非谓语动词用法讲义
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第一部分: 非谓语动词用法详解
一、不定式的用法
1. 不定式的构成
不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。
不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：
主动式 被动式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be doing /
完成进行式 to have been doing /
1) 不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：
They invited us to go there this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。
He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。
2) 不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：
She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。
I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country.
对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。
3) 不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。
4) 不定式的完成进行式
如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如：
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。
5) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如：
Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。
He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。
6) 疑问词+动词不定式：
不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用。
注意: why与不带to的不定式连用，其它的词应与带to的不定式连用。
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today. (SBⅢ P32)
I’m not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. (SBⅢ P1)
On hearing the news, he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。
The most important problem is how to get so much money.
最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。
Why do that? = Why did you do that? 你为什么要那么做？
Why not do it yourself? = Why don’t you do it yourself? 你为什么不自己做呢？
介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。
I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。　
7) 不定式的被动式：
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式，to be +过去分词和to have been +过去分词。这些形式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。如：
It’s a good thing for him to have been scolded by the teacher.
对他来说，被老师责备是一件好事。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求被派往农村工作。
She was the last person to have been mentioned at the meeting.
她是会上最后一个被提到的人。
I had to shout to be heard. 我不得不大喊才能被听到。
We don’t like our friends to be laughed at from time to time.
我们不喜欢我们的朋友不时地被嘲笑。
2. 不定式的语法作用
1) 不定式作主语：
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。
在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：
It’s good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。
It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that.
听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。
2) 不定式作表语：
The most important thing is to put theory into practice.
最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.
最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。
3) 不定式作宾语：
He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。
I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg. 我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。
He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it.
我问到他的时候，他假装读过这本书。
另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如：
Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好？
I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.
我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。
4) 不定式作补语：
①不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：
I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。
I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。
注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如：
Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？
②在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。
I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day.
他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。
注意：get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如：
I’ll get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。
How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger?
你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？
注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如：
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.
尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。
He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。
③think, consider, believe, declare, suppose, find, imagine, know, understand, take, prove, feel等动词后面接的不定式短语作补语多由to be+形容词或名词构成，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。如：
When he woke up, she found herself (to be ) badly injured.
她醒来的时候，发现自己受了重伤。
I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.
我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。
含有此类复合宾语的句子变成被动语态时，不定式同样被称之为主语补足语。如：
The young man was considered to have great promise. 这个年轻人被认为大有前途。
The situation was found to be quite encouraging. 形势看来很使人鼓舞。
④以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如：
More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident.
据报道，有20多个人死于事故。
I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car.
他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。
5) 不定式作定语：
不定式在句中作定语通常放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后，以下几种情况常用不定式作定语：
①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语，常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan, intention, failure, wish, determination等。如：
He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.
他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。
My wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.
我想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以带不定式作定语，常见的有ability, anxiety, eagerness, ambition等。如：
His eagerness to finish his work in time was quite obvious.
他急切地想准时完成工作是很明显的。
We admire his ability to speak a foreign language so well.
我们欣赏他能把一门外语说得这么好。
③序数词、形容词最高级或被only, last, next等词修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。如：
He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave.
他总是第一个来最后一个离开。
The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.
下一个出席会议的人是贝克先生。
④还有一些名词经常带不定式作定语。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。如：
We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.
我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。
He had no reason to leave his friends and live alone on the island.
他没有理由离开他的朋友独自住到岛上去。
⑤如果不定式和所修饰的名词是动宾关系的话，不定式动词是不及 物动词，则须加适当的介词。如：
I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支笔。
There are enough chairs for the guests to sit on. 有足够的椅子给客人坐。
They have a large house to live in. 他们住在一座大房子里。
I want to buy a pen to write with. 我想买一支笔写字用。
Please give me a knife to cat with. 请给我一把切东西的刀。
There is nothing for you to worry about. 没有什么可让你担心的。
There are many interesting books to choose from, but I don’t know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。
6) 不定式作状语：
不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。
① 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如：
In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.
为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。
He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.
今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。
注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。
②不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有too…to, enough…to, so…as to, such…as to, only to…等。如：
The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。
He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.
