高中英语写作教案
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怎样才能提高写作能力？

要想用英语把文章写好，首先需要打下牢固的语言基础，即相当程度的语言造诣、良好的语言修养和敏锐的语言感知能力。写作者必须懂得写作的具体步骤，了解写作的性质，掌握写作的技巧。更为重要的是，中国学生还必须解决用英语思维的问题。不懂得英美人思维方式的人，无论语言功底有多深，是写不出地道的英语文章的。
　　英语语言的功底指对这门语言中各种语言知识的掌握和运用能力，其中包括用词的准确和精炼、修辞手段的自如运用、时态的准确运用以及语法和句法结构的熟练掌握等。写作中常出现的问题是用词欠准确，这主要是由于对词意和词在不同的语境中所产生的不同语意把握不好所致，而词汇量的贫乏也无疑是造成用词欠妥的一个重要因素。当然，掌握了一定词汇量而不懂得修辞知识的人仍不可能把文章写好。
除了语言功底，写作者还必须清楚写作的具体任务、写作的特殊性以及写作所需要的各种技巧。写作是一种综合的智力活动，其作品是以思想为基础，以语言为工具而创造出来的艺术品。写作不仅需要丰富的想象力，还需要严谨的语言逻辑和独特的思想。否则，文章决不可能成为语言的佳作。
　　中国人用英语写作还面临一个思维方式的转变问题。不熟悉英语语言思维方式的人，无论有何等"高超"的写作技巧，都不可能创造出优美地道的英文作品。尤其是有很多学生在用英语写文章之前总习惯先用中文列出提纲，然后按照列出的中文提纲从事英语的写作。以这种方式写出的文章是可想而知的。
　　总之，思维方式的转变、对写作性质的深入了解、树立英语写作的正确意识是创造成功的英文作品的前提。如果您已经下决心提高自己的写作能力，请阅读以下文章：
英语写作要诀
Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。
Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。
Brief: 文章"简为贵"，要抓住要点，简明扼要。
Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。
Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。
Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。
Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。
Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。
Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。
Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。
Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。
Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。
Relevant: 文章一定要切题。
Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。
Strait: 开门见山，直来直去。
Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。
Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
Theme: 选题得当，主题突出。
英语作文的文章的开头
一篇文章通常可分为三个部分，即开头、正文和结尾。这三个部分安排是否得体，直接影响到文章的质量。
文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山，用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引起读者的兴趣。
作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种：
1．开门见山，揭示主题
文章一开头，，就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是：
I Spent my last vacation happily．
下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头：
Honesty is one of the best virtues．An honest man is always trusted and respected．On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people．
2．交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头
在文章的开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头：
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
3. 回忆性的开头
用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是：
I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
4．概括性的开头
即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头：
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
5．介绍环境式的开头
即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是:
It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
6．交待写作目的的开头。
在文章的一开头就交待写作目的，如通过文章要表扬谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头：
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.
英语作文的文章的结尾
文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。
文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种：
1．首尾呼应，画龙点睛
在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的结尾：
After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
2．重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾：
I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.
3. 自然结尾
随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾：
I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
4．含蓄性的结尾
用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾：
Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.
5．用反问结尾
虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾。
Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?
6．指明方向，激励读者
结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾：
As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.
文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整
英文写作中词语的选择
1．词语选择的重要性
在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：
it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."
显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。
成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。
2．词语选择的可能性
实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。
从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：
Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.
3．词语选择的三项标准
关于择语标准，人们说法不一，但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然，某词语用得是否符合要求，不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼，还要看其具体使用场合，包括同其他词语搭配等。
1)择语的准确性
准确性，就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式，正如有句英语俗语所言：
Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.
著名美国作家马克·吐温说：“用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug．)
为了择语准确，必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说，含义各不相同：
He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.
The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.
Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.
反之，也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义，如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia，the blues，the dismal in the dumps，low等词语表示。
要做到准确选择，有必要注意词语的两种意义：“基本意义”(denotation)和"引申意义"(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身，或客观的固有含义，后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义，往往比较含蓄，带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思，如顾客问营业员：“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的，当然并不是说质量可以不好，但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思，这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。
选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上，需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族，在一定的条件下可以转化，如
labor一词通常带抽象含义，但并非一成不变。试比较：
A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.
B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.
上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义，泛指各种社会劳动，B句中labor为具体含义，特指WAW，即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。
2)择语的鲜明度
准确性是鲜明度的前提，也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而，鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标，为此，应从两个方面加以注意：
A．在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语，如：do something for(不用perform，
accomplish)，用end／finish a letter (不用terminate，conclude)。
B．多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想，因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去：
mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other，(an entirely)complete confidence，repeat the question(again)，return(back) from abroad，etc．
3)择语的生动感
生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness)，它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的，否则，单纯追求生动或优雅，就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)
记叙文指导
记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。
以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。
以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素（时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果），应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。
以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。
记叙文写作要点如下：
１． 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。
２． 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when？该事发生的时间，　where？该事发生的地点，who？人物角色是谁，what？发生的是什么事，why？该事发生的原因，以及how？事件的结果是如何造成的等等。
３． 一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。
４． 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。
记叙文范文欣赏
记叙是一种表现人物活动，经历或事物的发生，发展，变化过程的写作方法。它可以是讲述自己的经历，也可以解释一个观点。记叙以描写事件为主，其中“五个W”是叙述的要点。记叙一般以时间为顺序。记叙文不同于其他文体，它可以没有主题句，结论句，所叙道理隐含于故事之中。如：
It was a cold day in winter. An ant was bringing out some grains of corn he had gathered in summer to dry them. A grasshopper, who was very hunger, saw the ant and begged him for some corn, saying that he was dying of hunger. The ant looked at the grasshopper and asked him what he had done in summer and why he hadn’t stored up some grains of corn. The grasshopper told the ant that he had been very busy in summer and he hadn’t stored any corn. The ant asked him once more what he had done in summer. The grasshopper replied that he had sung all summer. The ant angrily said to him that he could dance all winter as he had sung all summer.
