| 英语辅导：巧用“倒、增、减”，难句易化险 |
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英语辅导：巧用“倒、增、减”，难句易化险 英语中有些句子结构相对复杂，造成理解困难，命题人有时故意将谓语部分的结构加以改变，“神似貌非”，迷惑考生。这就要求考生具有灵活的临场分析应变能力和抗干扰能力，巧用“倒、增、减”。 一、“倒”法 语序的颠倒(比如倒装结构中的主谓颠倒)或因结构变化而引起某些成分的前移(比如疑问句和被动结构)，分析这种句子应用“倒”法，即“还原法”；要求考生要合理分析，越过障碍，将“位移”的部分“还原”，有利于推断，从而正确选择。 (1) —Next week we'll have the final English exams. —Yes? Then every minute must be made full use ________ English. A. of studying B. to study C. of being studied D. of to study 解析：答案为D。分析结构可知该句用了被动语态结构，将其还原为主动语态，即：We must make full use of every minute ________ English. make full use of是固定短语，every minute是它的宾语，其后应该用动词不定式作目的状语。 (2) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year. A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out 解析：答案为A。这个句子较长，迅速抓住句子结构才能化难为易。选项位于定语从句中，因此应当从定语从句入手，将其转换成正常结构，将位于定语从句句首作see宾语的that放置到正常位置。即They would like to see that (the plan) ________ the next year. 通过这种句子转换，选项作宾语补足语就显而易见了。 二、“增”法 NMET单项填空试题的结构一般是完整的，但命题人往往根据上下文的含义故意省去一些成分，增加考生解题的难度。考生在解题时一定要弄清题意，分析句法结构，“增”出省略部分，合理解答。 (3) John plays football ________ , if not better than, David. A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as 解析：答案为B。该句可理解为“如果约翰踢足球不比大卫踢得好的话，也和大卫踢得一样好。”即“John plays football as well as David, if he doesn't play football better than David.” 三、“减”法 “减”法就是将比较复杂的句子中的插入语或者修饰语等不利于分析句子结构的成分去掉，利用核心部分解题。这类题一般题干长，信息量大，句子结构复杂，各项之间的干扰性强。 (4) The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________ in broad daylight yesterday. A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed 解析：答案为C。该句如果暂时去掉地点状语in the local newspaper，即：The bank is reported ________ in broad daylight yesterday. 可以看出该句为：be reported to do sth.句型，动词rob与逻辑主语the bank是被动关系，时间状语yesterday是过去，故应该用动词不定式的完成被动式 请先看下面一道高考题: A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over 此题考查以get为中心词的短语用法。get down to表示“开始认真对待”、“开始认真考虑”;get out表示“(使)出去”、“离开”;get back for表示“把……给……取回来”;get over表示“克服”、“爬过”。由题意可知应为“我们该认真对待我们的学习了”, 故最佳答案为A。一些考生错选了答案,其主要原因是没有掌握以get为中心词的短语用法。现就以get为中心词的短语用法归纳说明如下,以期对同学们有所帮助。 get away表示“逃走”、“逃掉”。 He got away just before the enemy came. 他在敌人来之前逃掉了。 get along表示“相处”。 In this way they managed to get along. 他们就这样相处了下来。 3. get back表示“回来”。 I’ll get back at 10 o’clock. 我10点钟回来。 get...back for...表示“把……给……取回来”。 Get it back for me and quickly! 把它给我取回来,要快! get hold of表示“抓住”、“握”。 We have not been able to get hold of him. 我们一直没能抓住他。 get in表示“收获”、“收割”、“进来”。 They were busy getting in the crops. 他们正忙着收割庄稼。 Streets were widened so that fire engines could get in. 街道被加宽以便消防车能进来。 get into表示“陷入”、“染上”、“穿上”。 How did he get himself into such an awkward situation? 他怎么会陷入这种窘迫的境地? What got you into the habit of taking drugs? 什么使你染上了吸毒的习惯? I can’t get into the shoes. They are too small. 这鞋太小,我穿不进去。 get off表示“下来”、“离开”、“逃脱”。 Get off the bus carefully, or you may be hurt.下车当心,否则你可能碰伤。 We must get off before it gets dark. 我们必须趁天黑前离开。 They got off lightly. 他们轻易地逃脱了惩罚。 get on表示“上车”、“情况如何”。 Please get on the bus. 请上车。 I asked how he was getting on. 我问他情况怎么样。 get on well with...表示“与……和睦相处”。 I can get on well with all the classmates. 我能与所有的同学和睦相处。 get out表示“离开”、“出去”。 He took his cap and got out. 他拿了帽子出去了。 get rid of表示“摆脱”。 I’ll be glad to get rid of him. 摆脱掉他,我将非常高兴。 get together表示“相聚”、“联欢”。 We often get together to sum up our work. 我们经常碰头总结工作。 The students of these two classes got together for an English evening. 这两个班的学生在一起开了一次英语晚会。 get through表示“(使)通过”。 I get through everything except biology. 除了生物,我所有学科的考试都通过了。 get up表示“起床”、“站起来”。 It’s time for you to get up. 该是你起床的时候了 I must be getting fat—I can _________do my trousers up. A. fairly B. hardly C. nearly D. seldom 此题考查副词的用法。fairly表示“相当”、“公平地”;hardly表示“几乎不”、“几乎没有”;nearly表示“几乎”、“差不多”;seldom表示“很少”。只有hardly符合题意,答案为B。词形相近副词的用法是高考的重要考点,现就常见的词形相近副词的用法对比归纳如下: 1. hard表示“努力地”、“困难地”,常放在动词后面。 hardly表示“几乎不”、“几乎没有”,常放在动词前面。例如: Study hard, and you’ll make good progress.努力学习,你就会取得很大的进步。 I hardly know what to say. 我几乎不知道说什么好。 2. near表示“接近”、“不远”,常放在动词后面,指时间、空间或程度上接近。 nearly表示“几乎”、“差不多”,常放在动词前面或句首。例如: As Christmas Day drew near, the days became more rushed, but also more exciting. 随着圣诞节的临近,日子变得更加紧张忙碌,但也更加令人兴奋。 She slipped and nearly fell. 她滑了一下,几乎跌倒。 Nearly everyone was poor in that village before liberation. 解放前,在那个村子的人几乎都很穷。 3. close表示“靠近地”、“接近地”,常放在介词短语前面,作状语。 closely表示“密切地”、“仔细地”, 常放在动词后面,作状语。例如: Thinking that the man was a thief, the boy watched him closely. 男孩认为那个人是个小偷,所以就密切地注视着他。 4. late表示“晚”、“迟”,常放在动词后面,作状语。 lately表示“最近”、“前不久”,常用在否定句或疑问句的后面,作时间状语。例如: Because of rain, he came late. 由于下雨,他来晚了。 We haven’t been there lately.最近我们没有到那里去过。 5. free表示“免费地”、“随意地”。 freely表示“自由地”、“公开地”、“坦率地”。例如: All the students are admitted free.所有的学生都免费入场。 You can speak quite freely in front of me ; I won’t tell anyone what you say. 在我面前你尽管直言,我不会把你说的话告诉任何人。 6. deep表示“深深地”,多用来修饰表示具体动作的动词。 deeply也表示“深深地”,但多用来修饰表示抽象意义的动词。例如: They talked deep into the night. 他们谈话谈到了深夜。 His words deeply moved me. 他的话深深地感动了我。 一、数词竟然有复数,平时学习不注意 难点介绍: 对数词的掌握不少同学建立在基数词、序数词及其转换上,很少有人会想到数词的复数形式,结果造成高考中的失分。 题例分析: 例1:It is rare in ________ that people in ________ fifties are going to university for further education. A. 90s; theB. the 90s; / C. 90s; their D. the 90s; their 析:D。 第一空表“在90年代”,应用in the 90s短语;第二空表“在他们五十多岁时”,应用 in their fifties短语,但不少同学不了解数词的复数形式,结果只能乱选一气。 例2:All of the students came into the classroom by ________. A. two and threeB. twos and three C. two and threes D. twos and threes 析:D。三三两两应表达为by twos and threes,但有些同学因对数词的复数形式缺乏了解而造成解题错误。 例3:It is said that this terrible matter happened in ________. A. eightiesB. eighty C. the eightyD. the eighties 析:D。in the eighties表“在八十年代”,符合题意,但有些同学因对这种语法现象知之甚少而造成解题错误。 应对方法:重视数词的复数形式,熟悉数词的复数形式,如by twos and threes三三两两,in the eighties在八十年代;in his forties在他四十多岁时;in the 1980’s/1980s在二十世纪八十年代。 