高考阅读理解词义、句义猜测题应试技巧
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　　高考阅读理解中，经常出现一定量的生词，并且每年总有二至四题直接考查词义、句义猜测。这充分体现了《教学大纲》和《考试说明》的要求，意在考查考生根据上下文推测生词短语含义的能力，突出考查语境的分析和把握能力。猜词能力不仅涉及到学生的语言知识水平，还涉及到学生的语言应用能力和综合素质水平。
　　在阅读理解中，猜测词义、句义题的特点是对生词、短语、指示代词和句子的猜测。
　　一、常用设问形式：
　　1.The underlined word"..."refers to(means) ____.
　　2.Which of the following words can take the place of the word"..."?
　　3.What is the meaning of"..."as the words are used in the text?
　　4.Which of the following has the closest meaning to...(paragraph...)?
　　二、应试技巧
　　(一)词义猜测题
　　1.同义法：通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推知它的大致词义。
　　例①(NMET2003,C篇,65)
　　Fermat's Last Theorem(定理). First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.
　　65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word"baffle"as it is used in the text?
　　A.To encourage people to raise questions.
　　B.To cause difficulty in understanding.
　　C.To providea person with an explanation.
　　D.To limit people's imagination.
　　解析:由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等并列关系，据此推断出baffle为"使困惑、难倒、难以理解"的意思。故答案为B。
　　2.反义法：利用反义词说明生词的意义。如反义词hot and cold, give and receive, perfect and imperfect,甚至前、后句为肯定与否定、或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。
　　例②(NMET2002,E篇,74)
　　A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
　　74.What does the under lined word "hassle"probably mean?
　　A.a party designed by specialists
　　B.a plan requiring careful thought
　　C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble
　　D.a demand made by guests
　　解析:由前句的否定doesn't与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以推断出,为了庆祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻烦,可以买一个生日开心包。hassle的意思应该与fun相反,而与difficulty, trouble等相近。故答案为C。
　　3.释义法：在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。
　　例③(NMET2001,D篇,68)
　　In 1066 the Norman sled by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England. For about a century, French became the official language. England while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of politics and the law come from French rather than German. In some cases, modern English even shows a distinction(区别)between upper-class French and lower-class Anglo-Saxon in its words. We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.
　　68.Which of the following groups of words are,by inference, rooted in French?
　　A.president, lawyer, beef
　　B.president,bread,water
　　C.bread,field,water
　　D.folk,field,cow
　　解析：由English words of politics and the law come from French rather than German.可知英语的政治和法律词汇多来源于法语，所以president, lawyer来源于法语。由meat, at home ready to be cooked, shows the fact that the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.可知英语涉及食品的词汇具有一种特殊的区分：是在农田中放牧饲养的，还是在家庭里屠宰烹饪后端上餐桌的。例如：猪、牛、羊、鹿在放牧饲养时用本族语称为swine,ox,sheep,deer；但在屠宰烹饪后就用法语称呼为pork,beef,mutton,venison。所以beef来源于法语。故答案为A。
　　4.情景推断法：猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断出来。
　　例④(NMET2002,B篇,62)
　　"Organic produce is always better,"Gold said."The food is free of pesticides(农药),and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally(本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty."Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.
　　62.What is the meaning of"the organic trend"as the words are used in the text?
　　A.growing interest in organic food
　　B.better quality of organic food
　　C.rising market for organic food
　　D.higher prices of organic food
　　解析：由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying...可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。故答案为A。
　　5.代词替代法：一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再最后判定它是否为正确答案。
　　例⑤(NMET2001,C篇,66)
　　Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in super markets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels(标签)to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing(生产)of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
　　66.The under lined word"it"in the fourth paragraph refers to ____.
　　A.a selling point
　　B.the company name
　　C. a great demand for health foods
　　D. the manufacturing of green products
　　解析：只要能分析出句中含有make+名词作宾补的准确语义。就可以得出在广告宣传中的卖点it是the manufacturing of clean and safe products=green products，故答案为D。
　　(二)句义推测
　　1.同义法
　　例⑥(NMET2001,B篇,60)
　　Holiday makers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo. Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel, the world's first igloo hotel. Built in a small town in Lapland, it has been attracting lots of visitors, but soon the fun will be over.
　　In two weeks' time Bergqvist's ice creation(作品)will be nothing more than a pool of water."We don't see it as a big problem,"he says."We just look forward to replacing it."
　　60.When the writer says"the fun will be over,"he refers to the fact that ____.
　　A.hotel guests will be frightened at the thought of the hard test
　　B.Bergqvist's hotel will soon become a pool of water
　　C.holidaymakers will soon get tired of the big igloo
　　D.a bigger igloo will replace the present one
　　解析:由文中可以看出,igloo hotel在两周内将不复存在，而变成一泓清水(be nothing more than a pool of water)。游客住进冰屋是一种冒险的体验。A、C、D在文中未出现,故答案为B。
　　2.因果关系
　　在上下文中，由从属连词because,since,so等连接。据此，可根据已知的"因"推出未知的"果"。
　　例⑦(NMET2000,E篇,73)
　　Excused from recycling(回收利用)because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute(垃圾道)? You won't before long. Miami's Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and recycle too.
　　73.When he says"You won't before long"the writer means that____.
　　A.you'll soon be living in a cleaner building
　　B.rubbish chutes will become out of date before long
　　C.you won't wait long for your turn to recycle rubbish
　　D.it won't belong before you'll have to recycle your rubbish
　　解析：首先弄懂be excused from意为"被免于做某事"。而Mark Shantzis对垃圾道进行了改造，装上了垃圾分装盒，使居住在高层的人们免于对自家的垃圾分类并进行回收利用。因此，住高层的人们不久也要对垃圾进行分类回收利用了。由于文中未提到高层住宅卫生状况差以及本装置并未过时,而且在对垃圾的回收利用中,不会有轮着哪一家的情况。所以A，B，C皆不对,故答案为D。
　　3.情景推断法
　　例⑧(NMET'99,D篇,62)
　　Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth, put it best when she said to her father,"But Dad, you can't be healthy if you're dead."
　　Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt-a mistake 75% of the US population make everyday. The big question is why.
　　There have been many myths about safety belts ever since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago.
　　62.Why did Elizabeth say to her father,"But,Dad, you can't be healthy if you're dead"?
　　A.He was driving at greatspeed.
　　B.He was running across the street.
　　C.He didn't have his safety belt on.
　　D.He didn't take his medicine on time.
　　解析：因匆忙回家，忘记系安全带。Elizabeth跟父亲说："爸，如果人死了就谈不上健康了"可以推知答案为C。
　　文/李秀东
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