被动语态中的“省、补、变、加、留”

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作者:沈建林
被动语态中的"省、补、变、加、留"指学习被动语态时应注意的"省主语、补主语、变代词、加上to、保留by"这些关键内容。
"省主语",指主动语态变被动语态时,如果主动句中的主语为泛指情况的we, they, people时,被动句中将by短语省略。如:
We speak English. →English is spoken.
"补主语",指将字面未出现行为者的被动句改为主动句时,应适当地补上主语,如we, they, people, someone等。如:
A car is stolen. →Someone steals a car.
"变代词",指主动句中的宾语是宾格人称代词时,改为被动句要将其变为主格人称代词。如:
We must send her to the hospital at once. →She must be sent to the hospital at once.
"加上to",如果主动句中含不带to的不定式(作宾语的补足语),变该句为被动句时,不定式前的"to"应恢复使用。如:
We saw him leave the classroom. →He was seen to leave the classroom.
"保留by",指下列被动句中by短语不省略的情况:
a. 当by短语不表示行为者,而表示使用的手段和方法时。如:
Most of the work will be done by the computers.
b. 强调by短语中的动作行为者时。如:
Macao was forced by Portuguese more than four hundred years ago.
特别提示:一般将来时的被动语态:shall / will be +p. p.
现在完成时的被动语态:have / has been + p. p.
现在进行时的被动语态:am / is / are + being + p. p.
过去将来时的被动语态:should / would be + p. p.
另外需特别注意的是英语中look, smell, feel, taste, sound等系动词和表示"起止"意义的动词begin, start, finish, stop等,主动形式可表被动意义。
考题回放:
1. -Did you go to Jack's birthday party?
-No, I______. (2004天津市)
A. am not invited B. wasn't invited
C. haven't invited D. didn't invite
2. I like this silk dress, and it ______ so soft and comfortable. (2004江西省)
A. is feeling B. feels C. has felt D. is felt
3. People use computers widely in the world. (改为同义句)
Computers ______ widely ______ in the world. (2002辽宁省)
4. 第四十七届世乒赛上个月在巴黎举行。中国乒乓球运动员赢得理所当然。
The 47th World Table Tennis Championship ______ ______ in Paris last month. The Chinese ping-pong players ______ ______ ______. (2003济南市)
5. We heard them sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday. (改为被动语态)
They were heard______Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday. (2004重庆市)


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