二、特殊数词记不住,考试难免会出错 难点介绍: 不少同学对基数词、序数词非常熟悉,但对分数、百分数、半数、倍数等特殊数词形式不太了解,即使有所接触也因其形式复杂而失分。 题例分析: 例1:It is reported that the United States uses ________ energy as the whole of Europe. A. as twiceB. twice muchC. twice much asD. twice as much 析:D。该题考查倍数的表达方法,其结构为:A... times as 形容词/副词原级as B,不少考生没记住这个结构,结果造成失分。 例2:He did it ________ it took me. A. one-third a time B. one-third time C. the one-third time D. one-third the time 析:D。分数的表达方式为:先讲分子,再讲分母,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时分母用序数词的复数形式,中间加连字符号。分数应放在所修饰的名词前面。不少考生对分数构成及其用法特点缺乏了解,容易造成失分。 例3:Can’t you see this map is _______ small as that one? A. half asB. as halfC. two-ninth asD. two as 析:A。 A是B…的一半可表达为:A is half as...as B。但如果记不住这一结构,在极易混淆的备选答案前考生难免莫衷一是。 例4:Look, this bridge is only ________ that one. A. as long as four-fifthsB. four-fifths as long as C. as four-fifths as longD. as four-fifths long as 析:B。A是B…的几分之几可表达为:A is +分数+as…as B。这种试题的备选答案形式相似,混淆度高,如果句型记忆不牢极易造成失分。 应对方法:熟悉分数、百分数、半数、倍数的表达方式和A是B的几分之几/百分之几/一半/几倍的表达方式,并增强其使用意识 一、倒装场合实在多,有些考生没见过 难点介绍: 能够使用倒装句型的场合很多,大多数场合比较常见,考生不易失分,如little, seldom, hardly, never等半否定副词;not until / only / not only...but also... / so, neither, nor / hardly...when, no sooner... than等置于句首构成的倒装句是大多数考生都能得分的倒装句场合,但有些场合出现频率较低,考生对此不太熟悉,容易造成失分,如so...that...引导的结果状语从句置于句首构成的倒装句,not a +名词置于句首构成的倒装句等。 题例分析: 例1:So difficult ________ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well. A. I have feltB. have I felt C. I did feelD. did I feel 析:D。 so...that...引导结果状语从句且置于句首时应采用倒装句式,但有些考生对此缺乏了解,难免造成失分。 例2:Not a single song ________ at yesterday’s party. A. she sangB. sang she C. did she singD. she did sing 析:C。 Not a+名词置于句首时应采用倒装句式,但不少考生平时复习时没见过这种题型,结果也容易造成失分。 应对方法:考生在平时的学习过程中一定要将应使用倒装句的场合进行分类汇总,并一一加以识记。同时也应明白增强倒装意识也能提高解题正确率,当四个备选答案语序各不相同时,应高度警惕其是否考查倒装句型,并最终作出正确判断。 二、倒装方式多而杂,难怪考生会考砸 难点介绍: 倒装方式很多,有直接将动词提前的完全倒装句型,有在句首使用助动词的不完全倒装句型,还有形式各异的特殊倒装句型,纷繁复杂的倒装句式使部分考生眼花缭乱,最终莫衷一是,乱选一气。 题例分析: 例1:________, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John. A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveled so much C. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much 析:C。 as表“尽管”引导让步状语从句时须采用倒装句式,将表语、动词、副词提至句首而将as紧随其后,这种倒装句形式新颖复杂,容易造成失分。 例2:What would have happened ________, as far as the river bank? A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther 析:C。 当if引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语动词含有were, had, could, should等词时,可将这些词提至句首,而将if省去,从而构成倒装句式,这种句式的使用范围和表达形式都很复杂,能力不强的考生很难过关。 应对方法:考生应熟练掌握各种倒装句式并增强其使用意识。 三、陷阱试题难度大,稍有不慎把分失 难点介绍: 名词性从句、感叹句、 however引导的让步状语从句因由特殊疑问词转变而来的连词引导,易被考生误认为是倒装句型。 题例分析: 例1:________ , Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is heB. However he is late C. However is he lateD. However late he is 析:D 。分析语境逻辑和句子结构可知,however引导的是让步状语从句而不是特殊疑问句,应用陈述语序而不用疑问式倒装语序。 例2:________ from Beijing to London! A. How long way it isB. What a long way is it C. How long way is itD. What a long way it is 析:D。分析语境逻辑和句子结构不难发现,what引导感叹句而非特殊疑问句,应用陈述语序而不用疑问式倒装语序。 例3:No one can be sure ________ in a million years. A. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like 析:A。由语境含义和句子结构可知,what 引导宾语从句而非特殊疑问句,应用陈述语序而不用疑问式倒装语序 疑问词+不定式”是英语中很有用的结构。疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how”。 “疑问词+不定式”的结构主要有下列几种功用： ⑴作主语。如： ● When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided. ● How to cope with the rising cost of living becomes a daily discussion topic. ⑵作宾语。如： ● We must know what to say at a meeting. ● Do you know what to do? ⑶作表语。如： ● The problem is where to find the financial aid. ● The question is how to get there. ⑷作同位语。如： ● Tom had no idea which book to read first. ⑸用于双重宾语。如： ● I can tell you where to get this book. ● I asked him how to learn English. 注意： 1、并非所有动词都适用于“疑问词+不定式”结构，主要有：“know, see, decide, tell, ask, consider, discover, explain, forget, learn, remember, wonder, understand”等。 2、当这个结构作宾语时，它的作用相当于名词性从句。如： ● I could not decide which dictionary to buy. / I could not decide which dictionary I should buy. ● Jack did not know where to find such a good teacher./ Jack did not know where he could find such a good teacher. 3、有些动词，如“ask, show, tell, advise, inform, teach”等，可以先有个宾语，然后再接适当的“疑问词+不定式” 结构。如： ● The chief technician showed the apprentice how to repair the machine. ● Have you told him where to get the application form? 4. 从动词的词性来看，作表语的过去分词有三种情况。 (1)be+及物动词的过去分词，只表状态，看不出动作的执行者。 The glass is broken. 玻璃碎了。 The store is closed. 商店关了。 (2)be+不及物动词的过去分词(很多情况下已被看作形容词)。 The sun is risen. 太阳升起了。 My wallet was gone. 我钱包不见了。 The leaves are fallen. 树叶落了。 (3)表示感觉的过去分词(很多情况下已被看作形容词)。 The boy was too frightened to move. 这个小孩吓得不能动了。 You looked excited at the news. 你听到消息后似乎很兴奋。 常用的表示感觉的词还有：moved, interested, pleased, surprised, encouraged, astonished, tired, worried, puzzled等。 而be+延续性动词的过去分词，一般表示被动语态。 The general was admired by his soldiers. 这个将军被他的士兵所崇拜。 类似的动词还有： be loved, be respected, be encouraged, be praised等。 注1： get+过去分词有时也可表示被动语态。 I got hit yesterday. 我昨天挨打了。 He was angry because he didn't get invited. 他很生气，因为没有被邀请。 注2： 如果动词是进行时，则肯定是被动语态。 A new library is being built in our school. 我们学校正在建一个新的图书馆。 注3： 有相应的形容词能说明状态时，不能用分词。比较典型的是open。 The door is open. 门是开着的。 (这里的open则不能用opened) 注4：过去分词已具有形容词的性质，因而可以和very连用，表示“很”或“非常”。 The problem is very complicated. 这个问题是非常复杂的。 英语中有许多结构相似但含义不同的句子，若看不出这类句子的真正含义和言外之意，就会引起误用和误解，而这类句子出现的频率较高，是英语学习的一大难点，所以在此笔者对这种句式作以比较和解读，悉心研读必会得到意外的惊喜和收获。 1. She simply spoke. 她只不过说说而已。(没有行动) She spoke simply. 她说起话来简洁、直率。 2. She saw him through. 她一直帮助他到最后。 She saw through him. 她看透了他的为人。 3. I hope she will soon get over it. 我希望她很快就会忘掉这件事。(忘掉，克服) I hope she will soon get it over. 我希望她很快就会结束这件事。(结束) 4. They are sure to meet him. 