动名词和不定式作主语的比较

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在中学英语课本中,动名词和不定式作主语的句子较为常见,但它们的含义有所不同。现在将动名词和不定型式作主语的含义、位置及习惯用法分述如下:
一、动名词和不定式作主语的含义
一般来说,动名词作主语表示一种抽象的和泛指的动作,而不定式作主语则表示一次性的、具体的动作。换句话说,动名词作主语通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起,而不定式作主语往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。例如:
Lying is wrong.(泛指lying的做法或作风)
To lie is wrong.(对于说谎者是谁,说话人心中是有所指的)
To live in Beijing is the height of Tom’s ambition.(对某个特定的动作执行者而言)
Swimming is good exercise.(指游泳这项运动)
二、动名词和不定式作主语的位置
1.动名词作主语通常有两种位置,一种是把动名词直接置于主语的位置。例如:
Saying is easier than doing.
Seeing is believing.
Crossing the Atlantis(大西洋)by plane takes only a few hours.
第二种是用it作形式主语,把作真正主语的动名词置于句末。这通常用于某些形容词或名词之后。例如:
It’s interesting planning a holiday.
It’s rather tiring walking around in a city.
It’s fun having guests for the weekend.
We don’t think it’s a bore doing the same kind of work every day.
动名词作主语的上述两种位置有时可以互换,但第一种形式比第二种形式的泛指意义更强些。例如:
Lining in Beijing must be wonderful
It must be wonderful living in Beijing
2.不定式作主语通常也有两种位置,与动名词作主语时的位置相同,即第一种是把不定式作直接置于句首担任主语。例如:
To learn English is not an easy thing.
To be here is a great pleasure.
To remember to cut off the electricity is important.
To hesitate is a pity.
不定式作主语的这种形式一般用得不多。现代英语倾向于用it作形式主语,把不定式置于句末。例如:
It’s a pity to hesitate.
It took(us )five hours to get here.
It made me happy to find Mary there.
It needed hard work to finish the job.
注意:
(1)如果主语和表语都是不定式,则只能采用第一种形式。例如:
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To see is to believe.
(2)如果是疑问句或感叹句,则只能采用第二种形式。例如:
What is it like to be there?
How long did it take you to finish the work?
What a joy it was to read Barbara’s book!
三、动名词和不定式作主语的习惯用法
虽然动名词和不定式都可以作主语,但以下几种情况时,人们习惯用动名词,而不用不定式。
1.主语与表语一致,即当表语是动名词时,主语也要用动名词;当表语是不定式时,主语也要用不定式。
Teaching is learning.(= To teach is to learn)
Seeing is believing
2.在“There BE+no+主语”这种结构中,通常用动名词作主语,而不用不定式。这种结构表示“不可能、无法”,相当于“It is impossible to do sth”。例如:
There is no getting along with him.(=It is impossible to get along with him.)
There is no joking about it.
注意:本句型中的no有时可用not any或never any代替。例如:
The man is a bore,but there is not any getting him away.
There is never any telling what will happen in the future.
3.当use,good,waste,bore,fun,shame,encouragement,misery等名词作表语时,通常用it作形式主语,把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如:
It’s no use talking to him again.
It’s no good(your)refusing to do it.
It is a waste of time trying to reason with him.
It’s a bore doing the same kind of work every day.
It’s fun having guests for the weekend.
It’s such an encouragement being able to pass all the exams.
注意:“It’s no use /good+动名词”这种结构可改成“There BE+no+use /good+动名词”结构。例如:
It’s no use talking to him again .= There is no use talking to him again.
It’s no good(your)refusing to do it .= There is no good(your)refusing to do it.
4.当,interesting,tiring,terrible,nice,better,foolish,enjoyable,worthwhile,useless,dangerous等形容词作表语时,通常也用it作形式主语,把作为真正主语的动名词后置,例如:
It is dangerous risking climbing a tree.
It’s terrible not being allowed to smoke at all.
It’s interesting planning a holiday.
It’s nice talking with you,John.
注意:important,necessary,possible,impossible,essential等形容词不适用于上述结构。例如,不能说:
It’s important learning foreign languages.
应改为:It’s important to learn foreign languages.
5.在疑问句中,多用动名词的复合结构做主语,而不用不定式的复合结构。例如:
Isn’t our saying so right?
Isn’t his leaving like that strange?
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