该段文章通过故事情节的发展使读者自然地读出“不劳无获”的结论。但是记叙性段落同样也可有主题句，扩展句和结论句的支持，练习写作时应予以注意。
1. 记叙文的基本要求
1）主题要明确，内容要充实。文章中的故事要有头有尾，要有高潮，要把何人，何事，何时，何地，何因几方面交代清楚，避免空泛，笼统的话。通过对人物，事物和景物的描写，表现出故事的主题和作者的思想感情。
2）层次分明，有条有理。继续时除了有开头语及高潮性的结尾外，还要注意描写的层次要清楚，挑选一些典型事例或细节加以理安排，用最简单易行的方法，按时间的先后顺序进行描写。
3)记叙应以时间为线索，注意时间关联词的使用。
I usually get up early in the morning. Then, I go to the lavatory to brush my teeth and my face. After that, I go to the sports ground to have some exercise. Lunch is at 12:00. After lunch, I take a nap. In the afternoon, I go to the library. When evening comes, I watch TV for a while. Then I listen to the English broadcast, or prepare my lessons in the classroom. I usually go to bed when the close strikes 11.
4) 主次分明，详略得当。对一件事情的叙述不能平均用墨。能够突出主题的情节要详写，不能突出主题的情节要简写或不写。如下面一段文字的主题句是Traveling can have its exciting though frustrating movements.应是突出的重点。从段落中我们可以看到描写这两点的很多细节：司机是如何弄到活鸡送到家中同时又担心拿不到手提箱而赶不上飞机的焦急心情。作者对他们最后怎样到达旅馆、怎样及时到达机场描写得很少，尽管它们也是这个事件的一部分。
Traveling can have its exciting, though frustrating moments. A few years ago I spent a week in America. The week was over, to my surprised, that I had left one of my suitcases at my hotel. Quickly, I jumped into a taxi and explained my situation to the driver. We sped off in the direct of my hotel. Suddenly, the taxi driver slowed down so he could talk with the driver of a truck moving along the road next to us. The truck contained live chicken. Without stopping the taxi, the driver stuck his hand out of the window and took a live chicken, which he neatly stuck under the seat next to him. Meanwhile, I was getting more and more anxious about my suitcase and making my plane on time. Time wasn’t bothering the taxi driver, though. Instead of heading straight for the hotel, he made a detour to drop the chicken off at his home! In the end, however, we managed to get the suitcase and then raced back to the airport. Fortunately, I made it to my plane on time. What started out as a frustrating moment ended up being a permanent memory and a great story.
记叙文高考指引
记叙文是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式。
1）记叙文要写作者比较了解的人或事物。
2）仔细审题，看准题目要求，确定文章的主题。文章的内容、结构、层次及所用语言都应围绕主题进行。
3）具体详细地描述。要使文章有说服力，叙述就必须繁简疏密相间。详细具体的描写有助于读者对所叙述的人物或事件等有个深刻的印象。
4）写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。
5）叙述要生动。要使文章叙述生动，具有吸引力，必须请注意词汇的选择，时态的运用以及上下文的一致问题。词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。
6）叙述的顺序。大多数情况下叙述都是按照事情的发展及时间的先后进行的，但有时也可以采用其它顺序，如倒叙、插叙等。
7）人称。一般说来，记叙文用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。用第一人称叙述的优点是：文章比较生动、形象，使读者有身临其境的感觉，因而加强了故事的真实感和感染力。其缺点是，描写的范围受到限制。一篇文章中，由于角色的变化，人称也要随之而变，但应注意前后一致性。
　记叙文下水试游
　1、写作题目：My First Stay at Home
写作要求：请根据下列要求，以My First Stay at Home为题，写一篇100字左右的文章。
内容要点：
1、父母出差，自己一个人在家
2、自己照顾自己
3、难忘有意义的经历
要点提示：
1.memorable experience
2.on business
3.take care of oneself.