他们肯定会见到他。(说话者对此有把握) They are sure of meeting him. 他们深信会见到他。(主语对此有把握) 5. He was clever enough to be a doctor. 他够聪明，能当医生。 He was clever enough to have been a doctor. 以他的聪明，本来完全可以成为一个医生的。 6. I didn't need to answer the questions,which saved a lot of trouble. 我无须回答问题，省了好多事。(没回答) I needn't have answered the questions,which would have saved me a lot of trouble. 我根本就没有必要回答那些问题，要是那样的话，就会省掉好多事了。(回答了) 7. Now I know what novel he has written.现在我知道他写的是什么小说。(何种题材) Now I know what a novel he has written.现在我知道他写了一部了不起的小说。(感叹) 8. He turned thief. 他堕落成为小偷。 He turned out (to be) a thief. 原来他是个小偷。 9. There were constant conflicts among employers, workers and trade union officials. 雇主内部、工人内部、工会职员内部都经常发生摩擦。 There were constant conflicts between employers, workers and trade union officials. 雇主、工人和工会职员三方面经常发生摩擦。 10. They are searching the thief.他们正在搜查小偷。(搜身) They are searching for the thief.他们正在搜捕小偷。(小偷在逃 11. You had better see the performance. 你最好看一看演出。 You had better see to the performance. 你最好负责一下演出的事。 12. Show him the door. 请他出去。(逐客令) Show him to the door. 陪他到门口。 13. Have you finished the paper? 你写完论文了吗？ Have you finished with the paper? 这论文你不再需要了吗？(Do you still need it?) 14. Mary went to the shop only to discover how expensive the dress was. 玛丽到店铺里去，只是为了要看看衣服到底有多贵。(目的) Mary went to the shop only to discover that the dress was too expensive. 玛丽到店里去，却发现衣服太贵了。(结果) 15. He went there to see if everything was ready for the journey. (本句意为“他去那里看看旅行是否都做好了准备”，if可换为whether) He went there to see that everything was ready for the journey. (本句意为“他去那里落实为旅行做好一切准备”。see that相当于see to it that ,作take care解，意为“负责，保证，留神，注意”) 16. Please let me know if she returns tonight. 如果她今晚回来，请让我知道。(if 引导条件状语从句，亦可放在句首) Please let me know if she will return tonight. 请让我知道她今晚是否回来。(if引导宾语从句，相当于whether，意为“是否”，不可放在句首) 17. After the accident Henry was mad,and so he was. 事故之后亨利疯了，他确实疯了。(he与Henry为同一人) After the accident Henry was mad, and so was he. 事故之后亨利疯了，他也疯了。(he与Henry不是同一人；再如People said Joe succeeded; so he did, and so did she. 人们说乔成功了，是的，他是成功了，她也成功了 英语中有些句子，形式上看似否定，但表达的是肯定含义，还有些句子，形式上看似肯定，但却表达否定意义；若英语学习者只拘泥于表层结构，就会出现理解偏差，产生误解。所以我们在读文章时要翻译出它们相应的准确含义，通过现象看到其本质。 一、否定形式表肯定意义 1. Can not (hardly, never)...too (over, enough)=It is impossible to do something You can't be too careful while driving. 开车时越小心越好。 We can hardly wait to see her. 我们渴望见到她。 2. 否定词but 在否定词后面，but都含否定意义，所以和前面的否定词构成双重否定，表肯定。 ①No one believes but he will succeed. 人们相信他会成功。(没有人相信他不会成功) 试比较： There is no one who knows him. 没有人认识他。(否定) There is no one but knows him. 人人都认识他。(肯定) ②It never rains but it pours. 不下雨则已，一下就是倾盆大雨。(谚语：祸不单行) 3. nothing but 在此结构中，nothing可换成none, nowhere等否定代词，but可换成other than。 The children want to do nothing other than watch TV. 孩子们只想看电视。 You can find this kind of animal nowhere but in Africa. 你只有在非洲才能看到这种动物。 None but a fool would do such a thing.只有傻瓜才会干这样的事。 4. 否定词+比较级 这种结构相当于最高级，表达肯定意义。 I couldn't find a better one. =This is the best one I can find. 我再也找不到比这更好的了。 There is nothing he likes more than music. =He likes music most. 没有什么可以比得上他对音乐的喜爱了。 5. 否定词+without There is no smoke without fire. 有烟必有火。 6. 否定词+until / unless You'll never succeed unless you work hard. 只有努力你才能成功。 7. 否定疑问句 Who does not know it? 谁不知道这事儿啊？ Didn't I tell you to close it? 我跟你说过要关上它吗？ 二、肯定形式表否定意义 1. more than...can This is more than I can tell. 这件事我是不能讲的。 He has bitten off more than he can chew. 他承担了力所不能及的事。 2. more...than He is more angry than frightened. 他不是害怕，而是生气。 3. anything but 意为“根本不……，决不……” The bridge is anything but safe. =The bridge is not safe at all. 这座桥一点都不安全。 4. before也可表否定，意为“不等……就，尚未……就，宁愿……也不” Someone called me up in the middle of night，but they hang up before I could answer it. 有人在午夜的时候给我打电话，但我还没接，他就挂断了。 He would die before give in. 他宁愿死也不屈服。 5. 在疑问句中，有时肯定形式表示强烈否定 Who knows? =Nobody knows. 谁知道啊？ Who would have thought of that? 谁会想到那去啊？ 相关练习：翻译下列句子。 1. He is anything but a professor. 2. She never does more work than she can help. 3. Don't get off the bus until it stops. 4. A man can never have too many friends. 5. She fell into the river before she knew it. 6. I never see you but I think of my mother. 7. Nothing is more valuable than health. 8. He is more hardworking than clever. 1. Take it easy. 放轻松，别紧张。 2. Be my guest. 别客气，请便。 3. What a pity!真可惜！ 4. I mean it. 我是认真的。 5. I doubt it. 我表示怀疑。 6. Take your time. 别着急，慢慢来。 7. You never know. 谁知道，天晓得。 8. If you insist. 恭敬不如从命。 9. I don't care. 我不在乎。 10. Sounds like fun. 听起来很有趣。 11. Far from it. 一点也不。 12. You're the boss. 你说了算。 13. Whatever you say. 随你的便。 14. Time is up. 时间到了。 15. It's about time. 时间差不多了。 16. That can't be. 不可能。 17. Are you sure? 你肯定吗？ 18. Are you crazy? 你疯了吗？ 19. What's the rush? 急什么？ 20. What's so funny? 有什么好笑的？ 21. It's very annoying. 真烦人。 22. It doesn't matter. 没关系。 23. Don't look wise. 别自作聪明。 24. Don't be shy. 别害羞。 25. I'm afraid not. 恐怕不是。 26. You are amazing. 你真了不起。 27. Thanks a million. 多谢。 28. See you soon. 回头见。 29. I think so. 我认为是这样。 30. I hope so. 我希望如此。 1. So far so good.目前为止，一切都好。 2. It's my treat today. 今天我请客。 3. It's up to you. 由你决定。 4. It drives me crazy. 它把我逼疯了。 5. Let's keep in touch. 让我们保持联系。 6. The sooner the better. 越快越好。 7. That's not like him. 那不像他的风格。 8. Keep that in mind. 记住那事。 9. My mouth is watering. 我在流口水。 10. It's better than nothing. 总比什么都没有好。 11. Think nothing of it. 别放在心上。 12. I'm not myself today. 我今天心神不宁。 13. It slipped my mind. 我一下想不起来了。 14. You can't please everyone. 你不能让每个人都满意。 15. I'm working on it. 我正在努力。 16. Don't get me wrong. 别误解我。 17. Let's talk over coffee. 让我们边喝边谈。 18. I'm all mixed up. 我全搞混了。 19. It's a long story. 说来话长。 20. It's hard to say. 很难说。 21. Long time no see. 好久不见。 22. I'm afraid I can't. 恐怕我不行。 