Unit 7 Culture relics备课资料
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1. It will be sent into space so that anyone who finds it will understand who we are.
1)这是一个较为复杂的句子。其中在so that引导的目的状语从句中，又含有一个由who引导的定语从句（who finds it）修饰
“anyone”和另一个由 who引导的宾语从句。
2)so that(= in order that)在引导目的状语从句时，意思是“目的为了、以便使得”。在引导结果状语从句时，意思是“结果；因此”。
It rained hard last Sunday so that we had to stay at home all day.
上星期天雨下得很大，因此我们不得不在家呆了一整天。（结果状语从句）．
Please speak clearer so that we can understand you.请说得再清楚些，以便我们能听懂你的话。（目的状语从句）
注意：“so…that…”表示“如此……以致于……”，后跟形容词或副词原级，引导结果状语从句。如：
The problem is so difficult that I can't work it out.这道题太难，我做不出来。
2. selects choose 与pick out 的区别
三者都有“选择”之意，但它们的语意各有侧重。select是“精选”之意，指有目的地、认真地按照一定标准在一些人或东西中选出一些好的，弃掉一些差的；choose使用范围广，通常指在所提供的对象中，凭个人的判断力进行选择，意为 “挑选出来”，而不强调“精选”；pick out比较口语化，指按个人喜好或希望进行挑选，有“仔细挑选”的意思。
You can choose any book you like.你可以选择你喜欢的书。 We must select some for seeds．我们要选一些做种子。
We must select some for seeds.请选出你最喜欢的邮票。
3．represent的用法
represent是动词，有“代表;（画面）描绘; （符号等）表示”之意。如： Our headmaster could not go to the meeting, so Mr Smith represented him.我们的校长不能去参加会议，所以史密斯先生代表他去了。
The sign "&" represents the word "and" .符号＆代表单词“and”之意。
This painting represents a storm of sea.这幅画描绘了海上风暴的景色。
［短语］represent oneself as自称； be representative of代表，表示
4. living, alive, live 与 lively 的区另
它们都可用作形容词，都和“活着”有关，但用法上不尽相同。
1) living主要用作定语，修饰人或物均可，常置于所修饰的名词之前，有时也置其后。它还可用作表语。如：
She is regarded as one of the best living presidents at present.她被看作是当今最好的总统之一。
2）alive是形容词，意思是“活着的；存在的”；为表语形容词，既可指人；也可指物，常和 living互换；作定语时，应放在所修饰的名词之后。如：Who is the greatest man alive?谁是当今活着的最伟大的人？
He died in the accident, but his driver was still alive / living.在车祸中他死了，但他的司机仍然活着。
She must be still alive．她一定还活着。
3）live可用作形容词，表“活的，有生命的”，作定语时常放在所表示物的名词之前，一般不指人。如：
Look ! The cat is playing with a live mouse.瞧！这猫在耍弄一只活老鼠。
注意：live还可以表示“（广播等）现场直播的/地，实况转播的/地”，用作形容词或副词。如：
It wasn't a recorded show; it was live.这不是放录像节目，这是实况转播。
4) lively意思是“活泼；活跃；充满生机的”，用作定语或表语，既可指人，又可指物。
The professor had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.那教授有一种奇特的方法使他的课生动有趣。
I feel everything here is very lively.我觉得这儿一切富有生机。
5.include, including ，included和contain的区别
1) include只能用作及物动词，意思是“包括；包含”。它侧重指包含者是整体的一部分。如：
The book includes two chapters on grammar.这本书有两章关于语法的。 The list includes many new names.名单上有许多新名字。
2）including是现在分词，在许多情况下用作介词，后面可直接跟宾语，含有补充说明之意。如：
Thirty passengers were hurt, including 5 children.三十个人受伤，包括五个孩子。
3）included是过去分词，在表示“包括……在内”时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，起着“补充说明”的作用。如：
They will send you the book for $ 15, postage included他们将把此书寄给你，单价15美元，包括邮资在内。
4）contain也有“包含；含有”的意思。它指包含者是某物的组成部分（或内容）。如：
Orange juice contains things which help keep you healthy.桔汁里含有有益于健康的东西。Sea water contains salt.海水里含有盐.
