| 阅读中如何分析长难句 |
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近几年来，英语教学对阅读能力的要求越来越高，除了阅读量加大，词汇、语法知识要求提高外，更为突出的是阅读材料中难句增多。而难句又难在句子结构复杂、修饰语叠缀且信息容量大，是一些并列句、复合句或多种形式的定语、状语、插入语。有时一句话占几行，甚至是一个段落。如果对句法掌握不好或没养成理清复杂句子结构的习惯，对阅读文章中的长难句就会顾此失彼，影响对文章的理解。 下面我们来考察一下长难句的多种特点，并提出相应的解决办法。 1、多层修饰，插入成分或者补充说明的简单句（其中多层修饰包括v-ing/ v-ed/ adj./甚至从句）。 e.g. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation—for example, a family problem, the death of a loved one or moving to a new place.（上海2001，D） 方法：根据英语中的五种基本句型结构，找出句中的主语、谓语、宾语或表语，特别是先确定谓语动词，其他成分如定语、状语、补语等即可一目了然。 Practice1: 1)More married men than women named their wife/husband as best friend, most trusted person or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress（感情危机）.(NMET2001,E) 2)The standard $200 package for eight children includes a basket filled with invitations, gifts, games and prizes, paper goods, a party planner and the like. 2、一个长句由几个并列、转折、递进、对比关系的分句组成是阅读材料中常见的类型之一。主要的连词有：and, but, for, or, while等，然后又在各个分句中加上一个或一个以上的从句。 e.g. In the earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British island.(2000春季高考，A) 方法：找出句中连词或者分号等，理清分句之间的关系，再把各层分句的意思加以连贯就构成了长句的意思。 Practice2: 1)Ken knew that Katherine of Aragon had died at Kimbotton in Cambridgeshire in 1536 and thought that Williams had buried there. 2)Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; wood was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from worldlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today. 3、一些长句其实是由一个主句和几个状语从句构成多层次的主从复合句，常见的状语从句有： 时间状语从句：由when, before, as soon as, next time等引导。 地点状语从句：由where等引导。 目的状语从句：由so that, in order that等引导。 条件状语从句：由if, unless, on condition that等引导。 让步状语从句：由although, though, no matter how, whenever, whoever等引导。 e.g. Whereas a woman’s closet female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.(NMET2001,E) 方法：找出连词，分清主句和从句，理清主从句之间的逻辑关系。 Pratice3: 1)If we make the earth a poor place to live on because we are careless or greedy（贪婪）or quarrelsome, our grandchildren will not bother to think of excuses for us. (NMET2001,D) 2)Yet I did not know the real American society until I was injured in a car accident because after the accident I had to see a doctor—and go to court. (shanghai2000, B) 4、一个长句由若干个名词性从句构成，如主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和定语从句，加深句子的理解难度。 e.g. Pasteur discover that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine. With the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. 方法：剔出从句，单独理解，再拼凑大意，便可降低难度。注意：分析时，注意找准同位语从句所解释说明的名词和定语从句的先行词。 1) What Winter knows the 19-year-old who saved hid life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honour his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation. 2) Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of one’s ambition. (NMET2001,D) 5、特殊句型，如强调句，倒装句，省略句等。 方法：根据上下文和句子结构，使句子恢复原状，降低理解难度。 e.g. 1. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it”. →The public will no longer accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it”. 2. It was only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross that he decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there. →He decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross. →Only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross did he decide to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there. EXERCISES 近几年来高考英语阅读理解长难句选析 1. As I was not experienced in cooking, I thought if a dozen was good, two dozen would be better so I doubled everything. (NMET2000,B) 高考题：Why did the woman’s attempt at making the bread turn out to be unsuccessful? A. The canned orange had gone bad. B. She didn’t use the right kind of flour. C. The cookbook was hard to understand. D. She did not follow the directions closely. 2. The hot sun had caused the dough to double in size and the fermenting yeast（酵母）made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing. (NMET2000, D) 高考题：What made the dough in the bin look frightening? A. The rising and falling movement. B. The strange-looking marks C. Its shape D. Its size 3. Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that e simply can’t think of. (NMET 2000, D) 高考题：Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to . A. tools used in farming B. ideas about modern life C. unknown things in the future D. hunting skills in the Stone Age 4. At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floor’s chute doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute. (NMET2000, E) A. lock the other floor’s chute doors B. check if the container is full C. press the correct button D. break up the rubbish 5. A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environment safety of a product before they buy it. (NMET2001, C) 高考题：It becomes clear from the text that the driving force（动力）behind green product is . A. public caring for the environment B. companies’ desire for bigger sales C, new ways of doing things D. rapid growth of supermarket 6. When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. (NMET 2001, D) 高考题：Why does France appear less foreign than Germany to Americans on their visit to Europe? A. Most advertisements in France appear in English ones. B. They know little of the history of the English language. C. Many French words are similar to English ones. D. They know French better than German. 7. Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. (NMET2001, C) 高考题：What is the meaning of “the organic trend ” as the words are used in the text? A. growing interest in organic food B. better quality of organic food C. rising market for organic food D. higher prices of organic food 相关链接：阅读专题指导
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