23. I'll consider this matter. 我会考虑这事。 24. You can never tell. 谁也说不上。 25. I wish I could. 不行。 26. I couldn't agree more. 我完全同意。 27. I couldn't care less. 我才不在乎呢。 28. None of your business. 少管闲事。 29. Everything will be fine. 一切都会好的。 30. You're going too far. 你太过分了 高中英语课外辅导：表示“将来”的用法 下面就我们在高一上学期学习过程中遇到的表将来时的结构进行总结。 1. “be going+不定式”，常用于表示已经决定或安排要做的事，有“打算”之意，也用于表示必然或很可能发生的事。如： He is going to watch TV this evening. It's going to rain. 2. 与第一人称连用的“shall”和与第二人称、第三人称连用的“will”表示将来时,动作可能发生在将来任何时刻。如： I shall be back in half an hour. From now on he'll come for the newspapers every Monday. 3.将来进行时可用来表示即将发生但不是立刻发生的动作。如： When shall we be meeting again? We shall be building another house next year. 4.表示预定的或即将发生的动作，由come, go, leave, arrive, start, take等表示运动的动词的现在进行时来表示。如： She's leaving on Sunday. I am taking my son to Shanghai next week. 5. “be to+动词原形”，表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求即将发生的动作，还可以表示注定要发生的动作。用“you”作主语常表示命令或禁止。如： We are to meet at the station at four this afternoon. You are to hand in the compositions on Monday. Am I to wait for an answer? 6. “be about to +动词原形”，表示“即将”，“就要”，“正开始”；它表示不久或即将要发生的动作，注意用“be about to”时，不可用at once 等时间状语。如： I was about to leave when the telephone rang. She is about to look into the matter. 7.某些瞬间动词的一般现在时可表示一定要发生的事情，一个计划已经安排的或按照时间要发生的将来行动。通常要指出某一特定时间。这个用法常用于表示行为的动词。如： We start at six and arrive at the station at seven. The report begins at three o'clock 高中英语课外辅导：“目的”的表达 1.用不定式表达时要求不定式动作的执行者必须是句子的主语，固定结构有： (1) to do sth. To make himself heard，he stood up and shouted at the top of his voice. This weekend party is designed to make life happy for the students. (2) in order to do sth. We turned the lights off in order not to waste electricity. They will water the little plants in order to stop the soil from getting too dry. (3) so as to do sth. (不能位于句首) 否定形式只能用in order not to do sth.或 so as not to do sth.。而not to do sth. 意为“不是为了……”。 He kept on saying the name aloud so as not to forget it. He hurried in order not to be late for class. He came not to ask for the information (他来不是为了打听消息). 2. 用从句表示，此时主句的主语可以一致，也可以不一致，固定句型有： (1) so that + 从句(从句中常有情态动词can, could, may, might等) He studied very hard this term so that he could catch up with his deskmate. We use new methods so that we can do the job quickly and cheaply. (2) in order that+从句(从句中常用情态动词can，could，may，might加动词原形) The boy left without breakfast in order that he could get to school before classes. (3) in case以免；以防(从句中常用一般现在时) Take your umbrella in case it rains. (4) for fear that 以免；以防 He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain. 一定要注意，用不定式结构时，其逻辑主语(动作的执行者)必须是句子的主语。用从句结构时逻辑主语(动作执行者)是不是句子的主语均可。 3. 目的表达的其它方式： (1) for / with the purpose of doing sth. Did you come to London for / with the purpose of seeing your family，or for your business purposes? (2) do sth. for sth. (=do sth. to get sth.) Soon after he got to school，he hurried back home for his English books. (3) What... for? What do you want a science lab for? (4) The purpose of (doing) sth. is to do sth. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier not to make it more difficult. (5) go / come to do sth. =go / come and do sth. He came specially to say sorry to you 频度副词(Adverbs of Frequency)属英语中时间副词(Adverbs of Time)的一种。顾名思义，它表示动作发生的频率。按照频率从高到低的标准，可排列如下： 1. always 总是，一直 The buses are always crowded during rush hours. 公共汽车在高峰时间总是很拥挤。 2. usually 通常，平常 We usually eat out on Sundays. 星期天我们通常到外边吃饭。 3. often 常常，经常 He is often late for school. 他经常上学迟到。 4. frequently 屡次地，频繁地(比often 正式) Buses run frequently from the city to the airport. 公共汽车频繁地从城市驶往机场。 5. sometimes 有时 Sometimes he goes to school by bike and sometimes by bus. 有时候他骑自行车上学，有时候他乘公共汽车上学。 6. occasionally 偶尔地，有时地 I occasionally go to the movies with her. 我偶尔和她去看电影。 7. seldom 很少，不常 I have seldom met her recently. 最近我很少碰到她。 8. rarely 很少，难得 He rarely goes out for dinner. 他很少在外面吃晚饭。 9. scarcely 几乎不 They have scarcely gone out since the baby was born. 自从婴儿出生，他们几乎不外出。 10. never 从不，一次也没有 He is never late for his appointments. 他赴约会从不迟 主谓一致的考查“盲点” 名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词与数词连用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： Ten days is a long time to wait for all answers. Two yuan is enough for me. 2. 由and连接的并列单数主语前分别有every，each，no修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： In our class every boy and every girl has a dictionary. 3. 主语由more than one...或many a... 构成，尽管意义上指复数内容，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如： Many a student studies hard(许多学生学习都很刻苦). 4. “就远原则”中的but考过，其它如as well as, no less than, along with, together with, with, like, rather than, except, besides, including等要与其前面的主语保持一致。如： He, as well as his sons, is going to Shanghai. The library with it's books has been offered to the school. 5. the+adj. 表示一类人/物，如the rich, the blind, the old等，谓语动词用复数。如： The rich are not always happy than the poor. The blind are needed our help. 6. 从句作主语多用单数，如所指内容为复数意义时，谓语动词则用复数形式。如： What we want is only more money. What we want are more people. 7. this kind (sort，type...)+of+名词作主语，谓语都用单数；all kinds (sorts，types...)＋of+名词作主语, 谓语动词用复数形式。如： This kind of book has been published. All kinds of trees have been destroyed. 8. all, most，half，part，the rest等词作主语时，所指内容如为复数意义，谓语动词则用复数形式，反之，则用单数形式。如： Half of the money is gone. The rest of the students have gone to the library. 9. 分数/百分数+名词作主语时，谓语动词与of后的名词保持一致。如： Two-thirds of the earth is made up of vast ocean. Seventy percent of the people have given up smoking 强调句型是英语中的一种重要的句子结构，它是英语学习者必须掌握的一种重点句型，因而在高考英语试卷上占有一席之地。在高一上学期的教材及练习中同学们见到时总会出现这样或那样的问题， 本文拟结合高考试题对强调句型的各个主要方面作一归纳。 