他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。
Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。
注意：too…to通常表示太……而不……，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。
She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。
He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。
③不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：
They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。
We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。
另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：
The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。
The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。
注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。
3. 不定式的复合结构
1) 不定式复合结构的构成
不定式在使用时通常有自己的逻辑主语，一般可以是句子的主语或宾语，或者由物主代词暗示出来。如：
They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。
His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他父亲送他出国去学文学。
I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。
但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者），此时一般用for/of +名词（代词）短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如：
It’s expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。
It’s careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。
2) 不定式复合结构的语法作用
不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。
①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语，通常用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如：
It’s necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases.
货物很有必要用坚固的箱子打包。
They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.
他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。
②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如：
That’s for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。
For the test to be passed, the students should work harder than before.
为了能通过考试，学生们应该比以往更认真学习。
I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。
4. 不定式结构的疑难问题
1. 不定式不带to的规则：
前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意：
① 动词原形come, go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如：
Go tell her. 去告诉他。
Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。
②在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如：
Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？
Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试？
③在had better（还是……最好）, had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可，宁愿）, would rather…than（宁可……而不……）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, would sooner…than（宁可……而不……）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如：
You’d better listen to your teacher’s opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。
I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。
Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。
One’s world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does.
一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。
④作介词but，except，besides等的宾语不定式，前面有实义动词to do，不定式符号to可省略。
I have nothing to do but lie down and sleep．
Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning．
They did nothing but watch TV last night．
Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools.
昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。
Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。
如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。如：
I’m afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。
They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。
⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。如：
I really don’t know what to say and do. 我真的不知道该说什么，该干什么。
Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?
你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？
但如果两个不定式有对比的意思，则不定式符号to不可被省去。如：
I came not to scold you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的，不是来骂你的。
The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易，而不是使生活更艰难。
2. 动词不定式的省略问题：
上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语，下文中再遇到此动词的不定式结构时，往往要省略动词不定式，但通常省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to，一般有下面几种情况：
①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等+动词原形结构时：
---Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你认为我应该去看医生吗？
---Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。
She must go but you don’t have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。
②含有动词want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等+不定式作宾语结构时：
---Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗？
---I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。
You may go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。
③含有动词如ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时：
Don’t do anything unless your father tells you to.
除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。
---May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗？
---No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。
④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等+不定式作表语结构时：
---Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗？
---I’m willing to, but I can’t now. 我很愿意，但我现在不行。
---Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow?
明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？
---I’ll be glad to. 我很乐意。
3. 不定式主动语态和被动语态的区别： 动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂。主要有下面几种情况：
①不定式所修饰的名词或代词与不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door? 你有开门的钥匙吗？
②不定式做后置定语，和被修饰名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时，其后应加相应的介词。
Do you have anything to say on this question? 针对这个问题你还有什么要说的吗？
He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个合作愉快的人。
③不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，不定式为不及物动词时要加相应的介词。如：
The fish is delicious to eat. 这鱼很好吃。
The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。
④在There be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。如：
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。
There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作）
注意下面两个句子的含义：
There is a lot of work to be done. （强调有许多事情必须做。）
There is nothing to be done. （强调出了某事，现在没办法解决。）
4. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别：
句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。
It’s difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.
