非谓语动词逻辑主语透视

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作者:孟卫中
一、动名词既具备动词的性质(可接自己的宾语、可受副词的修饰),又具有名词的性质(在句中作主语、宾语、表语等);前面还可以加上形容词性物主代词my, his, her, your, our, their等或名词的所有格Tom's, his father's, my friend's等,构成动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词或名词的所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。如:
Your going there won't do good to him.
My only comfort is his behaving well again.
当动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语或表语时,逻辑主语可用代词宾格代替物主代词或用名词普通格代替名词所有格。
二、V-ing形式在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语应该是句子的主语,即:谁充当了句子的主语,谁就是动作的发出者。如:
Just after putting away the dishes, Mother heard the doorbell ring.
三、有些分词用来表示说话人的态度或看法,通常放在句首,相当于一个插入语。此时分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语。常见的有considering, judging from / by, generally / strictly / frankly / honestly / exactly speaking, taking...into consideration, supposing, speaking / talking of, seeing that等。如:
Judging from his accent, he is from Australia.
四、不定式在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,即:谁充当了句子的语,谁就是这个目的的发出者。如:
To learn English well, one needs a lot of practice.
但也有一些固定表达不受这条规则的限制,常见的有:to tell you the truth(老实说), to be honest / frank(老实说,坦白地说), to make matters worse(更糟糕的是), to start / begin with(首先), to make a long story short(长话短说), to conclude(总而言之), to be brief(简言之), to be exact(确切地说), to be frank with you(老实说), to say nothing of(姑且不说) 等。这些固定搭配常置于句首,用作插入语。
五、在It is + adj. + for / of sb. to do sth.句型中,it是形式主语,不定式的复合结构for / of sb. to do sth. 是真正的主语。复合结构中的代词或名词即为不定式的逻辑主语。如:
It's kind of you to say so.


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