一、强调句型的基本结构 例1： It was about 600 years ago ________ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. (NMET 1997) A. that B. until C. before D. when 本题抓住强调句型与时间状语从句有类似处又各不相同的特点来命题，测试考生对强调句型的基本结构的掌握情况，正确答案为A，强调时间状语about 600 years ago. 强调句的基本结构是It is / was... that / who...，被强调部分放在that之前，其它部分在that之后。强调句子主语且主语是sb.时可以用who也可以用that, 其他情况一律用that。当强调主语时that / who后的谓语动词与主语的人称和数保持一致。如： 1) It is he who / that often helps me with my English. 2) It is trees that we plant on the hillside every year. 3) It is on the hillside that we plant trees every year. 4) It is every year that we plant trees on the hillside. 在强调句中，去掉It is / was... that / who句子后结构仍然完整，句意仍明确，但在下列各句中若去掉It was... when / before / since等后，句子结构就不完整，句意也不明确了(例l正是从这一角度切入命题、设置干扰项的)。 1) It was 9 o'clock when we came back. 我们回来时是九点钟。 2) It was 3 hours before we came back.过了三个小时我们才回来。 3) It was 3 hours since we had come back.我们回来已三个小时了。 例2：It was only when I reread his poems recently ________ I began to appreciate their beauty. (NMET 1998) A. until B. that C. then D. so 正确答案是B。本句强调时间状语从句only when I reread his poems recently, 状语从句被强调时同样放在It is / was... that之间。又如： It was where there had been a theatre that they built a new modern school. 他们是在以前曾有过一个剧场的地方建造了一所新的现代化学校。 二、 对not... until... 的强调 例3：It was not until 1920 ________ regular radio broadcasts began.(NMET 1995) A. while B. which C. that D. since 众所周知，当时间状语由until / till引出时，如谓语动词为短暂动词，则要用否定式。如：They did not stop working until after 12 o'clock. 如要强调本句的时间状语，则把until... 连同not一起放到that之前，即：It was not until after 12 o'clock that they stopped working. 上面的题就是这种情况，故正确答案选C。 例4：It was not ________ she took off her dark glasses I realized she was a famous film star.(NMET 1992) A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then 从全句语意及结构看，第二空必须填that，与句首的It was一起构成强调句结构。第一空须填until， 因为空白之前有not。故正确答案为B。全句句意是：直到她摘下墨镜我才认出她是一位著名影星。 三、强调句的疑问句结构 例5：Was it during the Second World War ________ he died? (NMET 1988) A. that B. while C. in which D. then 正确答案为A。全句是强调句的疑问句结构，只要把It is / was倒装即可，全句的结构是：Was / Is it... that / who...?如： 1) Was it in the war that he lost his son? 2) Was it you that / who are helping the old man? 特殊疑问句的强调结构若以疑问词开头，其结构是：疑问词+is / was it that...? 如： 1) When was it that the hospital opened? 2) Who was it that invented the computer? 3) Why was it that you didn't agree with what he said? dare和need既可作情态动词又可作实义动词用。在高一上学期这两个词出现较为频繁，而同学们经常混淆，现介绍一下这两个词的用法： 1. 作情态动词时，常用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。 2. 在肯定句中，常用作实义动词，构成疑问和否定需借助do(does，did)，need后面常接带to的不定式，而dare后偶尔可省略to。need表示“需要”，且其主语是后面动词的宾语时，其后的动词既可用动名词一般体主动态表示被动含义，也可用不定式一般时的被动语态。 3. 两词如作情态动词，则没有第三人称单数形式和过去式形式，构成疑问句时，将其移至句首，构成否定句时，直接在其后加not。 1) You needn't come to the meeting this aftenoon if you have something important to do. 2) You don't need to go there if you have no time. 3) Having broken a vase，the boy stood still without daring raise his head. 4) The library needs cleaning (to be cleaned)，but it'll have to wait until Sunday. 5) 1 wondered how he dared say that to the teacher “there be”结构的非谓语形式 除了我们所熟知的“there be”句型外，“there be”结构还有其非谓语形式：“there to be”和“there being”。 一、 “there to be”结构 1. 作主语(主要出现在可以用“for sb. to do”结构作主语的句型中，以“for there to be”的形式存在，可用it作形式主语。) It's quite unusual for there to be so many mistakes in his composition. (=For there to be so many mistakes in his composition is quite unusual.) 他的作文中出现这么多错误是很少见的。 It's important for there to be no suspicion between us. 我们相互间不应该猜疑。 2. 作宾语 1) 作expect, hate, intend, like, mean, prefer, want, wish等可以后接“sb. to do”作宾语的动词的宾语 I don't want there to be anyone knowing my secret. 我不希望有任何人知道我的秘密。 I expect there to be a party in our company tomorrow. 我盼望我们公司明天举行一个聚会。 2) 用在ask for, call for, care for, hope for, plan for, prepare for, wait for等含for的短语动词后 We hope for there to be no wars and killings in the world. 我们希望世界上没有战争和杀戮。 They planned for there to be a meeting on Monday. 他们计划周一开会。 3. 作表语(以“for there to be”的形式存在) Our hope is for there to be a peaceful world. 我们希望世界和平。 What Little Franz expected was for there to be noise in class. 小Franz希望课堂上不安静。 二、 “there being”结构 1. 作主语 There being so large a population in so small a district is a heavy burden. 如此狭小的地区有如此众多的人口是一个沉重的负担。 There not being enough money is the main reason for the delay of our project. 资金不足是我们工程滞后的主要原因。 It's no use there being / for there to be even more money. 有再多的钱也没用。 2. 作宾语 1) 作介词的宾语 I never dreamed of there being so many animals in the mountains here. 我从没想到这里的山中会有这么多的动物。 He was surprised at there being so many people waiting there. 他对很多人等在那里感到吃惊。 2) 作需要后接-ing的及物动词的宾语 I'll prevent there being any doubt about it. 我不会让人对此产生任何怀疑。 Does it mean there being nothing left for us? 这是不是意味着没给我们留下什么？ 3. 构成独立主格结构，作原因状语 There being no bus, we had to walk there. 因为没有公交车，我们只好步行去那里。 There having been no rain for half a year, all the crops in the field were dry. 半年没下雨，地里的庄稼都旱了。 点击不定式完成式常见用法 请看下列高考试题： ① Robert is said ________ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. (NMET 1999) A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying ② I would love ________ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (NMET 1997) A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone ③ Tom ought not to ________ me your secret, but he meant no harm. (NMET 1993) A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told 上面三题正确答案分别为A，B，A，都是动词不定式完成式形式。那么，动词不定式完成式究竟有哪些常见用法呢？下面我们对此加以归纳总结。 一、表示该动作或状态发生在谓语表示的时间之前。常见于下列结构： 1. 用作主语或宾语 ① It's my pleasure to have attended your lecture last night. 昨晚能听你的报告是我的荣幸。(主语) ② I consider it a pity for you not to have attended our party. 我认为你没参加我们的聚会真是遗憾。(宾语) 2. 用于形容词后作原因状语 ① I'm sorry not to have come to your help last night. (= I'm sorry I didn't...) 很抱歉昨晚没能来帮你。 ② (I'm) Glad to have seen you here. Bye. 