unit21 music
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Ⅰ. 词汇学习
familiar ，be familiar with ，cap， note， can ( n . ) ， hammer ，memory， tin ，marry ，get married ，single ，square， otherwise， perform， wedding， musical ，generation ，learn， by heart ，in praise of， hero ，nowadays， passerby ( 复数形式是： passers - by )，pattern， root ，thought ，gay ，ray ，part ( vt . ) ，soul ，iron，ironing ，board， whisper，jazz， folk， instrument， violin ，earn one‘s living ，drum ，carol ，flaming， fade
Ⅱ. 交际英语
1. I think at the beginning we’d rather have …
2. I‘d prefer them not to…
3. I’d rather have … to start .
4. I‘d rather not have …
5. Have you decided … ?
6. I’ve decided to …
Ⅲ. 语法学习
- ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语的用法
1 . 动词的ing形式包括名词和现在分词，二者都可作表语。如：
Our job is playing all kinds of music . ( 动名词 )
The music they are playing sounds so exciting . ( 现在分词 )
注：一般来讲，动名词 ( 短语 ) 作表语，主表可互换，即：Playing all kinds of music is our job .
现在分词作表语，表明主语的性质和特征，主表不可互换。
2 . - ing形式做定语可以表示1 ) 所修饰名词的用途。如：
a waiting room ( = a room for waiting ) 候车室
a walking stick ( = a stick for walking ) 手杖
a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping ) 卧车
2 ) 所修饰名词正在进行的动作，可以换成定语从句形式。如：
a waiting man ( = a man who is waiting ) 正等待着的男人
a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping ) 正睡觉的孩子
a walking man ( = a man who is walking ) 正散步的男人
3 . 在see , hear , feel , watch , notice等感观动词后可以用 - ing形式做宾语补足语。这时 - ing形式和句子的宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，并且 - ing形式表示宾语正在进行的动作。如：
He saw a girl getting on the tractor . ( = He saw a girl and the girl was getting on the tractor . ) 他看见一个女孩在往拖拉机上爬。
Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 有人敲门你听见了吗?
Ask the students to use the information from the reading passage to describe what they have learnt about music .
Kinds of music
More details
Folk music
It has been passed down from one generation to another . At first it was never written down . People learned the songs from their families , relatives , neighbours and friends in the same village . These songs were about the country life , the seasons , animals and plants , and about love and sadness in people‘s lives .
African music
It plays an important part in people’s lives , especially for work , and at festivals and weddings , when people dance all night long .
Indian music
It‘s not written down . There is a basic pattern of notes which the musician follows . But a lot of modern music is also written . India also produces films with music , and millions of records are sold every year .
Music in the Caribbean
The slaves who were brought from Africa developed their own kind of music . West Indians make musical instruments out of large oil cans . They hit different parts of the drum with hammers to produce different notes . This type of music has become very famous in Britain and is very good music to dance to .
Jazz
Jazz was born in the USA around 1890 . It came from work songs sung by black people and had its roots in Africa . Jazz started developing in the 1920s in the southern states , Soon it was played by white musicians , too , and reached other parts of the USA .
单元重点词汇
1 . familiar意为“世所周知，熟悉的；看惯的，听惯的，耳熟的”，其后通常跟介词to连用。例如：
a familiar face / voice熟悉的脸 / 声音
His name is familiar to me , but I haven’t met him .
These tales are familiar to Chinese children .
familiar还可以表示“ ( 某人 ) 熟悉 ( 某事 ) 的，精通……的，通晓……的”，其后通常可以跟介词with连用。
例如：
He is more familiar with modern jazz than I .
I am not familiar with the names of plants .
通过以上例句我们可以看出：
①事物当主语时，作“为人所熟悉”解，与to连用；但人当主语时，作“熟悉某事物”解时，则与with连用。又如：
Alpine plants are familiar to him . ( = He is familiar with alpine plants . )
②人当主语而与with连用时，with之后若接事物的话就是“熟悉”之意，若接人的话就变成了“亲密”之意，但这个“亲密”往往很容易变成“亲昵、放肆”。
2 . marry用作动词，意为“结婚；嫁，娶，与……结婚”，其名词形式为marriage , 形容词形式为married。例如：He married a classmate from high school .
Kate married a Frenchman last year .
He married his daughter to a doctor .
Mr Smith married Miss Kate five years ago .
另外，短语be married ( to ) 意为“与……结婚，嫁给”；get marred ( to ) 意为“与……结婚，嫁给……”；marry sb . to意为“把……嫁给……”。例如：
The old couple have already been married for fifty years .
