高一英语重点词语用法5 |
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1.reach 的用法 reach [ri:tM] vt. 到达,抵达。表示到达之意的还有 arrive at (in) , get to 等。例如: ① The president reached Beijing by special plane yesterday. 总统昨天乘专机到达北京。 ② We reached here Thursday morning. 我们是星期四早晨到达这里的。 ③ Dr Bethune arrived in Yanan in the spring of 1938. 白求恩大夫于1938年春到达延安。 ④ When did you arrive in Europe? 你何时到达欧洲? ⑤ She was always the first to arrive at the workshop. 她总是第一个来到车间。 ⑥ They arrived at the station at two o'clock. 他们两点钟来到车站。 ⑦ We must get to the airport before 8.我们必须在八点钟前到机场。 ⑧ When did you get home yesterday? 你昨天什么时候到家的? ⑨ “When did the train arrived?” “Half an hour ago.” 火车何时到达的?半小时之前。 【注意】在指到达一个洲、国家、城市等大地方时,arrive后多用in;而在指到达一个小地方时,多用at。但如将一个城市当作一个点看待,也可用 at。例如: ① Mary arrived in Shanghai last month. 玛丽上月到达上海。 ② We arrived at the small village in the evening. 我们傍晚到达那个小村庄。 ③ The train arrived at Jinan at ten o' clock. 火车十点钟抵达济南站。 2.discover 的用法 discover [dis'k)v+] vt. 发现(已存在但并不为人所知的事,通常指地方或科学事实);知道。discover的基本用法如下: 1)跟名词或代词: ①It was Madame Curie who discovered the element radium. 是居里夫人发现了镭元素。 ② Columbus discovered America in 1492.哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。 2)跟从句: ① It was discovered that our food was running short. 我们发现粮食快完了。 ② We discovered that he was an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。 3)跟带连接词的不定式: ① We never discovered how to open the box. 我们找不出打开盒子的方法。 4)跟复合宾语: ① We discovered him to be an enemy spy. 我们发现他是一名敌特。 ② We discovered them sitting around a fire talking. 我们发现他们围坐在篝火旁谈话。 3.both [b+uI] 的基本用法 1)both 用作连词。通常与and连用,构成“both…and…”形式,意为“……和……两者都”,使用时,both和and后面一般都跟着相同词类的词。例如: ① She both plays the piano and sings. (both+ 动词+ and+ 动词) 她既弹钢琴,也唱歌。 ② She plays both the piano and the guitar. (both+名词;and+名词) 她既弹钢琴,也弹吉他。 2)both用作代词。常位于连系动词之后,或实义动词之前;但若当动词是由几个部分组成时,both则放在第一个助动词之后。此外,它可用作主语。如: ①They are both absent. (同位语)他们俩都缺席。 ②They both agree to stay. (同上)他们俩都同意留下来。 ③We have both studied French. 3)both还可作形容词。其用法和either相似,但both后面接复数名词,either后面只接单数名词。如: ①New cities came into being on both sides of the Great Wall. (=New cities came into being on either side of the Great Wall.) 长城的两边出现了崭新的城市。 4)both的全部否定,应用neither或not…either;而both…not却是部分否定。如: ①Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard. (=Either of them was not in good health, but both worked very hard.) 他们俩身体都不好,但都努力地工作。 ②Both of them are not teachers. 他们俩并非都是教师。 4.room [ru:m] 的基本用法 1)room可以用作不可数名词,意为“(未占用的或可利用的)空间;地位;余地”。例如: ①Is there room for me? 还有我的地方吗? ②It's polite for the youth to make room for the old in the bus. 在公共汽车上为老人让路是有礼貌的。 ③There's plenty of room for the desks. 有足够的空地方放课桌。 ④There's room for three more. 还有三个人的位置。 ⑤I haven't much room to move here. 我这儿没有多少活动余地。 ⑥Can you make room for another? 你还能腾出一个(或一件东西)的地方吗? ⑦This table takes up too much room----we'd better put it out. 这张桌子占的地方太大,我们最好把它搬到外头去。 2)room可以用作可数名词,意为“房间,室;一套房间;寓所”。例如: ①How many rooms are there in this hotel? 这家饭店里有多少房间? ②This room is a very pleasant one. 