思路指津：时态：描述自己过去的经历自然用一般过去时
谋篇布局：文章以时间为线索，描述自己在家的行为
主题：难忘的经历，所以中心应该突出如何难忘，如何有意义
参考范文：
My first stay at home alone was memorable. When I was twelve, once both of my mother and father were away on business, and I had been all by myself for two days. My parents left early the first day, and I got up soon after they left. In the first evening I was a little scared, so I turned on all the lights. I actually kept the light on in my bedroom the whole night. For fear of getting up late the next morning, I put three alarm clocks near my bed and set the alarms respectively at 6:00, 6:10, and 6:15. In order to prove that I could take care of myself, I washed my own clothes the second afternoon, though I could wait for Mother to do it. I really felt proud of myself and thought I was a big girl.
说明文写作指导
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式，介绍事物的形状、构造、性质、变化、类别、状态、功能、成因、结果等特征的文章。它是一种应用性很强的文体，说明的目的是让读者有所知，给读者提供知识，使之了解客观世界，掌握解决问题的方法。说明文的基本特点就是具有知识性、科学性、应用性、解说性和条理性。常见的说明文有：解说词、说明书、书文简介、内容提要、科普小品、生产工艺、操作规程和景物介绍等，常见说明方法有：定义、注释、举例、分类、比较、引用、比喻、描述、数字分析和综合等。说明文的时态常用一般现在时，语态常用被动语态，有时用虚拟语气。对中学生而言，说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表、图示，文体则可见于短文、书信、便条、日记等。写说明文必须注意事实正确，表达清晰，条理清楚，层次分明，语言简练和用词准确。
说明文范文赏析
说明文是对事情的发生、发展、结果、特征、性质、状态、功能等进行解释、介绍、阐述的一种文体。这类文章的目的和性质是客观地介绍、解释事物，使读者获得知识和信息，并不需要发表主张、做出证明。一般说来，知识简介，商品介绍，旅游指南，科技读物，工作总结，实验报告，教材辅导等均属说明文之列。
写说明文，可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说明、叙述等方法。
1.比较对照
比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：
1）逐点比较：多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thing thoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
2) 整块比较
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
2.分类
分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。
分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，亦可平行排列。如：
1） As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治观点分为三类：保守、自由和温和。
2) These are several reasons why I decided tom attend Bingston University . First of all, the tuition is reasonable. Secondly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessons the load of peasant families like mine. Another reason is that Bingston has the finest teachers in its graduate program. My chief reason, however, is Bingston’s program in agriculture, my chosen field, which is recognized as the leader in this area.
该段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者决定上Bingston大学的原因。
3) According to Mr. Li, the fifteen students of his class fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them “good students”. The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League, and the captain of the class volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always organize proper activities at the proper time. So Li calls them “good organizers”. Four other students are very kind to their classmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand. They help to clean the classroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are “ good comrades”. “What about yourself?” someone asks him. “I’m a group by my self ——a good observer”.
该段不同于以上两段，不是先分类再解释，而是先说明其特点，然后定义分类。虽分类并不科学，却达到了其幽默之目的。
3.特征
例证指具体说明人或事物特点、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例证型段落的写作方式多为先提出主题再列举事例。在事例之前一般有For example或For instance。例证后面，根据情况还可以加上结论句。如：
In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in the theatres and cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke. Doctors, teachers and government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs. Also the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. If these measures can be taken, we can effectively reduce the chances of smoking.
4 因果
因果是两个事物之间的关系。一些说明文，议论文通过分析因果关系说明一个中心思想。如不能把因果关系解释清楚，文章将无法说明任何主题。
因果型段落的扩展模式有两种，一是分类编法，另一个是连环编排法。如果只讨论成因或只讨论结果，细节比较简单，只需按其重要性或其逻辑顺序进行编排。分类编排法指先讨论原因，然后讨论结果；或先讨论结果，后讨论原因。
1）分类编排法：
Music is my chief hobby. When I listen to music, good things happen to me. If I am lonely or homesick, I listen to pop music. The quick rhythm, the strong beats of drums lift my sprits. If I am familiar with a song, I will sing alone with it and my depression disappears. When I am bored or very tired, I listen to Mozart. His music makes me feel alive. Music also reminds me of home. Before I came to college, my sisters and I would listen to music and sing songs together and cheer us. Now I enjoy listening to music and singing with my roommates because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family. For me, music is an excellent escape, and without it, I wouldn’t be so happy.
2) 连环编排法是先讨论一组因果，再一组因果，再一组因果，形成一个锁链。当因果紧密相连，前一果为后一果之因时，经常使用这种方式。
Students shouldn’t stay up so late. Because of the pressure of examinations, many students burn night candles. The next day, they have to get enough sleep. As a result, many of them get sleepy in class. They couldn’t catch what the teacher says. Not having studied their lessons well, they find it difficult to make good performance in examinations. So, it is not worthwhile to stay up late if you want to study well.
5.人物描写
人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如：
My sister is a boyish girl. She has short and straight hair like a boy’s. She likes white, black and grey colors, as most boys do. She never cares for shirts, stockings but loves jackets and jeans. Sometimes she wears a men’s suit and leather shores as if she were a gentleman. Basketball and football are her favorite sports. She also enjoys watching boxing. She always shouts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a football match. When she is with her friends, she always says Ladies first” to other girls. The most interesting thing is that she has been mistaken for a boy many times. And she is pleased with that. She always says that she should be a boy.