She has got married to a man from her hometown .
They married their youngest daughter to a man with a lot of money .
3 . perform用作动词，意为“执行，完成，做；演出，表演”。例如：
They computer performs these calculations with surprising speed .
The surgeon was performed a dangerous operation .
The singer had never performed in Beijing before .
He will be performing on the flute tonight .
4 . praise可用作及物动词，意为“赞扬，表扬”，例如：
He was praised for his good works .
They praised him for risking his life to save his comrade .
He was praised for finishing his work ahead of time .
praise还可以用作名词，意为“赞扬；赞扬的话 ( 用复数 ) ”。例如：
My books received high praise from general readers .
The teacher‘s praise had greatly encouraged us .
The praise of mine usually made the students feel very happy .
5 . nowadays用作副词，表示与以前相比，意为“时下；现今”，常与一般现在时动词连用。例如：
Nowadays a lot of people go abroad .
Nowadays young people prefer watching TV to reading books .
They used to read novels , but nowadays they read newspapers .
单元词组运用
1 . in praise of意为“称赞，赞扬 ( = to praise ) ”。例如：
He made a report in praise of country life .
We all spoke in praise of the boy’s courage and bravery .
2 . learn … by heart意为“记住；背诵”。例如：
I have learned the reading materials by heart .
Have you learned by heart the main points of the article?
It‘s very difficult for the children to learn the poem by heart .
3 . earn one’s living意为“谋生；挣钱”。例如：
He had to earn his living at the his early age .
The fishermen earned their living by fishing .
Some people earn their living by writing stories .
4 . play the guitar / piano / violin / flute , 英语中表示乐器的名词前通常要用定冠词。
I used to play the flute after school , but I usually operate the computer at present .
She couldn‘t learn to play the piano quite well without a teacher .
Which can you play better , the guitar or the flute?
The lady often enjoyed herself by playing the violin after supper
单元难点疑点
1 . I’d prefer them not to play too loudly at the beginning . 我宁愿让他们开始时别那么大声演奏。
prefer宁愿……，喜欢…… ( 甚于喜欢 )
prefer sb . to do sth . 宁可 ( 某人 ) 做某事 ( 不定式作宾补 )
They preferred their son to go to college .
They preferred her not to go with them .
prefer sth . / doing to sth . / doing喜欢……而不喜欢
prefer tea to coffee .
I prefer reading novels to watching TV .
prefer to do… rather than do … 宁愿…而不愿…
I prefer to go to the movies rather than stay home .
= I prefer going to the movies to staying home .
= I would rather go to the movies than stay home .
2 . Otherwise we won‘t be able to hear ourselves talk . 否则我们就听不到自己讲话的声音了。
( 1 ) otherwise ( corj ) 否则，不然， = or = or else .
Hurry up , otherwise you’ll be late .
Don‘t move , otherwise I’ll shoot you .
( 2 ) hear sb . do sth . 听某人做某事
不定式作宾补省to的动词可按下面顺口溜记忆。
五看，三使役，二听，一感，半帮助，不定式作宾补，to字要删去，主动变被动，宾补变主补，to字要恢复。五看：see , watch , notice , look at , observe ; 三使役：have , let , make ; 二听：hear , listen to ; 一感觉：feel ; 半帮助：help
I saw Xiao Li enter the room just now . →Xiao Li was seen to enter the room just now .
help my mother ( to ) do some housework . →My mother is helped to do some housework .
3. Folk music has been passed down from one generation to another .
In this way stories were passed on from one person to another .
pass down / on传下去，传授，传给
The news was passed on / down by word of mouth .
The teachers pass on their knowledge to the students .
pass by经历pass over不重视pass through经历、穿过等
4. On festivals they used to act and sing in praise of heroes who lived long ago .
It plays an important part in people‘s lives , especially for work , and at festivals and weddings…它在人们的生活中起着重要的作用，特别是为了劳动，以及在节日和婚礼上…
on festivals at festivals在节日。如果指节日当天，应用on 。 on Christmas Day圣诞节那天on Christmas Eve圣诞节前夕on New Year’s Day元旦那天on Children‘s Day在儿童节那天。但如果把节日视作一个时节，指节日的整个时期，则应用at。 at Christmas在圣诞节期间at New Year新年期间。
in praise of意为“赞扬”
The leader spoke in praise of the man who had given his life for the cause . 领袖称赞那位为事业而捐躯的人。
介词in + n . + of常见短语
in front of在……前面in spite of尽管，虽然in charge of负责in favour of支持……，赞成…… in face of面对……，在……面前in search of寻找
5. India produces more films than any other country in the world . 印度摄制的影片比世界上任何其它国家都多。
= India produces the most films in the world .
