初中英语专题复习(一) |
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一、. 重点、难点 名词性从句 (一)宾语从句 关于宾语从句需要掌握以下几点: 1. 连接词:宾语从句的连接词由从句的句子类型决定 (1)that:当从句为一个陈述句时用that引导出宾语从句,它在句中不充当任何成份,在口语中常可以省略。但如果含有两个以上的宾语从句,只有引导第一个宾语从句的that可以省略,引导其余的宾语从句的that均不可省略;从句与主句的谓语之间被其他词隔开时,that不可省略。 eg. He said(that)there wasn’t any trouble and that he was waiting for his charge . 他说没有什么只不过是在等着找零钱。 He told us once again that this would never happen . 他再次告诉我们这件事不会发生。 (2)whether与if:当宾语从句为一般疑问句时用if或whether来引导,它们通常可以互换。whether可和or not连用,而if不可。宾语从句是否定时,一般用if。用if引导宾语从句,如果引起歧义,应用whether,而避免用if。 eg. Do you know whether / if John has finished writing his diary ? 你知道约翰写完他的日记了吗? I wonder whether it is true or not . 我不知道这事儿是否真实。 I don’t care if it doesn’t rain . 我不在乎天下不下雨。 Please let me know whether you are coming . 请让我知道是否你要来。 (3)特殊疑问词:当宾语从句为特殊疑问句时,要用特殊疑问词引导。 eg. I don’t know what you are talking about . 我不知道你在谈论什么。 He told us how he came here . 他告诉我们他是怎样来这儿的。 (4)另外,带有宾语补足语的宾语从句常用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句放在补语之后,且that不可省。 eg. He found it necessary that he should learn English well . 他发现他要把英语学好是很有必要的。 2. 语序:宾语从句要使用陈述句语序 3. 时态:宾语从句的时态由主句决定,当主句是一般现在时时,从句可根据需要选择相应时态;当主语为过去时时,从句需用过去的某一时态。 4. 宾语从句作介词宾语的情况: (1)一般来讲,介词后不可用that引导从句,只有except , but , besides , in , for等少数几个介词可接从句,且that不可省。 (2)其它介词的宾语从句如由that引导,则需用it先行作形式宾语。介词后不可用if引导从句,而要用whether引导从句。 eg. The Swede stood quite still , except that his lips moved slightly . 那瑞典人除了嘴唇微微颤抖之外,一动不动地站在那儿。 The decision depends on whether we have enough experience . 这个决定取决于我们是否有足够的经验。 5. 从句作某些形容词的宾语时: 形容词afraid , sure , angry等可接that从句作宾语,且that可省略。 eg. I’m afraid(that)I can’t help you . 我恐怕不能帮你。 6. 宾语从句与简单句的互换 宾语从句常可wh-words +to do的简单句式进行互换。 eg. I don’t know what I should do . = I don’t know what to do . 我不知该怎么办。 (二)表语从句 1. 表语从句的位置:位于系动词之后 2. 连接词:当从句的句意完整时用that,且不可省略。用whether,不用if,可用as if,此时从句要用虚拟语气。主句的主语是reason时,不能用because引导表语从句,要用that引导从句。主句的主语是suggestion , proposal , request , orders , idea , advice …时,表语从句的谓语动词用should +动词原形的形式。 eg. Our belief is that things will improve . 我们相信事情会有改善的。 The question is whether it is worth doing . 问题是这是否值得做。 It looks as if it is going to rain . 看起来好像要下雨了。 This is how we overcame the difficulties . 这就是我们如何克服那些困难的。 His suggestion is that we(should)hold another meeting . 他的建议是我们应该再开一次会。 She felt as if she were going to die . 她感觉自己好像要死了。 (三)主语从句 在句中作主语的从句叫做主语从句,引导主语从句的有连词that , whether;连接代词who , what , which;连接副词when , where , how , why等。 eg. What he said seems wrong . 他所说的似乎是错的。 Whatever was said here must be kept secret . 这说的一切必须保密。 Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake . 谁要是看不清这点,就要犯大错误。 Whether they can solve this problem is still uncertain . 他们能否解决这个难题,目前还不能肯定。 When the sound lab will be built is unknown . 语音实验室何时建成还不知道。 How he managed to escape to that country is just what we want to know . 他是怎样设法逃到那个国家的正是我们想知道的。 以上例句的主语从句都是放在句首。但有时由于主语从句太长,会显得头重脚轻。因此,常用it作形式主语,而把主语从句挪到句子后面去。形式主语是it的句型有: a. It is + adj. / n. + that … b. It is said / reported … + that … eg. It is certain that fuels like coal and oil cause a lot of pollution . 煤和石油这类燃料能造成大量的污染,这是肯定的。 It seemed strange that he came so late today . 很奇怪他今天来得这么晚。 It is not yet decided when and where the talk will be given . 何时何地开报告会还没定下来。 It is hoped that you’ll be able to attend the concert . 希望你能出席音乐会。 使用名词性从句应注意以下几点: (1)连接词的选用 eg. That he will come is certain . 他要来,这点是肯定的。 that引导主语从句,无词义,不充当成分,不可省。 Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much . 她来不来,关系不大。 引导主语从句,且与or not连用,要用whether不用if。 (2)从句作主语,主句的谓语动词一般用单数。 eg. When and where we shall have the sports meeting hasn’t been decided . 何时,在哪儿开运动会还没定下来。 (3)由whatever , whoever引导的主语从句一般不能后置。 eg. Whatever we do must be in the interest of the people . 无论我们做什么都要符合人民的利益。 (4)由形式主语it引起的主语从句,其句型为: It is / was + said / believed / reported + that从句 表示据说,据认为,据报道等 eg. It is said that he will arrive tomorrow . 据说他明天到。 It is believed that the new manager will be fit for the position . 人们相信这个新经理会称职的。 此外,it + be +形容词+that从句也是常见的句型。 eg. It is important that … ; It is clear that … It is necessary that … ; It is certain that … It is strange that … ; It is natural that … (四)同位语从句:它常跟在某些名词,如belief , fact , hope , idea , news , suggestion , promise , problem , possibility等之后,用来说明或解释这些名词。引导同位语从句的词,有连词that;连接副词how , when , where等。 eg. You have no idea how wonderful the play is . 你想象不到这话剧多么好。 The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good . 我们应该轮流打扫教室的建议很好。 由that引导的同位语从句在结构上和由that引导的定语从句相似,其区别是:that在同位语从句中只起连词作用,不充当句子中某个成份,一般不能省略,而定语从句中that是关系代词,在定语从句中充当一个句子成份,如在定语从句中作宾语可省略。 eg. The news(that)he heard was very exciting . The news that our football team had won the game was very exciting . 我们足球队赢的消息很激动人心。(同位语从句,that是连词) |
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