第一句作者明确表示他眼中的妹妹是个男孩子气十足的小姑娘。这样读者大都会在心中勾画出一种从长相、穿着到言谈举止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通过穿着、外貌和性格等方面向读者展现一个活生生的人物形象。
6.地点描写
地点描写指用生动形象的语言对某一地点、某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘，使读者如临其境、如睹其物。地点描写的对象可大可小，在可以为城市、国家，小可是一间教室，一个房间。
地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。
Now I will show you around our school. It is one of the largest middle schools in the city. When you step into the gate, you will see a beautiful flower bed before you. In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with many colored flowers around it. If you walk along the school road, you will come to the playground, on each side of which are rows of trees. We often read books under the trees. On the right of the playground are two classroom buildings. On the left is the newly-built four-storyed building. I’m lucky to study here. I love my school very much.
7.物体描写
描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对物的描写也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。如：
The first thing I notice in the bride’s room is the beautiful curtain. This curtain is patchwork in design, and is sewn out of squares of materials of different colors like white, light green, brown and orange. It is made of silk, trimmed with delicate braids. It is about six feet long and hangs from a wooden rail. The curtain matches perfectly with the dark wooden rail and furniture in the room.
通过主题句可以看出作者想向读者描写的是一幅漂亮的窗帘。
说明文高考指引
说明文在高考中出题的机会比较多，写说明文时应注意：
1．限制要说明的事物和范围，因为不可能在一篇短文中介绍太多的事物。比如写一篇题为“How to improve your English” 的说明文，就必须引用一些实例来说明。由于题目要求写英语学习方面的进步，就不能列列举其他学科的成绩。
2．有足够多的、确切的例子阐述例证。如写 的说明文时，必须先用一些具体的事例，如老师如何备课堂上怎样使学生在活跃的气氛中学习以课后的辅导等。选例时不宜太多，否会给人以堆砌例证、罗列现象之感，但也不要一篇文章只选一例，因为即使事例较典型，若只选一例其说服力也不够有力。
3．用正确、恰当的顺序摆出事实、观点，对选择一些典型的事例，进行合理的安排，要主次分明。
4．注意用词和句子的准确性。
5．尽可能地使说明的内容有趣、生动，选用典型、新颖的素材，吸引读者。
说明文下水试游
1、假如你是李辉，参加了1998年7月25—30 日在山东烟台由英语辅导报社举办的全国中学生英语夏令营活动。请根据所给提示，用英语写一篇100—140 字的报导，以便刊登在«英语通»上。
提示：1、来自全国各地的100多名中学生参加了活动；
2、有来自国内外的30多名英语教学专家；
3、营员们必须用英语交流；
4、举办了一系列活动：1）第二届全国中学生英语辩论赛；
2）第三届全国中学生英语演讲比赛；
3）参观了名胜古迹；
4）举办了英语晚会。
　注意：1、应包括自己参加夏令营的体会。
2、参考词汇：1）英语辅导报社：English Coaching Paper Office
2) 1998年全国中学生英语夏令营：1998 National English Summer Camp for Middle School Students (1998 NESCMSS);
3) 辩论：debate 4) 演讲比赛：speech competition 5) 主办：sponsor
6) 英语通： An Express Way to English
3、不要逐句翻译提示，可增加适当有关细节，使文章连贯。
范文：
1998 National English Summer Camp for Middle School Students
As a lucky student, I attended the 1998 NESCMSS held in the beautiful seaside city of Yantai from July 25 to 30, which was sponsored by the English Coaching Paper Office. Over 100 students all over the country and 30 English teaching experts from home and abroad took part in the activity. All the campers were required to speak English. During the four days, a series of English activities were held including the Second National English Debate for Middle School Students and the Third National English Speech Competition for Middle School Students. We also visited some places of interest. A colourful English evening was held on July 29. The camp provided us with a valuable opportunity to speak English, make friends and exchange learning experience. I found my English much improved at the end of the camp. Never in my life shall I forget the impressive days in Yantai.
2、请根据下面表格中所提供的信息写一篇有关中美高中教育的短文.词数:100—120。
中国 美国
学制 三年 四年（大多数）
学生 学习努力，知识扎实 更加活泼，运用知识能力强
学习时间 每天约10小时 每天约8.5小时
课外活动 学校、班级组织的多 学生自己组织的多
其他 班级和教室固定 班级和教室不固定，到老师办公室上课
生词：课外活动 extra curricular
范文：
There are differences between high school in China and that in the United States. High school in China lasts three years, while in most US states four years. In China, students are in fixed classes and classrooms. Every day they study hard for about 10 hours and have a solid knowledge. But in the United States, students don’t have fixed classes or classrooms and they go to their teachers’ offices for classes. They spend about 8.5 hours on study a day. They are lively and good at activities organized by themselves. However, in China, the students’ extra curricular activities are mostly organized by schools and classes.