※用比较级表达最高级的意义。
Xiao Li is taller than any other student in our class .
= Xiao Li is the tallest student in our class . 小李比我们班其它同学都高。
( other后的名词应用单数形式 ) 。
比较级应注意避免和包括自身的对象比。
比较级 + than + any other + 单数名词
比较级 + than + all the other + 复数名词
比较级 + than + anyone else
Mary is taller than any other student in the class .
Mary is taller than any other girl in the class .
Mary is taller than anyone else in the class .
Mary is taller than all the boys in the class .
在一般情况下，汉英词序基本是一致的，但是，由于两种语言的表达习惯不同和东西方文化的差异，在汉英翻译中往往会出现词序错位的现象。请你对英语思考后，译成恰当的汉语。
1. food and clothing 2. track and field 3. northwest 4. young and old 5. sooner or later 6. land and water 7. you and I 8. back and forth 9. heavy and light 10. old and new 11. right and left 12. heat and cold 13. fire and water 14. rain or shine 15. rich and poor 16. eat and drink 17. long and thin 18. sweat and blood 19. back and belly 20. bed and board 21. flesh and blood 22. joy and sorrow 23. iron and steel 24. water and mountain 25. short and long 26. arms and hands 27. life and death 28. baby boy 29. ourselves and the enemy 30. hard and soft 31. chemistry and physics 32. loss and gain 33. month and year 34. East China 35. here and now 36. bride and bridegroom 37. art and science 38. north , south , east and west 39. twos and threes 40. small and medium sizes
答案：1、衣食2、田径3、西北4、老少5、迟早6、水陆7、我你8、前后9、轻重10、新旧11、左右12、冷热13、水火14、晴雨15、贫富16、饮食17、细长18、血汗19、腹背20、膳宿21、血肉22、悲欢23、钢铁24、山水25、长短26. 手臂27、死活28、男婴29、敌我30、软硬31、理化32、增损33、年月34、华东35、此时此地36、新郎新娘37、科学艺术38、东南西北39、三三两两40、中小型
单元语法
非谓语作定语的区别
动名词、分词和不定式都能作定语，它们在用法上区别如下：
※ 动名词作定语只表示被修饰词的用途，不定式作定语通常表示未来的动作或含情态意味，现在分词作定语表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态，过去分词表示已经完成的动作或无时间性的行为。
This is a sleeping car . (动名词作定语表示用途，它可转换为：This is a car for sleeping . )
A sleeping child is in the room . (现在分词的主动形式作定语表示一个正在进行的动作，它可转换成：A child who is sleeping is in the room . )
The bike being repaired now is mine . (现在分词的被动形式，表示正在进行的动作，它可转换成：The bike which is being repaired now is mine . )
I‘m not sure which is the road leading to the hospital . (现在分词短语不表示正在进行的动作而表示存在的状态，它可转换成：I’m not sure which is the road that leads to the hospital . )
The fallen leaves . (过去分词表示一个完成的动作，The leaves that have fallen . )
I have two letters to write . (不定式表示将来的动作)
※ 不定式作定语，一般只能放在被修饰词之后，分词作定语即可放在被修饰词之前，也可以放在被修饰词之后；通常单个的词放前，短语放在后，现在分词的被动形式放后。例如：
I have a friend living in London . (短语)
China belongs to the developing country . (单个的词)
The building being built now is a hospital . (现在分词的被动式)
The man dressed in a new suit is our manager . (短语)
Only by practice will you be able to improve your spoken English . (单个的词)
Mary needs a dictionary to refer to . (不定式)
※ 分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。若被修饰的名词与分词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，即被修饰的名词是动作的执行者，则用现在分词，若是被动关系，即被修饰的名词是动作的承受者，可用现在分词的被动式或过去分词。它们俩主要从时间上区别，现在分词被动式表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示完成的动作或无时间性，只表被动关系。例如：
There is a river running around our school . (主动关系)
The watch being repaired now is hers . (被动关系，正在进行的动作)
He is an English teacher liked by all his students . (表被动关系)
Japan is a developed country . (表完成，表被动)
※ 心理反应状态动词，如：excite , fright , move , tire , interest , puzzle , disappoint等，同现在分词作定语，表示“令人……”，被修饰的词通常是物，用过去分词作定语，被修饰的词通常是人。例如：
What disappointing news it is!
