把握引语转换规律 透视宾语从句考点
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作者：籍万杰
直接引语变为间接引语,其实就是将直接引语变为相应的宾语从句(祈使句的直接引语应变为带不定式的复合结构)。高考并不直接考查直接引语变为间接引语,而是将其融于考查宾语从句和动词不定式的用法之中。
一般说来,陈述句的直接引语变为由that引导的宾语从句;一般疑问句的直接引语变为由whether或if引导的宾语从句;特殊疑问句的直接引语变为由原特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句;祈使句的直接引语变为含不定式的复合结构。直接引语变为宾语从句后要注意以下几个问题:
一、语序
不管直接引语原来是陈述语序还是疑问语序,变为宾语从句后一律用陈述语序。
【考题再现】
Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ________.
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
答案为D。
二、连词的选用
that和what引导宾语从句的区别:
that和what的选用是宾语从句中的重点,也是高考的热点。选用that还是what要从分析句子成分入手。that只起引导词的作用,在宾语从句中不担任任何成分,通常可以省略;what引导宾语从句除起连接作用外,还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。what的选用是近年来高考考查的焦点。
【考题再现】
1. People have heard what the President has said; they are waiting to see ________ he will do.
A. how B. what C. when D. that
答案为B。see后的宾语从句中动词do后缺少宾语,选用what既作宾语从句的引导词,又在宾语从句中担任动词do的宾语。
2. ______fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.
A. What B. That C. This D. Which
答案为B。That在本句中只起连接作用,在句中不作成分。
wh-词与wh- + ever引导宾语从句的区别:
wh- + ever引起的宾语从句不含疑问意义,相当于名词 / 代词后加一个定语从句;而what, which, who, whom, when, where, how等除与前一种从句有相同的含义之外,还都有疑问意义。
【考题再现】
1. These wild flowers are so special I would do ________ I can to save them.
A. whatever B. that C. which D. whichever
答案为A。whatever既引导宾语从句,又在从句中作can(do) 的宾语。whatever相当于anything that。这句话的意思是:这些野花非常特殊,我会尽一切努力来挽救它们。
2. It's a matter of ______ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
答案为A。who 引导宾语从句,并且在从句中作主语,who在此含有疑问意义。这句话的意思是: 这是一个谁会担任这一职位的问题。
whether与if引导宾语从句的区别:
whether与if在引导动词的宾语从句时,两者一般可以互换,但在引导作介词宾语的宾语从句或紧接在or not之前时,常用whether。例如:
She asked me if (whether) I would go with her.
It all depends on whether they will support us.
We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
三、祈使句的直接引语通常变为带不定式的复合结构
这时,谓语动词通常用表示"命令、要求、建议"等的动词。
【考题再现】
1. The teacher asked us ________ so much noise.
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
答案为D。考查ask sb. not to do sth.这一复合结构。
2. If anybody calls, tell them I'm out, and ask them to ________ their name and address.
A. pass B. write C. take D. leave
答案为D。考查ask sb. to do sth. 这一结构。
四、宾语从句有时可简化为"特殊疑问词 + 不定式"结构
当主句谓语动词是know, learn, forget, remember, tell等时,其后若带有疑问词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句的主语须与主句主语一致),则该从句可简化为"疑问词+不定式"结构。
【考题再现】
I've worked with children before, so I know what _______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
答案为B。"疑问词+不定式"作动词know 的宾语。
五、"特殊疑问词 + do you think / believe / suppose..."结构
这种结构相当于do you think / believe / suppose...后跟宾语从句,但特殊疑问词总是放前, do you think / believe / suppose是插入语,其后应使用陈述语序。做这种题时,可以把插入语去掉,只剩下句子主干,并且注意插入语后要用陈述语序,这样答案便非常明显了。
【考题再现】
-We haven't heard from Jane for a long time.
-What do you suppose ______ to her?
A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. having happened
答案为C。去掉插入语do you suppose,只有A、C选项有可能正确,根据时态一致的原则,正确答案为C。

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