3、写作题目：New Development for Central and Western China
假如你是某报社记者，请根据下表提供的信息写一篇英文稿，简要地报道中国开发西部的有关情况。
主要情况 范围：9个省，自治区(autonomous regions)，一个直辖市(municipality)
面积：540万平方公里
人口：2.85亿
实施要点 交通(transportation)建设：修建多余公路，铁路
环境保护：退耕还林，防治污染
资源利用：开发利用其丰富的天然资源
人才引进：广纳各类专家，技术人员
　注意：1、短文须包括所有提示要点；适当增加细节，使内容连贯。
2、短文的开头已经给出，不计入总词数。
3、词数：100左右。
范文：
New Development for Central and Western China
The Chinese government has recently decided to develop central and western China.
This part of China includes 9 provinces and autonomous regions and one municipality, covering an area of 5.4 million square kilometers with a population of 285 million.
The government will pay special attention to their transportation system. Some highways and railways will be built. To protect nature, farmers will return farmland to forest. Also, measures should be taken to prevent pollution. Western China is rich in natural resources, which can be exploited and made full use of. To meet the needs of the development, all kinds of experts and skilled workers are to be brought in.
We have every reason to believe that the efforts of the government will be a great success. As a result of the great project, the central and western regions of China will surely achieve greater and faster development in the new century. The people will have a better life and China will surely be richer and stronger.
　应用文指导
书信写作指导
—、书信写作要求
书信(Letter)一般可分为事务信件或公函(Business Letter or Offical Correspondence)以及私人信件
(Private Letter)两大类。一般包括以下几个要点：
1） 收信人的姓名和地址；
2） 寄信人的姓名及其与收信人的关系；
3） 寄信人的地址（有时可以省略）；
4） 写信的时间；
5） 信的内容。
1. 书信的格式
1） 信头(Heading)；
2） 称呼(Salutation)；
3） 正文(Body of the letter)；
4） 结束语(Complimentary close)；
5） 签名(signature)。
2. 书信的种类
1） 邀请信
邀请信有正式和非正式之分，也有介于两者之间者。正式邀请信一般属于公函类，私人邀请信一般属于非正式文体。邀请朋友、熟人参加某一聚会时，再词句上不一定多加斟酌，用词太正规倒显得关系不密切。但是如果与被邀请人不太熟悉的话，最好用正式文体。如虽认识但并不十分了解，文体可介于两个者之间。由此可见，私人邀请究竟用什么文体，关键看与被邀请人之间的亲疏的程度。邀请信要明确写出活动（是晚会、晚餐还是一般的聚会等）、活动的时间地点组织这项活动的理由，有时还应告诉对方可能出席的人，另外一般希望对方给予答复。
（1） 非正式邀请信，如；
26 Coventry St.
London
Sept. 15th, 1999.
Dear Jack,
I am going to the cinema to see the Red River Valley and I have two tickets. Would you like to come? The film starts at 7:30 p.m. Maybe we can meet at the Covent Garden Station at 7:00 p.m. and have a drink before the film starts. Please phone me at home to let me know.
Looking forward to seeing you.
Love
Mary
这封信是写给朋友的，所以用语比较随便，比较口语化。
（2） 正式邀请信，如：
Dear Ms. Gupta;
It’s our great pleasure to announce that Jan. 19th is the 3rd anniversary of the founding of our corporation. We have a small party as follows: 7:00p.m.,Jan. 19th, Room No.123, Kunlun Hotel. At this moment, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our clients for both courtesy and support over the past three years. Please confirm if you plant to attend.
Yours Sincerely,
Lewis
这是一封正式邀请信，十分正规，无论从句式，还是用语都十分讲究。
(3) 介于正式和非正式之间的邀请信，如：
No.4 Middle School
Beijing 100034
April 29th,2000
Dear Miss Katherine,
I am very pleased to write to you. My name is Yu Hong and I am monitor of Class One, Grade Three of the No.2 Middle School of Ji'nan. Last year, you came here to give a speech, which was "Fast Reading". My classmates and I all thank you very much. We will have an English evening at 7:00--9:00 on the evening of May 4th in our classroom. Would you please come and attend the evening party? At the party, we will sing English songs, play games and so on. And we are anxious to invite you to come to sing us an English song. After that we can enjoy the music. We hope to see you soon.
Yours
Yu Hong
这封信是写给一位外籍教师的，这位外籍教师曾经到过这所学校，虽然作者认识，但并不十分了解。
2）感谢信
感谢信可分为感谢馈赠、感谢款待、感谢帮助、感谢送行和感谢探病等。
感谢信一般包括以下几点：
①对收信人的称谓；
②写信的目的；（Thank you for…）
③致谢并详述所收到的礼物或得到的帮助等；
④结尾及谦称。
如：
Dear Ms. Gupta:
How regretful I must leave you house. Thank you for the many good things you provided. The chess game, tennis match and Mr. Gupta's delicious dishes gave me lots of enjoyment. If you came to Beijing for any reason, please come to my family. The kids are looking forward to seeing Aunt Jean. I believe we will have a very happy time.
