非谓语动词经典细致的讲解·经典的高考例题
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一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
1、非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同有：
1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
二、非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1、不定式的形式：
主 动 被 动
一般式 to write to be written
进行式 to be writing \
完成式 to have written to have been written

否定式 not + (to) do
1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：
I’m glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2、不定式的句法功能：
1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
5）作定语: 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
A）动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to sent?
Have you got anything to be sent?
B）说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
6）作状语：
A）表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right: To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
B）表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
C）表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
D）表程度：
It’s too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.
8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to.
9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1、动名词的形式：
语 态
式
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
否定式：not + 动名词
1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2、动名词的句法功能：
1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It’s no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。
2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
3）作宾语：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
4）作定语：
He can’t walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：
现在
及 物 动 词 write
不及物动词go
分词
主动语态
被动语态
主动语态
一般式
writing
being written
going
完成式
having written
having been written
having gone
否定式：not + 现在分词
1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basketball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2、现在分词的句法功能：
1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改为the man who is speaking.
2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
4）现在分词作状语：
A）作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
B）作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
C）作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
D）作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
E）作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
F）作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
G）作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
H）与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
H）作独立成分：
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1、过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2、过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3、过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4、过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。
5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了，图书管理员很高兴。
The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了，他开始撒种子。
1. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _______.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
2. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
3. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told
him ___ .
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
4. We agreed ____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
5. Pall doesn't have to be made ____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
6. The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to
play
10.1 would appreciate ____ back this afternoon.
A. your calling B. you call C. you re calling D. you to
call
11. She didn't remember ____him before.
A. having met B. have meet C. to met D. have met
12. —The light in the office is still on.—Oh, I forgot ____ .
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having
turned it off
13. There are a few books on the shelf. But only one of them is ____ .
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worthy of reading D.
worth reading
17. They know me very well, they had seen me ____ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
18. Students made it a rule _____ some reading in English every morning.
A. to do B. do C. does D. doing
19. ____ with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful.
A. To compare B. Compared C. Compare D. Comparing
20. ____ from space, the earth, with water ____ 70% of its surface, looks
like a "Blue Blanket.
A. Seen; covered B. Being seen; covers C. Seeing; covering D.
Seen; covering
21. It’s your turn to do the washing up and it’s no use ____ to get out of
it.
A. you to try B. your trying C. you are trying D. you try
22. He is planning to have the wall _________light blue.
A. paint B. painted C. to paint D. painting
23. She worked late into the night, ____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. prepared C. preparing D. was preparing
24. The girl has to practise ____ the piano two hours per day.
A. to play the B. to play C. playing the D. playing
25. —I don’t know ____ with the problem.—Why not ____ your teacher for
advice?
A. what to do; to ask B. how to do; to ask C. what to do; ask
D. how to do; ask
26. I find these problems are easy ____ .
A. to work out B. to be worked out C. in working out D. to
be worked them out
27. I’ve been waiting for an hour ________me the phone call.
A. to give B. for you giving C. of you to give D. for you
to give
28. Have you had the nurse _______ your son s temperature?
A. to take B. taking C. take D. taken
29.She pretended _________ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not
seen
30. We have been looking for the boy all the morning, but she is nowhere
_______.
A. to see B. to be see C. being seen D. seen
31. Stop running and you will feel your heart _______ .
A. beat B. beating C. beats D. is beating
32. Once ____, it will never be forgotten.
A. see B. seen C. you see D. to be seen
33. He will not come unless _______.
A. invited B. inviting C. isn’t invited D. to
invite
35.Let’s try ______the work another way, for we should try ____ everything
done in time.
A. to do; to get B. doing; getting C. doing; to get D. to do;
getting
36. —How do you like my motorbike?
—It's very nice, but would you ____ park it here?
A. not B. not to C. to not D. don't
37. —I don’t understand that sentence.—Let’s get John ____ that sentence
again.
A. explain B. to explain C. explained D. explaining
38. —I wish I could buy one of those beautiful dogs.
—I’m afraid that they wouldn't allow ____ in the hotel.
A. you keeping it B. that you keep it C. you to keep it D.
you keep it
39. —How was the concert last night?—It was ____ .
A. disappoint B. disappointed C. to disappoint D.
disappointing
41. Mary said. “Give me a chair _____.”
A. to sit B. sat on C. sit on D. to sit on
42. Little Jim should love ____ to the theatre this evening. .
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
43. —Are you going to do some reading tonight?
—No, I don’t feel ____ tonight.
A. like to read B. like I’m going to read C. reading D. like
reading
44. —You’ve been taking a lot of nice photos.
—Thanks, I m considering ____ a professional photographer.
A. becoming B. about become C. to become D. about becoming
45. —Did you say I could use your car?
—Yes certainly, but would you mind ____ just yet?
A. not to take it B. taking it not C. not take it D. not
taking it
46. The President was sitting on the chair ____ by his supporters.
A. surrounding B. to surround C. surrounded D. to be
surrounded
47. —A man was killed. —Where is the body of the ____ man?
A. murder B. murdered C. murdering D. having murdered
48. —Is there anything you want from town?—No, thank you. I would like to
get ____ .
A. those letters mailed B. mailed letters C. to mail those
letters D. those letters mail
49. ____ English is as important as ____ English.
A. Spoken; written B. Speaking; written C. Spoken; writing D.
Speaking; writing
50. The sun shines brightly in the sky, ____ us light and heat.
A. to give B. given C. giving D. being given
Keys: 1—5 CCACB 6—10 ADCCA 11—15 ACDAB 16—20 AAABA 21—25 BBCCC
26—30 ADCAB 31—35 BBABC 36—40 ABCDD 41—45 DADAD 46—50 CBAAC
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