我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。
It’s reasonable for them to run away so quickly. 他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。
“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。
It’s kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。
It’s silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket
这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。
5. 高中阶段能接不定式的常见动词：
能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：want（想要）, like（喜欢）, wish（希望）, hate（憎恨，讨厌）, prefer（宁愿）, hope（希望）, fail（失败）, plan（计划）, refuse（拒绝）, ask（要求）,continue（继续），manage（设法）, try（尽力）, offer（提供）, start（开始）, begin（开始）, forget（忘记）, remember（记得）, promise（答应）, mean（打算）, pretend（假装）, intend（想，打算）, attempt（尝试，企图）, decide（决定）, learn（学会）, desire（渴望，请求）, agree（同意）, care（关心，喜欢）, choose（选择）, determine（下决心）, expect（期望）, afford（负担得起，买得起）等。
能接不定式做补语的常见的动词有：感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel等；使役动词make, let, have 等；还有一般的动词如advise（建议）, allow（允许）, ask, beg（乞求）, command（命令，指挥）, tell（告诉）, invite（邀请）, force（强迫）, oblige（强迫）, get（致使）, help（帮助）, wish, want, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage（鼓励）, persuade（说服）, permit（允许，许可）, remind（使想起，提醒）, request（请求，要求）, order（命令）, warn（警告，提醒）, cause（引起）等。
6. 高中阶段常见的不定式短语：
高中阶段常见的一些不定式短语可以作谓语，如：be able to do（能，会）, be about to do（即将做……）, used to do（过去常常……）, be glad to do（乐意做……）, would like to do（想要做……）,be likely to do（很可能做……）, go all out to do something全力以赴,be supposed to do应该等。
高中阶段还有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可以称它们为插入语。如：to tell you the truth（说老实话），to be frank（坦率地说）, to begin with（首先）, to be brief（简言之）, to make a long story short（长话短说）, to be exact（精确地说）, to say nothing of（姑且不说），to conclude（总而言之）, to be sure（诚然、固然）， to do him justice（说句对他公道的话）,so to speak（可以这么说、打个譬喻说）等。
To tell you the truth, I hate him. 说老实话，我恨他。
To be frank, I don’t agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。
–ing 形式
1. -ing分词的构成
–ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：
主动形式 被动形式
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
–ing分词的否定形式是由not 加–ing分词构成。如：
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.
不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。
His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。
2. –ing分词的一般式和完成式：
–ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：
Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。
3. -ing分词的被动式：
–ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是–ing分词动作的承受者。根据–ing分词动作发生的时间，–ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：
The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter.
他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。
Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。
注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的–ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：
Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。
This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。
4. -ing分词的语法作用
–ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。
1)–ing分词（短语）作主语：
Laying eggs is the ant queen's full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。
Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。
在下面两种结构中，–ing分词也作主语。
①为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。
②在There is no结构中，通常用–ing分词。如：
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
2) –ing分词（短语）作表语：
His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
3) –ing分词作宾语：
①–ing分词作动词宾语。如：
I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。
We enjoy attending Miss Li's class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。
②–ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
③–ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：
I'm against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。
They don’t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。
He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.
他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。
此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以……自豪）, be responsible for（对……负责）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, prevent…from（防止，阻止）, keep…from（防止，阻止）, stop…from（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thank…for（因……而道谢）, excuse…for（因……而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devote…to（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对……厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做……）, be interested in（对……感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对……感到羞愧）等等。
注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：
I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.
我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。
He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。
What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？
另外，–ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：
He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。
Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.
除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。
On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.
听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。
4) –ing分词作定语：
①单个的–ing分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：
reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车
sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室
a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼
the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出
②–ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：
Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？
They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
③–ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:
The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.
歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。
When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy.
当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。
5) -ing分词做状语：
–ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①–ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。
Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。
②–ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.
因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.
因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。
③–ing分词短语作结果状语。如：
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.
她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。
④–ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：
They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky.
他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。
Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.
年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。
⑤–ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：
A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.
一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。
注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。
⑥“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：
His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。
Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。
6) -ing分词作补语：
①–ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。
②上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，–ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：
We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。
Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。
5. -ing分词的复合结构：
–ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：
His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。
He was awakened by someone’s knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了
6. 高中阶段常见的能接-ing分词作宾语的动词：
mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）, avoid（避免）, delay（推迟）, dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）, escape（逃脱）, finish（完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒险）, deny（拒绝，否认）, consider（考虑）等。
7. -ing分词的疑难问题
1) -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义：
①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：
Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the people.
真正的问题是了解人民的需要。
②–ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：
This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。
The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
2) –ing分词作定语的两种不同含义：
①–ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：
reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆
flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练
②-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：
developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家
a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子
a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事
working people= people who are working 劳动人民
3) 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如：
admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give way to（让位于），keep to （坚持、遵守）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（从事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, be equal to （胜任的、等于）, be familiar to （为……熟悉）.
高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from…（根据……来判断）, considering…（考虑到……）, talking of…（谈到……，提到……）, supposing…（假如……）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：
Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。
Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.
考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。
过去分词(–ed分词)
1. 分词的定义
动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。
2. 过去分词的语法作用：
过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。
He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。
2) 过去分词做定语：
单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。
We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。
过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。
过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。
3) 过去分词做状语：
过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。
②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。
③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：
Given another chance, he will do better. 再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。
If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：
The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.