Yours Sincerely, Lewis
3)求职信
求职信属于公务信函，格式和用词比较规。信的内容大体上分为三部分
①写信的目的，
②自我介绍，
③要求。
注意下面几点：
①写信的目的要直截了当地在信的开头提出。
②自我介绍部分主要介绍自己的学历、工作经历、解决问题的能力等等。在行文、用词上要表现出自信、恳切的态度，语言简明扼要，突出介绍自己的优点，与众不同的特长或有利条件。还要紧扣用人单位的需求，巧用词语，有国地说服对方，此职非你莫属。
③最后提出进一步联系的途径，如：时间、地点。还可以主动提出接受面试或考核等。
④求职信在写作特点上主要用第一人称以及动词的一般现在时。如：
Ms Li Ling
P.O.Box 231
Beijing
July 10,1999
Dear sir(s),
I have just read in the newspaper that a secretary of the English language in wanted in your company. I am therefore writing to you to introduce myself. I'd like to get the job. I am a girl college student of 22 years old. My name is Li Ling. I am studying in the language department. I can speak, read and write English very well. As a second language, I can read and speak a little French. I have some work experience as a typist in my spare time at school, and as a tourist guide during summer holidays. The bosses I worked for were all satisfied with my work. I am sure I'll satisfy you as well. You can get more information about my studies and work from the college. I am looking forward to visiting your office at any time for a talk or a test.
Faithfully
Li Ling
3)回信
写回信时应特别注意正确理解写信人的意图、所提问题、必须对写信人的问题给予明确的答复。如下例：
No.1 Middle School of Nanjing,
Jiangsu, China
Jan.23rd, 2000
Dear Jack
Thanks for your letter. Yes, I have some difficulty in learning English. For example, I can't tell the difference between written English and spoken English. Sometimes I often make mistakes while speaking to others. I want to improve my spoken English. But I don't know how. Would you please give me some advice? As you say, it is really difficult to write toe Chinese characters, but don't worry about it. Have you considered doing plenty of practice? And I suggest you write them as much as possible. I think it will be of great help. I'm looking forward to hearing from you again.
Best wishes.
Yours
Li Ling
原信中作者问到英语学习的情况，同时征求学习汉语的建议并谈到自己在学习汉语的过程中遇到的问题。回信中作者对来信中的问题作了详细的回答并给出了建设性的建议。
书信范文欣赏
英文求职信样例
April 7, 2002
Mr. Ray Hanks
Manager of Human Resources
Wayne Investments, Inc.
1023 Central Avenue
Tempa, FL 19122
Dear Mr. Hanks:
I am writing to apply for the Client Account Coordinator, which was advertised May 4th with the Career Services Center at Florida State University. I have enclosed a copy of my resume for your review. I believe that I have the training, experience and qualities that you are looking for.
According to the advertisement, your position requires excellent communication skills, computer literacy, and a B.S. degree in Finance. My studies have included courses in computer science, management information systems, speech communications, and business writing. I understand the position also requires a candidate who is team and detail-oriented, works well under pressure, and is able to deal with people in departments throughout the firm. These are skills I developed both in my course work and in my recent internship at Liberty Mutual, Inc. in Orlando, Florida.
Your job description suggests that our relationship could be mutually beneficial. I am confident that I can perform the job effectively, and I am excited about the idea of working for a dynamic, nationally recognized investment management firm.
I look forward to discussing my background and qualifications with you. If you would like to schedule an interview or otherwise discuss my interest in the position, I can be reached at (218) 365-3333.
Sincerely,
Tom Sherman
书信高考指引
在近年高考中，书信的形式都已经给出了，而内容不外乎是记叙文、说明文、议论文等，具体的高考指引可以参考相关文体的高考指引。
书信下水试游
1、　假如你是王林，李明是你的好友，他对Brown先生的公司(firm)感兴趣，打算到该公司谋职(apply for a position)。请根据下面李明的简历表，用英语写一封推荐信，词数120左右。
姓 名 李 明 性 别 男 国 籍 中 国
出生地 山东济南 婚否 已婚 出生日期 1968. 5. 1
通讯地址 济南市人民路148号 电话 6600537
职业 律师 教育程度 大学毕业
外语水平 擅长英语、懂些日语
其他 有三年工作经历，办事认真，待人诚恳，与人和睦相处
范文：
Dear Mr. Brown,
My friend—Li Ming wants to apply for a position with your firm. Now, I’d like to introduce something about him to you.
Li Ming graduated from college three years ago and since then he has worked as a lawyer. He is good at English and knows some Japanese. He works hard and is careful in everything he does. He is honest, kind and easy to get on with. As a result, he has become a famous lawyer. He was born on May 1, 1968 in Jinan, Shandong province, China. He is married and lives at No. 148 Remin Road, Jinan city and his telephone number is 6600537. He shows great interest in your firm. If he is accepted, he will do his best. I’m sure he will be fit for the position. If you want to employ him, please phone him or write a letter to him.
That’s all, thank you!
Sincerely,
LIMING
2、李明邀请黄静扬参加他的生日聚会，但黄静扬由于下列原因不能赴约：
1、 母亲生病在床已有数日，医生叮嘱还得休息几天；
2、 母亲生病，他不得不操持家务；
3、 父亲每天外出做生意，无暇顾及家里，照顾母亲。
请你以黄静扬的身份给李明写一回信。
回信日期：2002年10月11日。
范文：
Dear Li Ming,
Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party, but I regret to say I cannot come.