这个房间很舒服。 【注意】与room常合成的词有:bathroom 洗澡间;sitting-room 起居室;dinning-room 饭厅;schoolroom教室 5.prepare的用法 prepare [pri'p#+] vt. & vi. 准备 1)跟名词或代词(可有较活译法): ①Please prepare the table for dinner. 请摆好桌子吃晚饭。 ②Mother is preparing us a meal. 母亲正为我们做饭。 2)跟不定式: ①They are busy preparing to go on holiday. 他们正忙着准备休假。 3)prepare for引起的短语表示“为……做好准备”。 ①We were given two days to prepare for the examination. 给了我们两天时间准备考试。 ②Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. [谚]存最好的希望,准备应付最坏的情况。 6.way的用法 1)way(意为“方法”)经常不用介词。例如: ①I think you're putting it together (in) the wrong way. 我认为你把它装错了。 ②Do it any Way you like. 你爱怎么干就怎么干。 在有关从句的句子里,我们在way后面常用that来代替in which。 例如: ③I like the way (that) she organized the meeting. 我喜欢他组织会议的方法。 2)way后面可跟“带to的动词不定式”结构,也可跟“of+ -ing”结构。两者之间没有重要区别。例如: ①There's no way to prove he was stealing money. 无法证明他在偷钱。 ②There's no way of proving he was stealing money. 无法证明他在偷钱。 3)不要混淆in the way和on the way:in the way是用来谈障碍--------阻止你到想去的地方的人或物;on the way意为“在途中”。试比较: ①Please don't stand in the kitchen door----you're in the way. 请不要站在厨房门口--------你挡了我的路。 ②Let's not stop too often on the way. 咱们别老在途中停留了。 7.offer的用法 offer作为及物动词,有以下几种意思: 1)提供,提出。如: ①The young man offered the old woman his own seat. 那位年轻人把自己的座位让给那位老大娘。 2)出价,开价(常与介词for连用)。如: ①I offered him £10,000 for the house. 我出价一万英镑向他买那座房子。 ②I offered him the house for £10,000. 我以一万磅的价格把那座房子卖给他。 3)表示愿意做某事(常与不定式连用)如: ①We offered to go with him. 我们表示愿意和他一道去。 ▲另外,offer也可作为名词用,意思是“提供”,“提供的事物”。如: ①You ought to accept the offer. 你应该接受这个提议。 8.turn 一词的几种常见用法 1)Take turns to do, take turns at doing 或do …by turns 都表示“轮流做某事”的意思。It's one's turn to do… 表示“轮到某人做某事”。注意表达时turn 一词的单复数形式。如: ①Take turns to offer each other the foods in Part 2 in pairs. 两人一组,轮流请对方吃第二部分列出的食物。 ②They took turns to keep watch. ③We take turns to make/ at making dinner. 我们轮流做晚饭。(=We make dinner by turns.) ④The two drivers took turns at driving the truck. 两个驾驶员轮流开车。(=…drove …by turns.) ⑤It's your turn to recite the passage. 轮到你背诵这篇短文了。 ⑥Whose turn is it to speak now? 现在轮到谁发言了? 【注意】 Wait your turn是“等着轮到你”的意思,这里wait后不能接for。 Wait your turn = Wait until it is your turn. 2)turn = become,用作连系动词。如: ①In autumn the leaves turn brown. 秋天树叶变黄。 ②Ice turns into water when (it is) heated. 冰加热变成水。 ③Three years later, he turned thief/ doctor. 三年后他变成了贼/医生。 【注意】句③中,turn接表示主语身份的名词时,该名词前不带冠词。 ▲说“情况变得更糟了”,英语是 get worse 或 turn for the worse,而个说 turn worse. 3)turn out表示“结果……”,如: ①The project turned out (to be) a failure. 计划结果失败了。(to be可省略) ②The day turned out to be a fine one. 结果那天是个晴天。 ③I hope everything will turn out fine/ well/ all right. 我希望一切都会好的。 4)turn up = appear, be found 表示“出现”。如:①He promised to come, but so far he hasn't turned up yet. 他答应来的,可到现在还没出现。 ②I expect the missing watch will turn up one day. 我希望那块丢失的手表哪一天会出现。 ③Tom is always waiting for something to turn up. Tom总是等待着好运会降临。 5)其它turn所用于的情况: ①Don't always turn to the dictionary when you come to a new word.碰到生词时不要总是查词典。 ②Don't turn to him for help. 