settlers began to move westwards and to take possession of the plains as their own. 美国自1830年起，加拿大从1870年左右起，殖民者开始向西迁移，并把平原据为已有。
　1）from…(time) on/ onwards 从……(时候)起。如 from　 now　 on/onwards(从现在起)，from then on/onwards(从那时起)，from that night on/onwards(从那夜起)，from 1980 onwards(从1980年起)。例如：
From now on you're my students. 从现在起，你们就是我的学生了。
　From that time onwards they began to pass through the forest. 从那时起他们就开始穿越森林。
From 1990　onwards the city began to take on a new look. 从1990年起，这个城市开始出现了新面貌。
后缀 -wards 常构成副词，表示"向"，如：eastwards(向东)， southwards(向南)，westwards(向西)， northwards(向北)， backwards(向后)， upwards(向上)， forwards (向前)，afterwards(以后)等。
　2) take possession of夺取，占有。例如：
　At midnight they crossed the river and took possession of the village. 他们半夜渡江，占领了那个村庄。
　The old couple took possession of the house about 30 years ago. 那对老年夫妻大约在30年前就买了那所房子。
　The policeman came and took possession of the thief's bag. 警察来了，把小偷的包夺了过来。
　11，It was also thought that by removing their main supply of food, the Native Americans would be forced to give in. 当时还有人认为，断掉了主要的食物来源，土著人就会被迫屈服。
　1)remove vt.除去，排除，消除(get rid of)。例如：
　Remove his name from the name list. 把他的名字从名单中勾掉。
　We tried to remove his doubts and let him tell the truth. 我们设法消除他的疑虑，让他说出事情的真相。
　If you can remove their fears, the villagers will not run away. 如果你能打消村民的恐怖情绪，他们就不会逃走。
　2)give in 投降，让步，同意。例如：
　They refused to give in and fought to the end. 他们拒绝投降，战斗到底。
　Mother kept inviting Mrs Smith to stay for lunch, and finally she gave in. 母亲再三地邀请史密　斯太太留下来吃午饭，她终于同意了。
　Mary usually has to give in to her big brother. 玛丽通常得听从她大哥的话。
　12，Between 1850 and 1910 the bison population is thought to have fallen from 60 million to just a few hundred. 人们认为，在1850年到1910年之间，野牛的头数从6,000万头下降到只有几百头了。
　本句是一个简单句，谓语动词用了被动语态。句子的意思相当于下列主动句：People think that between 1850 and 1910 the bison population fell from 60 million to just a few hundred.
to have fallen 是不定式的完成式，表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，也就是说 to have fallen 　发生在is thought之前。后者是现在时，则前者是过去时。这可从上面的主动句中看出。又如：
　I am glad to have met him. (=I met him and I feel glad.) 我遇见了他非常高兴。
　He pretended to have read the book.(=He pretended that he had read the book.)他假装读过这本书。
　She seems to have finished her work.(=It seems that she finished her work.)她好像已经完成了她的工作。
　13，Thus one simple fact, a change in the number of bison, had an effect on the whole wildlife chain of the plains. 因此，一个简单的事实-野牛数目的变化对平原的整个野生生物链都产生了影响。
　have an effect on 对……有影响，对……起作用。 effect后跟介词 on或 upon，effect 前也可以有形容词作定语。例如：
　These agreements have an effect on both the buyer and the seller. 这些协议对买卖双方都起作用。
The arrival of the European settlers had a great effect on the life of Native Americans. 欧洲殖民者的到来对美洲土著人的生活有很大的影响。
　The cold in spring usually has a bad effect on the growth of plants. 春寒通常对植物的生长不利。
　The medicine had no side effects on your body. 这种药对你的身体没有副作用。
【语法－主语】
　主语可以用名词、数词、动名词（或动名词短语）、不定式、词组、复合结构、从句等来充当。
　1、名词作主语
　Our Party and government pay great attention to the development of agriculture and industry .
　2、数词作主语
　Two-thirds of the students live at school .
　3、动名词（或动名词短语）作主语
　Running makes my heart beat faster .
　4、不定式作主语
　To talk with our friends is a pleasure .
　For her to open the door was impossible .
　注意：不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数，并且常用 it 充当形式主语。如：
　It is important for us to master a foreign language .
　5、用 it 作形式主语的句型有：
　(1) It is + 形容词(possible , clear , true , necessary , likely , nice 等) + that
　(2) It is + 名词 （a pity , no use , a fact , no wonder 等）+ that
　(3) It + 不及物动词（follows , happens , turns out , goes without saying）+ that
　(4) It is + 过去分词（thought , known , mentioned , said , expected , suggested ,
　may be safely said , must be admitted , has been decided ）+ that
　6、词组或者复合结构作主语
　Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy , happy and wise .
　7、主语从句作主语
　Is that you told me really true ?
　What they are going to have at lunch hasn't been decided .
　注意主语从句作主语时常被换用成 it 作形式主语，如：
　It is a pity that he had made such a mistake .

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