6.Where there is a river, there is a city.凡有河流的地方，必有城市。
where在句中用作连词，意为“在（到）……的地方”，用来引导地点状语从句。
We should go where we are most needed by the Party.我们应该到党最需要我们的地方去。
Where there is life, there is hope.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。（直译：哪儿有生命，哪儿就有希望。）
Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在你有疑问的地方做个记号
注意： l）where在用作关系副词时，常用来引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作状语。如：
This is the house where I lived two years ago.这就是我两年前住过的地方。
2）where作连接副词时，常用来引导不定式或名同性从句。如：
I can't decide where to go for our holiday.我决定不了去哪儿度假。 Where they have gone is not known yet.他们去哪儿了尚不清楚。
7. It is true that many of the world's greatest cities have been built on the banks of a river.确实，世界上许多大城市都是建在河畔上。
英语中“It + be + adj. /p.p. + that…”是一个很重要的句型。这里的“it”叫形式主语，真正的主语是“that”引导的从句。如：
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 这位科学家下周来给我们讲课，这是真的吗？
It is said that at least ten buildings will be built soon in our city.据说我市不久要至少建十栋大楼。
8.try to do sth., try doing sth. 与manage to do sth.的区别
try doing sth．是“试着做某事”。try to do sth．是“设法去做”（但不涉及是否成功）。manage to do sib．意思是“设法做成某事”，（强调结果，相当于 succeed in doing sth）。如：The box is very heavy, but I can manage to carry it.箱子很重，但我能扛起它。
I tried to persuade him to go to school again，but he wouldn’t．我尽力说服他重返校园，但他不愿意。
9.lay in pieces on the ground破烂不堪地散落在地上
这里的lay是lie（躺；位于；处于某种状态）的过去式，使用时要注意下面的词形变化：
lie、lied、lied、lying说谎；撒谎 lie、lay、lain、lying躺；平躺；位于 lay、laid、laid、laying摆放；产卵
He lied to his parents, so they didn't like him.他欺骗了父母，所以他们不喜欢他。
She shut the door and left the room with a lot of books lying on the ground.她关上了门，离开了房间，地上摆满了书。
10. do everything (all/ what ) sb. can to + v. 尽力做某事
句型中的动词不定式（to＋v）用作目的状语。使用该句型时，要特别注意不要受情态动词“can”的影响而省去了“to”。如：
I'll do all I can to finish the work. I'll do everything I can to finish the work.
I'll do what I can to finish the work. 我会尽力完成任务。
11. be used to do sth., used to do sth. 与 be (get / become)used to doing sth.的区别
be used to do sth．意思是“被用来做什么”，是 use的被动语态，to do sth作目的状语。used to do sth．表示“过去常常做某事（但现在不做了）”。be（get become）used to doing sth．表示“习惯于干某事”，是系表结构。used是形容词，to用作介词，后跟名词或动名词。The wood is used to make desks and chairs.木头被用来做桌子和椅子。My grandmother used to dance a lot when she was young.我祖母年轻时经常跳舞。He has become used to living in the countryside.他已习惯于生活在农村。
12.missing与lost的区别
这两个词都可以表示“丢失；失去”等意思，但含义和用法不同：missing表示“已不在适当的或所期待的位置”，强调应该有、而缺少。lose表示“丢失”之意，语气较强，一般指某物丢失，不易找回来了。如：On the table there is a book with two pages missing.桌子上有本少了两页的书。They are looking for the missing / lost child who lost his parents when he was a child,他们正在寻找失踪的孩子，这孩子小时候就失去了父母。
13. damage, destroy, harm 及 hurt 的区别
这几个词都有“伤害”的意思，但含义和用法不同：damage“损失＂，主要用于物，表示部分的损失，一般可以修复。destroy“毁灭；消灭”，指通过某种有力的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用，一般不能或很难恢复。Harm“伤害；损害”，常用于口语，指“肉体、精神、健康”等方面均可。 hurt主要指精神上或肉体上的“创伤；伤害”。如：The earthquake destroyed the whole city.地震毁了整个城市。They managed to repair the houses that had been damaged.他们设法修复了受到破坏的房子。Smoking seriously harmed your health.吸烟严重损害了你的健康。His words hurt my feelings.他的话伤了我的感情。
14．“make+宾语+宾补”结构用法小结
make在表示“使得、让”之意时，常用“make+宾语+宾补”的结构；宾补可为：形容词、不带to的不定式。名词、过去分词。如：He tried to make us ho．他设法使我们高兴。 What makes you think so？什么使你这样想呢？ We made her our team leader．我们选她当队长。 He soon made himself understood．他很快使别人懂得了他的意思。
【语法点评］ 现在完成时被动语态的用法
现在完成时被动语态由“has／have＋been+及物动词的过去分词”构成，使用时要注意以下几点：
1) 只带有一个宾语的动词变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
主动：We have built many house in the past ten years. 被动：Many houses have been built in the past ten years.
注意：有些表示状态的及物动词不能用于被动语态。如： I have had many books．（√）
Many books have been had by me.（x）
2) 带有双宾语的动词，如：give，send，bring，take,，show，tell，make, sing，write，read, sell，buy，ask，pay，horrow，lend，offer，hand，pass，get，promise等，变为被动语态时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。如：
主动： I have given him the book．被动： He has been given the book．被动： The book has been given（to）him．
注意：带有双宾语的动词在由主动语态变为被动语态时，一般都是把表“人”的宾语（间接宾语）变为主语。
3)带有复合宾语（宾语十宾语补足语）的动词变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为主语，原来的宾语补足语仍留在原处，改称为主语补足语。原来为省略to的不定式作宾补的，主动语态中要用带t。的不定式。如。
主动：I have given him the book. 被动：He has been given the book.
主动：I have asked him to help you. 被动：He has been asked to help you.
4）短语动词变为被动语态时，要注意保持短语动词的完整性，动词后面原有的介词或副词切不可遗漏。如：
主动：I have made him work hard. 被动：He has been made to work hard.
主动：He has referred to the book. 被动：The book has been referred to (by him )
He has thought of a way of doing it. (√ ) A way of doing it has been thought of. (√ ) A way has been thought of of doing it. (√ )
A way has been thought of doing it. (x )
5）由主动语态变为被动语态时，还要注意主谓一致。如：
主动：He has written three novels. 被动： Three novels have been written (by him) .

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