不要求助于他。 ③He turned the key in the lock. 他用钥匙开门。 ④Turn over the page. 翻过一页。 ⑤The doctor turned him over and looked at his back. 医生把他翻过来查看他的背。 ⑥Turn it round and let me see the other side. 把它转过来,让我看另一面。⑦Turn away from the light. 背过光去。 ⑧Turn down the radio/ light. 把收音机音量放小些/把灯调暗些。⑨Turn your pocket inside out. 把你的口袋翻过来。 ⑩Turn the bottle upside down. 把瓶倒过来。 (11)She was angry and turned her back to me. 她生气了,背对着我。(12)Turn your eyes this way. 朝这边看。 9.ship 作为动词的用法 1)ship作为及物动词,意思是“用船运送”、“运送”。如: ①They shipped the machine from Shanghai to Tianjin last week.他们于上星期用船把那台机器从上海运到天津。 ②Did he ship the goods by train or by plane? 他是用火车还是用飞机运送那批货物的? 2)ship作为不及物动词,意为“上船”、“乘船”、“在船上工作”。如:①He said good - bye to his family and shipped out for England.他向家人道别,乘船到英国去了。 ②He shipped as cook. 他在船上当厨师。 重要词组短语 1.be made into, be made of, be made from 和be made up of 的用法区别 1)be made into意思是“被制成”。如: ①In many parts of the world corn is made into powder. 在世界许多地方玉米被制成粉。 ②We can make glass into different kinds of things. 我们可以把玻璃制成各种东西。 2)be made of原为 be made out of, out常被省略。这一短语表示成品制成后,仍保留了原材料的形状,制作过程仅发生了物理变化。如: ①The desks and chairs are made of wood. 这些课桌都是木头制成的。 ②The cloth is made of cotton. 这种布是用棉花制成的。 3)be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外性和特性,原料在制作过程中发生了化学变化,从成品已无法辨认。如: ①Gas is made from coal. 煤气由煤制成。 ②This kind of wine is made from rice. 这种酒是米制成的。 4)be made up of是“由……组成”的意思。如: ①The article is made up of four parts. 这篇文章由四部分组成。 ②The sports team is made up of twenty members. 这支运动队有二十人组成。 【注意】be made of,be made into和make …into…许多时候可互换使用。 如: ①Bread is made of flour. =Flour can be made into bread. =We can make flour into bread. =We can make bread (out) of flour. 2.help oneself 的用法 help oneself是固定用法,可单独使用,也可和介词to连用。主要有四种含义: 1)serve oneself (with food or drink) 自用(食物等)。如: ①There is some bread on the table. You may help yourself to it. 桌子上有面包,你自己拿去吃吧! ②----Can I have a drink? ----Help yourself. “我可以喝点吗?” “别客气(随便喝吧)!” ③“Jill, help yourself to the pancakes. They are delicious”. 吉尔(自己)拿些煎饼吃吧!非常好吃! 2)take for (oneself), esp. dishonestly, 擅自取用。此时,to后宾语不一定是食物类,而可以泛指其他各种物品。如: ①The money was on the table and no one was there, so he helped himself (to it). 桌上有钱,左右无人,于是他就拿走了。 ②Before leaving, father warned me against not to help myself to the medicine in the box on the shelf. 出门前,父亲再次警告我不要拿放在架子上盒子 里的药。 【注意】 help sb to sth表示“替别人取食物等。”如: ①May I help you to some more meat? 我帮你再拿些肉好吗? 3.动词时态和by引起的时间状语 by引导的时间状语,有“在某时前、到某时为止”、“到某时”的意思,所修饰的谓语动词的时态既取决于by短语,指过去、将来还是现在,也取决于谓语动词是动作动词还是状态动词。详述如下: 1)by引导的时间状语表示过去某一时间 (1)如谓语动词是动作动词,该动作到by短语所示时间时已经完成,则用过去完成时。如: ①By the time he was ten, he had already built a chemistry lab for himself. 到了十岁时,他为自己建了一个化学实验室。 (2)如谓语动词是动作动词,该动作到by短语所示时间时尚在进行之中,则用过去进行时。如: ①By seven o'clock, the wind was blowing harder than ever. 到七点时,北风比以往吹得更强劲了。 (3)如谓语动词是状态动词,表示到by短语所示时间时存在的状态,则用过去时。如: ①By that time the Japanese were already very near. 到那时,日本人已经很近了。 ②By then he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up. 