My mother fell ill the other day and she has to lie in bed. According to the doctor, she needs to rest for a few more days. So I have to take her place doing the housework these days.
My father is out for business every day. As a result of this, I am the only person to look after my mother.
I hope all of you will have a wonderful time at the party. Please give my regards to the other people I know.
Wish you a happy birthday!
Yours sincerely,
Huang Jingyang
3、国内某家英文报纸设有一个求助信箱（letters to Dr Helper）。请根据一份学生现状中列出的部分信息，以高三学生王勇的名义，用英语给Dr Helper写一封短信。
学生现状：
1．每日在校时间9小时
2．每日作业时间3-4小时
3．每日课外活动时间 几乎没有
4．每日睡眠时间 不足
负担过重原因：
考试压力大，作业多，家长期望高
注意：
1．词数：100左右； 2．信的开头已经给出，不计入要求的词数。
生词：负担过重overload 压力 pressure 期望 expectations
　
范文：
Dear Dr Helper,
I am a Senior 3 student. I am now in great need of your help because I can hardly stand the great pressure.
Every day I have to stay at school for nine hours to have lessons and spend at least three to four hours doing my homework at home . We teenagers are eager to play and enjoy ourselves,but we hardly have any time to do what we want. Besides ,we even don’t have enough sleep .
There seems to be three causes about the overload ;the pressure of examinations ,too much homework and the high expectations from the parents . We are often warned that if we don’t do our best, we won’t have the chance to go to university.
通知的撰写

通知是上级对下级、组织对成员或平行单位之间部署工作、传达事情或召开会议等所使用的应用文。通知的写法有两种，一种是以布告形式贴出，把事情通知有关人员，如学生、观众等，通常不用称呼；另一种是以书信的形式，发给有关人员，次种通知写作形式同普通书信，只要写明通知的具体内容即可。通知要求言简意赅、措辞得当、时间及时。
　通知范文赏析
例一：布告形式的通知：通常此类通知上方正中写Notice或NOTICE（通知），发出通知的的单位的具体名称可放在正文前，也可放在正文后，右下角处，发出通知的日期写在左下角处。例如：
NOTICE
All professors and associate professors are requested to meet in the college conference room on Saturday, August 18, at 2:00 p. m. to discuss questions of international academic exchanges.
Aug. 14, 1997
　
通 知
本星期六（8月18日）下午二时，全体教授和副教授在学院会议室开会，讨论国际学术交流问题，请准时出席。
例二：书信形式的通知
Dear Examinee:
As you know, due to unfortunate circumstances, ETS was forced to cancel the scores of the Octorber 1992 TOEFL administration in the People's Republic of China. At that time, you were notified that you would be able to take another TOEFL without charge up through the October 1993 administration. You should be aware that the TOEFL program has a long standing policy of not refunding test fees when administrations are cancelled.
We apologize for any inconvenience that this may cause to you.
Russell Webster
Executive Director
TOEFL Program
Educational Testing Service
诸考生：
如你所知，很遗憾，教育考试服务处被迫取消1992年10月在中华人民共和国进行的托福考试成绩，当时，我方通知你直至1993年10月止，可免费参加在此期间的任何一次考试。你本应知道托福考试项目有一条长期有效的政策：当考试被取消时，之后的一次考试不再收取费用。?
因此带给您的不便，深表歉意。
教育考试服务处，托福考试项目执行主任：
拉塞尔;韦伯斯特（签字）

通知高考指引
　
通知在高考书面表达中比较少见的一种形式。在高考中最重要的是注意形式，还有要注意通知的对象、时间和地点。
　日记写作指导
英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等。日记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型或抒情型，则是对某人物事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。
１．格式：
一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine （晴朗的），cold （寒冷的），snowy（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的），rainy（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。日记的小标题写在下一行，也可省略不写。
２．时态：
写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写。因此，日记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。
写法大致和写汉语日记相同，都是在正文之前有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况。注意内容表达要清楚连贯、准确。
　日记范文欣赏
Thursday Feb 13, 2003
Today is the first day of this new term.
I am very exciting and happy. I saw everything goes well. I am not to get with the school for a while. But in future I will like the school and study hard.
On the first day, I saw a lot of my classmates. They are fine and health. So I am very happy after the Spring Festival.
I must go on studying hard. I understand that study is my duty.
Today I had a cleaning. I was very tired, but I was very happy. I am not mind.
I know I am on my own from now on.
Saturday Feb 15, 2003
Today is the Lantern Festival. It’s also Valentine’s Day in China. On this day, people often hold an exhibit of lanterns. And a lot of people like to guess the riddles written on lanterns. This is a characteristic.
Some of people also like to play fireworks. It’s very interesting and nice. I like it so much. We must have family reunion dinner on that day. We also have sweet fillings in the evening.
But today is the last of the Spring Festival. I feel a little sad. What a pity. I don’t want the Spring Festival over. But it is not possible.

Monday Feb 17, 2003
Today I went to the market to buy some tomatoes.
Tomatoes look like apples and they are as big as apples. When tomatoes are ripe, they are red or yellow. If you touch them they feel smooth and soft. The ripe tomatoes taste sweet and sour. In summer you can buy tomatoes everywhere.