很高兴在这儿见到你。再见。(告别时用语) 比较：(刚见面时用语)Hello!(I'm) Glad to see you here. 你好！很高兴在这儿见到你。 3. 用于seem，appear，happen，chance，pretend等动词之后 They seem/ appear to have known the fact. (=It seems/ appears that they have known the fact.) 他们好像已知道了真相。 4. 用于“be +said/ thought/ considered/ reported/ believed...” 之后 There is said to have been many people waiting to see him when he arrived. (=It's said that there had been ...) 据说他到达的时候已经有很多人在等着见他了。 5. 用于“be +sure/ certain/ likely...” 之后 You are sure to have known each other before. 你们以前一定相互认识。 二、用于hoped，wished，wanted，expected，meant，planned等表示“希望”等含义的动词过去式，以及promised，was，were，would like之后 ，表示未曾实现的希望或计划。 ① I hoped to have gone to his help yesterday, but I was too busy then. 昨天我本想去帮他的，可我太忙了。 ② The plane was to have taken off at 8 am; it was the heavy rain that delayed its leaving. 飞机原定于上午八点起飞，是大雨使它推迟了。 三、用于表示“希望”等含义的动词现在时之后，表示到将来某时，某事已发生或完成。 ① I hope to have reached Beijing by next Friday. (=I hope that I will have reached Beijing by next Friday.) 我希望下周五我已到北京了。 ② I mean to have covered half of the story by ten o'clock tonight. 我打算今晚十点前看完故事的一半。 四、用于情态动词ought 之后，多表示对已发生的事的评论：ought to have done表示“本该做……却未做”；oughtn't to have done表示“ 本不该做……却做了”。 ① You ought to have finished your work by now. But why haven't you? 现在你本该已完成工作了。但是为什么还没有呢？ ② You oughtn't to have helped him yesterday. 昨天你本不该帮他的。 高考“宠儿”but but在英语中是一个非常活跃的词，因此它备受高考命题者的青睐，2004年，共有五个省、市的试卷出现了有关but的命题，由此可见but在中学英语中的重要性。那么，but有哪些用法呢？且看本文为你完全解读。 一、but作连词 but作为连词连接同等成分或句子表示转折时，有以下两种情况： 1. but连接两个并列分句，多译为“但是”。如： Mary is a nice girl, but she has one shortcoming. 玛丽是一个好姑娘，但她有一个缺点。 He is not a foreigner, but he speaks English with an accent of America. 他不是外国人，但他说英语时带有美国口音。 考题展示： 1) The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ________ they will save us money in the long run. A. or B. since C. for D. but (Key: D) 2) —I don't like chicken ________ fish. —I don't like chicken, ________ I like fish very much. A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or; and (Key: C) 2. but在表示歉意的话后，引起一个句子(通常不能译为“但是”，一般不译出)。如： I'm sorry, but I disagree with you. 对不起，我和你意见相左。 Excuse me, but aren't you Mr. Green? 对不起，难道你不是格林先生吗？ 考题展示： I hope you don't mind me asking, ________ where did you buy those shoes? A. so B. and C. yet D. but (Key: D) 二、but作介词 but作为介词，意为“除……以外”， 相当于except。它只能作后置定语。句子谓语动词的单复数和but前面的名词或代词一致。如： I have read all the books here but one. 这儿的书除一本外，我全读了。 Nothing but some desks was left in the room. 房间里除了一些课桌外什么也没有。 考题展示： 1) All but one ________ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were (Key: D) 2) Nobody but Jane ________ the secret. A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known (Key: B) 三、but构成的短语 1. not only...but also“不仅……而且”，not only...but also可以连接两个名词、代词或从句，当连接两个名词、代词作主语时，谓语的数与相邻的名词或代词(即but also连接的名词)保持一致。如： Not only you but also he is right. 不仅你正确，他也正确。 注意：not only...but also 连接两个句子时，如果not only位于句首，句子要部分倒装。如： Not only is he a teacher but also he is a doctor. 他不但是一位老师，而且还是一位医生。 考题展示： Not only I but also Jane and Mary ________ tired of having one exhibition after another. A. is B. are C. am D. be (Key: B) 2. cannot but “不得不”，“不禁要” ，其后面要跟不带to的不定式。如： I cannot but complain about the food. 我不得不抱怨这食物。 He couldn't but do the housework by himself. 他只能自己做家务。 3. do nothing but “只有”，“只好”，其后跟不带to的不定式。如： He does nothing but study hard. 他只有努力学习。 We can do nothing but obey the order. 我们只能听从命令。 4. have no choice but “不得不”，“别无选择”， 其后跟不带to的不定式。如： The hibernating animal has no choice but lie down and sleep. 冬眠动物别无选择，只好躺下睡觉。 He has no choice but enter that college. 他不得不进入那所大学读书。 5. but for “要不是” ，句子谓语要用虚拟语气。如： But for your help, I couldn't have succeeded. 要不是你的帮助，我不可能成功。 But for the rain, we should have had a good journey. 要是不下雨的话，我们的旅行肯定愉快 真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句的不同 if既可引导一个真实条件状语从句又可引导一个非真实条件状语从句，二者主要在以下三个方面有所不同： 一、 意义及谓语动词形式不同 如果该条件纯属假设，谓语动词用虚拟语气；有可能实现的条件则使用动词通常的陈述形式： 1.非真实条件状语从句的谓语动词用动词过去式来表示与现在事实相反或难以实现的愿望，主句则用“would+动词原形”；而真实条件状语从句的谓语动词用动词的一般现在时表示一般或未来情形下的条件，主句用一般现在时或将来时。试比较： If my husband were a woman, he would understand my feelings a bit better. 如果我丈夫是个女人的话，他就会更好一点儿理解我的感情了。(丈夫不可能是女人) Oil floats if you pour it on water. 如果你把油倒在水上，它就漂浮在上面。(能实现的事实) 2. 非真实条件状语从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”表示与过去的事实相反，主句用“would have done”；真实条件状语从句用一般过去时指过去的事实或用于间接引语中(可表示过去将来的情况)，主句用一般过去时或过去将来时。试比较： If I had been a teacher at that time, I would have argued with him. 当时我要是老师的话，就和他争辩了。(事实上当时不是老师) If Mike was a liar, it was for my sake. 如果麦克曾经是个撒谎的人，那也是为了我。(当时麦克极有可能是撒了谎) He said he would go there if it was fine the next day. 他说，如果第二天天气好他就去那里。 二、 从句所接的情态动词的含义不同 1. if I (we, you, he...) +“ should + 动词原形”或“ were to +动词原形”或动词过去式，表示对将来情况的虚拟假设，即某事不会或不太可能发生，具有较大的试探性。如： If you should run into Peter, please tell him he owes me a letter. 假如你碰见皮特，告诉他他该给我写信了。 What would you do if war were to break out? 如果战争爆发，你会怎么办？ 2. if引导的真实条件状语从句一般很少使用将来时态，但有时也可用情态动词will或would来表示“愿望”(如果……愿意……)，甚至可用这种方式提出请求。如： It'll make me very happy if you'll accept it. 如果你愿意收下它我会很高兴的。 If you will wait a moment, I'll go and tell the manager that you are here. 如果你愿意等一会儿，我就会去告诉经理你来了。 If you will hold my bag, I'll open the door (i.e. please hold my bag). 如果你愿意替我拿包，我就开门(即，请替我拿包)。 三、 与其他句型的转换不同 1.非真实条件状语从句中的if可省略，从句可以用倒装语序；而真实条件状语从句一般不可以。如： If he were my son, I would beat him. 如果他是我的儿子我就打他。→Were he my son, I would beat him. (√) If you touch me again, I'll call the police. 你再碰我，我就叫警察。→Do you touch me again, I'll call the police. (×) 2. 真实条件状语从句可以转换为“祈使句+and +陈述句”，而非真实条件状语从句则不可以。如： If you touch me again, I'll call the police.→(You) Touch me again and I'll call the police. (√) 3. 真实条件状语从句的否定式可与unless ...转换，而非真实条件状语从句的否定式却不能。