Don‘t make fun of the frightened child .
注意：puzzling expression “令人迷惑的表情”；puzzled expression (本身)迷惑的表情。
※ 下列情况下常用不定式作定语。
1 . 在被修饰的词前有形容词最高级、序数词以及the last , the only , the next等后作定语的时候，只能用不定式作定语。例如：
He is always the first to come .
The next man to come was Tom .
This is the largest ship to be serving as a seaside hotel in our country .
2 . have +宾语的句型中，常用不定式作定语。例如：
I have a lot of questions to ask .
He has nothing to worry about .
3 . 在way , pleasure , chance , plan等名词后常用不定式或of +动名词，但在ability , failure , promise后只能用不定式。例如：
I had no chance to speak (或of speaking) to him .
His failure to pass the exam surprised us .
4 . 表示未来的动作。例如：
He has two letters to write .
5 . 与被修饰的词有同位、动状关系的通常只能用不定式作定语。例如：
I have the ability to speak a foreign language . (同位关系)
I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at .
A good place to eat at is the Peace Restaurant .
典型“语义重复现象”错误例析
1 . 汤姆吃完早饭急急忙忙去上学。
[误]After breakfast Tom was hurrying to go to school .
[正]After breakfast Tom was hurrying to school .
[析]hurry(=move quickly)本身含有“走”之意，后面不可再接go, walk , run之类的动词，但可接动词不定式或名词。 例如：We have to hurry away to catch the bus . She hurried to the station .
2 . 我们应当全心全意为人民服务。
[误]We should serve for the people heart and soul .
[正]We should serve the people heart and soul .
[正]We should work for the people heart and soul .
[析]serve本身有“work for（为……服务）”之意。作及物动词用时， 后面不可再接介词for。
3 . 战争结束以后，她成了一名教师。
[误]After the end of the war, she became a teacher .
[正]After the war, she became a teacher .
[析]句中after是介词，有“在……以后”的意思；end是名词，意思是“结束”，用了after，就不可再用end。
4 . 只要校长一回来，我就立刻告诉你。
[误]As soon as the president returns, I will let you know at once .
[正]As soon as the president returns, I will let you know .
[析]as soon as有“立刻”之意，从句中用了as soon as，主句中就不能再用at once, immediately, right away, right now之类的词了。
5 . 这是一部极好的词典。
[误]This is a very excellent dictionary .
[正]This is an excellent dictionary .
[析]excellent, wonderful等词含有“极好的(extremely good)”之意，不能用very修饰。再如：This is a wonderful film .
6 . 大家都非常喜欢这个小男孩。
[误]Everyone all likes the little boy very much .
[正]Everyone likes the little boy very much .
[析]everyone有“每个人，大家”的意思，用了everyone或everybody， 不就必再用all了。
7．这男孩名叫杨洋。
[误]The name of the boy is called Yang yang .
[正]The name of the boy is Yang yang .
[析]name与be called不能同时使用，因为name与be called在语义上是重复的。我们通常说：My name is Li Biao . 但不能说：My name is called Li Biao .
8 . 踢足球是我最喜爱的运动。
[误]Playing football is my most favourite sport .
[正]Playing football is my favourite sport .
[析]favourite本身有“最喜爱(like best)”之意，前面不必再用most修饰了。如：My favourite hobby is collecting stamps .
9 . 如果你知道这个答案，就举手。
[误]Raise your hand up if you know the answer .
[正]Raise your hand if you know the answer .
[正]Put your hand if you know the answer .
[析]raise有“举起”之意，后面不必再加up，它与put up同义。
10 . 请把这个句子再重复一遍。
[误]Please repeat the sentence again .
[正]Please repeat the sentence .
[正]Please say the sentence again .
[析]repeat本身有“say or do sth . again”之意，用了repeat，就不必再用again了，但可说：Say it again .
11 . 你们应当把试卷保管好。
[误]You should take good care of your papers carefully .
[正]You should take good care of your papers .
[析] take good care of有“认真保管好”之意， 后面不要再用副词carefully .
12 . 你喜欢喝茶还是喜欢咖啡？
[误]Which do you prefer more, tea or coffee?
[正]Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
[正]Which do you like better, tea or coffee?
[析]prefer本身有“较喜欢(like better)”之意，如果句中用了prefer， 一般不再用more了。

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