People like to cook tomatoes with eggs. You can also just cut tomatoes into pieces and mix them with sugar. How delicious they are! But remember not to eat too much. In winter, tomatoes are fewer, but you can still buy them on the supermarket.
I like the tomatoes.
　日记是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式，但是经常出题的形式是和记叙文、议论文、看图作文结合起来出。具体的高考指引可以参看记叙文、议论文、看图作文的高考指引。
　议论文指导
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式；论据基本要是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。
写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明它，怎样来论证，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论；也可以先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论。这种写法叫总分式，是中学生经常采用的一种作文方式。也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的疑问，然后一一作答，逐层深入，这是答难式的写法。还要以是作者有意把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论，这是对比式写法。
议论文是用逻辑、推理和证明，阐述作者的立场和观点的一种文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解、主张，或是驳斥别人的错误观点。新闻报刊中的评论、杂文或日常生活中的感想等，都属于议论文的范畴。
议论文又叫说理文，它是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。
一、议论文写作三要素
议论文主要包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点必须正确。论据是为说明论点服务的，既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论据也可以是人们公认的真理，经过实践考验的哲理。论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有：
1. 归纳法
从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。
2. 推理法
从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。
3. 对照法
对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。
4.驳论法
先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。
二、议论文的特点
议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出有利的事实，对论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。
三、议论文的写法
要写好议论文，必须注意以下几点：
1.确定论点。
论点通常在文章的第一段提出。
2.要有足够的论据，可以列举生活的实例。
3.论证要有严密的逻辑性。
所有事实、原因、理由应紧密地同结论连接起来。
4.层次要清楚。
5.态度诚恳、友好，因为议论文重在说理，以理服人。
议论文在写作手法上以议论为主，但有时也要运用说明、叙述、描写等手法。议论中的说明常为议论的开展创造条件，或是议论的补充；议论文中的叙述和描写应是为论点提供依据的因此，叙述应该是概括的，描写应该是简要的。
6.论据要充分
欲证明自己的观点必须有充分的证据。作者可以列举事实、展示数据、提供事例、借助常识或利用亲身经历。
　议论文范文欣赏
1)It is high time that something was done about the great increase of crime in our neighborhood. From 1989 to 1993, there were only five cases of theft and three burglaries. But during the last four months, we have had two street gunfights, destroying one corner shop completely, three attempted murders, and ten high school girls attacked on their way back home. Reports of small thefts and burglaries are printed every day, and some businesses and citizens have already been planning to move out of the area. So for the safety of our families and homes, and the prosperity of our district, local government should take action at once to change the situation.
2) Some people say that drinking alcohol is evil, because heavy drinking is not only bad for one's health, but often dose harm to others. However, drinking alcohol in moderation is not evil. On the one hand, for some disease, drinking is equal to taking medicine. For example, when you are caught in a heavy rain and arrive home trembling, drinking can help you get rid of the cold. On the other hand, when attending an important dinner party you may drink, and sometimes you must drink, because drinking can make social contacts easier Drinking creates a friendly and lively atmosphere throughout the whole dinner. Drinking, if well handled, can bring laughter and song to your life. It is not evil.
第一段中作者主要利用事实、数据来说明邻里中所存在的危险，第二段在论证饮酒并不总是罪恶时，作者利用了人的常识，大家共同认可的道理。
论据的提供应注意其来源可靠，论证合乎逻辑，因果关系不可倒置，阐述自己的观点言语不可过激、太情绪化。
　议论文高考指引
议论文尽管有多种写法，但中学生的英语作文都有提示，因此，论点、论据一般都是确定的，我们首先应准确找出论点、论据及其间的相互关系，也即是要找出要点；然后考虑如何组织材料，也即是论证的方式，短文的写法；还应考虑文章的时态、语态等。议论文常用一般现在时，但述说过去的事实时，可用过去时态；预测将来时，要用将来时态；也经常使用被动语态；有时假设一种虚拟情况时，还需要用上虚拟语气。在考虑了短文的写法、时态、语态等后，可根据行文的需要，使用恰当的连接词，按适当的顺序将写好的句子组合成短文。
议论文下水试游
1、人类已进入了一个崭新的世纪，不同的人有不同的幸福观。An Express Way to English (英语通)正在中学生中进行幸福观的讨论，请你根据下表的提示，用英语写一篇短文，以便向该刊投稿。
Students Possessions Benefits
Some Money Buying and doing anything
Some Health Enjoyment
Some Wealth From parents free from work
Ι Knowledge For mankind
范文：
Happiness
Happiness means different things to different people. For example, some students believe that if they have much money or a large number of possessions, they will be happy. They believe that they will be able to do anything they want to if they have money. Some students think that they should be in good health, and enjoy whatever they like. Many students wish to have much wealth from their parents. In this way they don’t have to work hard, and they can have everything. I don’t agree with the above points. We can’t buy many important things with money, such as health, happiness and knowledge. I value knowledge, which makes me happy, for I can do much for mankind with knowledge. Although different people value happiness differently, my “wealth” of happiness is in my study.

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