如： If it doesn't rain tomorrow, I'll plant the flowers. 如果明天不下雨，我就把花栽上。→I'll plant the flowers unless it rains tomorrow. (√) If it hadn't been for you, I would have failed in the exam. 如果不是你的话我就不会通过考试了。→Unless it had been for you, I would have failed in the exam. (×) “省略”情况 英语中，为了避免重复，省略句子中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象叫做“省略”。常见的省略现象有： 一、部分句子成分的省略 1. 省略主语。如： (I) Beg your pardon. 2. 省略谓语。如： (Is there) Anything you want? 3. 省略宾语。如： —Where has Jim gone? —Sorry, I don't know (where he has gone). 4. 省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其它成分。如： What a pity (it is) you can't go to the lecture! —What does he want to eat? —(He wants) Some rice and vegetables. (I'm) Glad to see you. (Is it) Right? 二、主从复合句的省略情况 1. 状语从句的省略。有两种情况： 第一种情况：省略从属连词及从句中的主语和助动词，只保留分词作状语。如： (If it is) Taken into a warm room, a piece of ice will turn into water. (If they had been) Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 第二种情况：省略从句中的主语及系动词或助动词，保留从属连词及表语。如： When (he was) rescued, he was almost dead. Jim made a lot of friends while (he was) working there. If (it is) possible, I should like to get there today. She hurried away as if (she was) angry. 2. 名词性从句的省略。如： Tom has gone home, but I don't know why (he has gone home). 3. 在“the + 比较级……，the + 比较级……”句型中的省略。如： The more practice (there is), the better (it is). 不可不知的倒装结构 倒装结构是中学英语学习中一个重要语法点和难点，也是历年来高考的热点之一。因其内容繁多，句子结构复杂，同学们在平时的学习中，很难准确运用这一语法结构。故笔者将这一语法结构中较常用的几种类型归纳如下，以帮助同学们较轻松地掌握这一语法结构。 一、谓语动词前置的完全倒装结构 1.当句首为 out, in, up, down, away, off, here, there, now等副词时，如果句中的主语为名词，这时，句子要采用完全倒装形式，即将句中的谓语动词调置主语之前。例如： Out rushed the boy when I entered. 当我进去的时候，那男孩冲了出来。 Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。 2. 当句首为表示地点的介词短语时，如果句子的主语为名词时，句子要采用完全倒装形式，即将句中的谓语动词调置主语之前。例如： From the valley came a frightening sound. 从山谷传来一个可怕的声音。 Outside the classroom stood an old man. 一位老人站在教室外面。 注：在以上这两种句式中，如果句子的主语为代词，主谓语序则无须倒装。例如： In the armchair she sat. 她坐在那张扶手椅子里。 Look!There they come. 看! 他们来了。 二、助动词前置的部分倒装结构 1. 由副词only引起的部分倒装。当副词only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时，要将相应的助动词调置主语之前，构成部分倒装结构。例如： Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 只是那时他才意识到他错了。 注：当only位于句首，强调主语时，主谓语序不倒装。例如： Only the people present can prove it. 只有在场的人才能证明这件事。 2. 时间状语从句中的部分倒装。 (1)not until...引起的部分倒装。当not until...“直到……才”引导的时间状语从句置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装形式，从句用正常语序。例如： Not until the early years of the 19th century did man knew what heat is. 直到19世纪初，人类才知道热是什么。 Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才意识到我已浪费了多少时间。 (2)Hardly (Scarcely)...when..., No sooner...than...引起的部分倒装。在Hardly (Scarcely)...when..., No sooner...than...(一……就……)引导的时间状语从句中，前半句用部分倒装形式，后半句不倒装。例如： Hardly (Scarcely) had we entered the classroom when the bell rang. 我们一进教室，铃就响了。 No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep. 他一上床就睡着了。 3. if引导的虚拟条件状语从句中的部分倒装 用主动形式表示被动意义 被动语态是高一的重点语法项目之一，而且在往年的高考题中也出现了相应的考查题目。在有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。只有熟悉这些用法，才能提高答题准确率，下面介绍可用动词主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况。 一、表示“开始”；“结束”类的动词。常见的这类动词有begin, start, open, close, end, finish, stop等。例如： School begins in September. The stores in this area open later at weekends than at weekdays. 二、主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有write, read, wear, wash, clean, sell, run, lock等。这些动词常与副词或否定词连用。例如： The machine runs well. This pen writes quite smoothly. The bookshelf hardly sells. 三、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look, feel, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear等。例如： —Do you like the material? —Yes, it ________ very soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt (NMET94 Key: C) Your idea sounds reasonable. What he said proved to be correct. 四、动名词主动形式表示被动意义 1. 在need, require, want(需要)等动词后，表示某物(人)要进行……处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如： —You've come just in time to help us. —Fine, what requires doing? (=Fine, what requires to be done?) This sentence needs ________ . A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved (Key: C) 2. be worth 后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。例如： This famous novel is well worth reading. His suggestion is not worth considering. 五、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 1. 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如： The next train to arrive was from New York. 2. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如： Please give me something to eat. (间接宾语me是to eat的逻辑主语) I have a lot of work to do today. (主语I是to do的逻辑主语) 3. 用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系时，一般用主动形式。例如： His speech in English was difficult to follow. (状语to follow与主语有动宾关系) Do you think him easy to get along with?(不定式与宾语有动宾关系 mind 用法全面展示 在Unit 8中有这样一个句子： The most important thing to keep in mind when dealing with an emergency is to stay calm. 这里keep in mind是一个固定短语，意为“记住”。mind是一个词意丰富、搭配能力很强的常用词。为了便于同学们全面掌握其用法，现将其用法展示如下： 一、mind作可数名词，意为“脑子；想法；记性”。 An idea has just come into my mind. 我刚才想到一个主意。 I can't think where I've left my umbrella; my mind is a complete blank! 我想不起来把伞落哪儿了；一点儿印象都没有！ 二、mind作动词。 1. 意为“当心；注意”，后跟名词或从句，也可单独使用。 Mind the step! 小心台阶！ Now mind! You must hurry home. 注意啦！你必须赶快回家。 2. 意为“介意；在乎”，主要用于疑问句和否定句。 ①作不及物动词。 Do you mind if I call you later? 我晚一点儿打电话给你好吗？ 注意：Do (Would) you mind if...句型用来表示请求对方的许可，即询问对方“是否介意(说话人)做某事”。用Do开头时表示说话人比较直率，故if从句谓语用一般现在时态；用Would开头时则表示说话人语气较为委婉，故if从句谓语用虚拟语气，即一般过去时态。但无论以Do还是以Would开头，其答语相同： a. 如果“同意；不反对”别人做某事，答语用否定形式，也可直接用No，但不普遍。 b. 如果“不同意；反对”别人做某事，答语用肯定形式。一般多用I am sorry...或I'm afraid...等以缓和语气。 —Do you mind if I smoke? —Not at all, please. —Would you mind me opening that door? —I'm sorry, but it's not allowed. ②作及物动词，后面通常接名词、代词、V-ing形式、复合结构、从句等。 