动词不定式作主语

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作者:李守锡
有"鬼精灵"之称的动词不定式,用作宾语、宾补时特别多,其次是定语、状语、表语,这些已飨读者了。今天就让不定式头版头条了却这最后一桩心愿。
一、不定式等非谓语形式作主语时,谓语动词一路走来都是单数身份;不少作主语的不定式与动名词在意义上相同。如:
To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
二、口语中,当作主语的不定式过长时,it不惜屈居有名无实的形式主语,常为平衡关系而挺身而出、替主出征,"真主角"反无官一身轻,悠哉断后。如:
To learn a foreign language well is not easy.→ It's not easy to learn a foreign language well. 要把一门外语学好不容易。
To play football is very interesting. → It's very interesting to play football. 踢足球很有趣。
留言提醒:在实际操作中,不定式(短语)还有权"招聘"一个逻辑主语,并由of / for出面"料理"--It's + adj. + for / of sb. + to do sth.,下例中的"for me"即是:
It's hard for me to finish the task in such a short time. 对我而言,要在如此短的时间里完成任务是困难的。
聘of还是for?点击作表语的形容词属性可知:若形容词描述的是人的特征与品行,能修饰人(像kind, nice, good, clever, right, polite, careless等),则"of适宜";如果形容的是事物的特点或外观等(如easy,hard / difficult, safe, interesting, important,necessary之类),则"for主动上"!下例"正误"可略见一斑:
出席这个会议对你来说很重要。
[误] It's very important of you to attend the meeting.
[正] It's very important for you to attend the meeting.
留言提醒:检验形容词描绘的是不是人的特征与品行、能否修饰人--"sb. be adj."可助上一臂之力。
三、一个都不能少:还有几种耳熟能详的"不定式作主语"句式。如:
1. It takes / took / will take (sb.) some time to do sth.如:
It takes (us) hours to do our homework every day. 我们每天要花上数小时做家庭作业。
2. It's + n. + to do sth.如:
It's a mistake for us not to help him. 我们不帮他是个错误。
留言提醒:要对不定式否定,暗号照旧--not在不定式前面加!
3. It cost / costs sb. some time / money to do sth. 如:
It cost me ten yuan to buy this bag. 我花了十元钱买这个书包。
四、时代流行风--主语也能由疑问词how / what / when / where / which等携手与不定式"联袂出演"。如:
Where to put the bikes is being discussed. 把自行车放哪儿正在讨论当中。
When and where to have the meeting hasn't been known. 什么时候、什么地方开会还是未知数。


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