到那时,他知道他长大后要干什么。 (4)如谓语动词是状态动词,表示到by短语所示时间时该状态已延续若干时间,则用过去完成时。这时,另有一个表示一段时间的状语,说明该状态延续的时间长度。如: ①By the end of last month, my brother had been on that ship for two years. 到上月底,我兄弟在那艘轮船上已有两年了。 2)by短语表示将来某一时间 (1)谓语动词如果是动作动词,则用将来完成时或一般将来时,表示到by短语所表示的时间时该动作将完成。如: ①Quite often you'll find the unknown word comes again, perhaps several times and by the end of the chapter you'll have guessed its meaning. 你常常会发现,那个不认识的单词会再次出现,也许会多次出现。到全章快读完时,你就会猜出这个词的意义了。 ②We will have the work completed by noon tomorrow. 到明天中午我们将把工作做完。 在主动词为过去式的宾语从句中则用过去将来时。如: ③Mrs Adams thought the movie would be finished by 10:30 p. m. 亚当斯认为电影到晚上十点半会结束。 (2)如谓语动词是状态动词,则用一般将来时,表示到by短语所示时间将出现的状态。如: ①Your son will be all right by supper time. 到吃晚饭时你儿子(的病)就会好了。 ②He won't be here by this time tomorrow. 明天这个时候他还不会到这里。 3)by短语表示现在 如谓语动词是动作的动词,则用现在完成时,表示到现在该动作已完成。如: Perhaps she's recovered by now. 也许现在她已恢复健康了。 4.be able to与can的用法区别 be able to表示能力,意思上与can没有区别,但can只有现在式和过去式(could),而 be able to则有更多的形式,体现在be的时态变化上。例如: ①No one is able to do it. (= No one can do it.) 没人能做这件事。 ②We shall be able to finish the work next week. 我们下周将能完成这项工作。 ③I haven't been able to find the book. 我没能够找到那本书。 常用句型结构 1.as…as…中第一个as是副词,第二个as是连词,其基本用法如下: 1)如果我们要说两个东西在某方面是一样的,同我们就可以用as…as… 加一个原级形容词或副词。如: ①It's as cold as ice. 它象冰一样冷。 ②He drove as fast as he could. 他尽可能快开。 在非正式文体中,第一个as往往省略。美国英语尤其如此。例 如: ③She's bard as mails. 她冷酷无情。 如果第二个as后面跟的是人称代词,可以用主格(I,he,we等),也可以用宾格(me,him,us等)。在正式的文体中多用主格(as clever as I),但在非正式的讲话或文字中,宾格较为普通(as clever as me)。 【注意】在作否定的比较时,可用not as…as…,也可用not so…as…。在现代英语中,两者都是正确的。例如: ④She's not as/ so nice as her sister. 她不如她姐姐好。 2)如果涉及数量,我们可以用as much …as…或as many …as…加一个名词。 例如: ①I haven't got as much money as I thought. 我没有原来想象的那么多钱。 ②We need as many records as possible. 我们需要尽量多弄到一些唱片。 ▲as much和 as many也可用作代词,后面不跟名词。如: ③I ate as much as I could. 我放开肚子大吃了一顿。 ④He didn't catch as much as he'd hoped. 他没有得到预期的那么多。 ▲as much还可以用作状语,来修饰某个动作或状态。如: ⑤You ought to rest as much as possible. 你应当尽量多休息。 3)as…as还可以与twice,three times等连用,也可以与half,a quarter等连用。例如: ①I'm not going out with a man who's twice as old as me. 我不愿意和一个年纪比我大一倍的人一起参加社交活动。 ②We got three times as many people as expected. 来的人超过我们预料人数的两倍。 ③You're not half as clever as you think you are. 你可不象自己想象的一半那么聪明。 2.“too…to…”意为“太……以致于不能……”。例如: ①He's too old to work. 他太老了,不能工作了。 ②It's too late for the pubs to be open. 天太晚了,酒馆不会营业了。 ③It's too heavy for you to lift. 太重了,你提不起来。 【注意】当glad,eager,easy,pleased等形容词放在“too…to…”结构中的“too”后时,其后的不定式短语往往含有肯定意义。例如: ①I am too eager to join the Youth League. 我非常渴望加入共青团。 ②I am too glad to meet you. 见到你我非常高兴。 3.感叹句的两种形式 感叹句由 What或 How引导。What后接名词;How后接形容词或副词。构成以下句型:What+a(an)+(adj.)+可数名词单数;What+(adj.)+可数名词复数或不可数名词以及How+(adj. & adv). +句子。例如: ①What an interesting film we saw yesterday! 昨天我们看的电影真有趣! ②What delicious beancurd you offered me! 你给我的豆腐真好吃! ③How delicious the soup is! 这汤真香! ④How hard the farmers are working in the fields! 农夫们在田野里干得多起劲! |
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