Would you mind my closing the window? 你介意我关上窗户吗？ 注意：Do (Would) you mind doing sth.? 这一句型通常用来表示请他人做某事，常译为“可否请你做……”或“劳驾你做……”，多用Would开头，用Do的情况较少。 Would you mind making some room for the patient?请你给这位病人让点儿地方出来行吗？ 其答语与前面的Do (Would) you mind if...句型的答语相同。 三、mind的常用短语： change one's mind 改变主意； make up one's mind作出决定；keep...in mind记住……； never mind不要紧，等。 不用 than 能比较吗 含比较级的句型通常用than来表示比较，但有时并不一定出现than，这时通过上下文可暗示出。如： —Of the two oranges, which do you choose? —I like the larger one. 这里的the larger one是指前边提到的两个当中较大的一个。 本文就某些词在表示比较的时候不用than，而用to的情况简单归纳如下。 1. prior to 较早的，较重要的 The task is prior to all the others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。 I called on him prior to my departure. 动身前我去拜访了他。 2. superior to优越，高于 In math he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己数学比约翰强。 They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他们决心战胜一切困难。 3. inferior to 下等的，次的 These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 这些苹果的味道不如那些。 4. senior to 年长的，地位高的；junior to年幼的，地位低的，迟的 He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁。 Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任命比我的迟六星期。 5. preferable to 更好的 Health without riches is preferable to riches without health. 贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。 6. prefer...to 更倾向于…… I prefer this to that. 我喜欢这个胜于那个。 SEEM 用法 ABC Unit 12 Art and literature INTEGRATING SKILLS中有这样一句：The noise seemed to be coming from the room behind the statue in front of them. seem一词在课本中多次出现。它的基本意思是“似乎；好像；仿佛；看来”等，可作不及物动词或连系动词。seem用法较为复杂，现归纳如下： 一、 seem可与形容词、名词、不定式(短语)、分词及介词短语搭配。 1. seem + 形容词 She seems quite happy today. 今天她似乎很高兴。 2. seem + 名词 That seems a good idea. 那似乎是个好主意。 She seems a clever girl. 她似乎是个聪明的女孩。 3. seem + 不定式(短语) He seemed to have known the truth. 他似乎早已知道事情的真相。 He seems to be thinking about something. 他似乎正在考虑某事。 Something seemed to be wrong with the train. 火车好像出了故障。 注意：1)不定式是to be并以名词或形容词作表语时，to be通常可以省略。这样就变成1，2的用法。 He seems (to be) a fool. 他好像是个傻子。 She seems (to be) quite unhappy. 她看起来很不高兴。 2)seem后跟不定式时，要注意不定式所表示动作发生的时间，以此来确定不定式的时态。如3中的to have...为不定式的完成时。 3)seem的否定式可在不定式前直接加not或借助do的相应否定形式来表达(放在seem前)。 She doesn't seem to like the idea. 她似乎不太喜欢这个想法。 They seemed not to know each other. 他们看起来好像互不认识。 4. seem + 分词 He seemed pleased at what I said. 听了我的话，他似乎很高兴。 The news seems exciting. 消息似乎很激动人心。 5. seem + 介词短语 It seems like years since I last saw you. 自从上次我见到你似乎过去好多年了。 They seemed in high spirits. 他们似乎情绪高涨。 二、 seem常用于it作形式主语的结构，即It seems / seemed that..., 表示“看来……，似乎……”。 It seems that nobody knew what had happened. 似乎没人知道发生了什么事。 It seems that he was late for the train. 看来他没赶上火车。 注意：1)在这一句式中，常可省去that。 2)在seem后间或可跟形容词。 It seems impossible that he will be here tomorrow. 明天他来这儿似乎是不可能的。 三、 seem常用于由as if / though引导的从句中。 It seems as if somebody is calling you. 好像有人在叫你。 It seems as though he were very stupid. 看来他似乎很笨。 注意：在as if / though引起的从句中，如果说的是非真实的情况，从句谓语用虚拟语气，如上句he were very stupid。如果所述的情况实现的可能性较大，则从句的谓语常用陈述语气。 四、 seem常用在“It seems / seemed to sb. (that)...”结构中，这种结构常用来表示“行为”的主体。 It seems to me that we have been neglecting our duty. 我感觉我们对职责有所疏忽。 It seems to me that they are right. 我感觉他们是对的。 五、用于There seems / seemed + to be + n. (主语)中。 There seemed to be no work for you to do now. 看来现在没有什么工作需要你做了。 注意：1)在这一结构中，seem表示“似乎有；看来有”。如： There seems to be a lot of things to do. (=It seems as if there were a lot of things to do.) 似乎有很多事情要做。 2)这一结构的否定形式为“There seems / seemed to be + no + n.”或“There doesn't / didn't seem to be + n.”。 There doesn't seem to have been any difficulty on this question. 在这个问题上似乎没出现什么困难。 小试牛刀：句型转换：根据第一句，完成第二句或第三句，每空一词，使句子意思保持不变。 1. She seems very sad. She seems ________ ________ very sad. It seems that ________ ________ very sad. 2. He seemed to be waiting for somebody. It seemed that ________ ________ ________ for somebody. 3. Nobody seemed to have lost a child. It seemed that ________ ________ ________ a child. 4. It seems that there will be no time for play now. There ________ ________ ________ no time for play now. Key: 1. to be; she is 2. he was waiting 3. nobody had lost 4. seems to be 被动语态在各种时态中的运用 被动语态时态的用法是高考考查的热点。被动语态时态的用法与主动语态相应时态的用法大致是一样的。但被动语态一般不常用于将来进行时态和各种完成进行时态。 ⑴ 表示现在或经常发生的被动动作，用一般现在时的被动语态；表示现在之前发生的被动动作或过去某个时候发生的被动动作一直延续到现在且该动作的结果对现在造成影响，用现在完成时的被动语态。试比较： Tom, you are wanted on the phone. 汤姆，你有电话。 Ten houses have been set up by now. 到目前为止，已经建好了十座房子。 【考例】 You can see the house ________ for years. (MET1981) A. isn't painted B. hasn't painted C. hasn't been painted D. hadn't been painted ⑵ 表示过去某个时候发生的被动动作，用一般过去时的被动语态；表示过去某个时候之前发生的被动动作，用过去完成时的被动语态。试比较： I was invited to the party yesterday. 我昨天应邀参加了晚会。 He said his car had been stolen. 他说他的汽车失窃了。 【考例】By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ________ in Beijing. (上海2003 春) A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed ⑶ 表示现在或现阶段正在发生的被动动作，用现在进行时的被动语态；表示过去某个时候或过去某段时间正在进行的被动动作，用过去进行时的被动语态。试比较： The car is being repaired over there now. 那辆汽车现在正在那边修理。 When I called, coffee was being served. 我来拜访时，正赶上咖啡之际。 【考例】Rainforests ________ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. (上海 2002 春) A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut ⑷ 表示现在之后的将来发生的被动动作，用一般将来时的被动语态；表示从过去某个时候看今后将要发生的被动动作，用过去将来时的被动语态。值得注意的是，状语从句指将来情况时，不能用将来时态，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时的被动结构表示未发生的被动动作。试比较： The work will be finished tomorrow. 这项工作明天完成。 He said that the factory would be built next month.他说这座工厂下个月建成。 【考例】 I need one more stamp before my collection ________ . (NMET1994) A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed � 相关链接：教学论文
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