那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。
4) 过去分词作补足语：
过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。
当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。
3.过去分词的疑难问题
过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.
当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。
第二部分: 非谓语动词疑难问题详解
一、 非谓语动词各种形式所表表示的时间概念：
(1) 如用“(to) do”，表该动作是重复性的或将要做的，如：
I often see him draw. 我经常看见他画画。
He is said to come tomorrow. 据说他明天来。
(2) 如用“to be doing”，表该动作正在进行，如：
I am excited to be performing on the stage. 在舞台上表演我很激动。
He pretended to be reading when the teacher came in .
老师进来时他假装在看书。
(3) 如用“to be done”，强调该动作是被执行。
He was said to be sent to abroad. 据说他要被送出国。
(4) 如用“to have done”或“to have been done”，表该动作已完成，如：
I'm sorry to have kept you so long. 对不起让你久等了。
(5) 如用being done,则可表时三种意思。
A. 作主语，表被动
Being admitted to Beijing University is my dream.
被北京大学录取是我的梦想。
B. 作宾语(在少数动词或介词后) ，表被动。
Do you mind being left alone at home? 你介意单独一个人被留在家里吗?
I’m worried about being left alone at home. 我担心被单独一个人留在家里。
C. 作定语，表被动(正在被)
The building being built is a lab. 正在被建的大楼是实验大楼。
(6) having done 表示的时间在谓语动词所表示的时间之前，且表主动，常用作
句子的状语。
Having finished his homework , he went out to play.
(7) having been done表示的时间在谓语动词所表示的时间之前，且表被动，常用
作句子的状语。
Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found anywhere else in the world. (SBⅢ P16)
二、 几种非谓语动词用法比较：
一、句法功能比较
以动词make为例，把这四种非谓语动词在句中所作的成分总结如下：
make 主动语态 被动语态 句法功能
一般式 进行式 完成式 一般式 完成式 主 宾 表 定 状 补
不定式 to write to be making to have made to be made to have been made √ √ √ √ √ √
–ing形式 making having made being made having been made √ √ √ √ √ √
过去分词 made √ √ √ √
由上表可以看出现在分词、动名词的被动形式有和过去分词在意义表达相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们在这方面的用法对于准确理解和表达英语是很有帮助的。
如：to be done, being done, done, having been done都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时，是有明显区别的。如：
The school to be built is intended for the disabled children.
即将要建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school being built is intended for the disabled children.
正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.
去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。
The school, having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children.
已经建了两年多的学校是为残疾儿童而建的。
二、不定式和–ing形式作主语的区别
1、–ing形式多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成了的动作，强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示具体的第一次行为或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身，不过有时二者之间区别很小。如：
Reading English novels is really great fun. 读英语小说真有趣。
To read English novels this evening will take most of my time.
今晚读英语小说会花去我很多时间。
2、动词不定式作主语时，常用形式主语结构，而–ing形式作主语时较少使用形式主语，只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesing/hard/difficult等句型中常用it作形式主语。如：
It is hard to make him change his mind. 很难让他改变主意。
It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. 跟外教谈话真有趣。
3、不定式作主语的被动语态句子，必须用形式主语结构。如：
It was decided to set up a new football club in our school. 已经决定在我们学校建立一个足球俱乐部。
4、在口语中，用–ing形式作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。
5、疑问句中，一般多用–ing形式的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式复合结构。如：
Does our helping mean a lot to all of you? 我们提供帮助对你们很重要吗？
6、在句型“There be no＋主语”中，习惯上常用–ing形式作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如：
There is no parking around here. 这周围不准停车。
There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tell what will happen.)
无法知道会发生什么。
7、不定式、–ing形式作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词for/of引导的名词或宾语代词；–ing形式的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如：
Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.
林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。
The students’ knowing English well helped them in learning French.
对英语了解很好的人学习法语会有很大帮助。
8、当表语是–ing形式时，主语要用–ing形式，当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。如：
Saying is believing. 眼见为实。 To see is to believe.
三、不定式、–ing形式作表语的区别
1、表示一般的概念时，不定式与–ing形式可以互换。如：
What she likes is watching (to watch) children play. 我最的就是看孩子玩耍。
2、表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式, 无抽象概念一般用–ing形式。如：
My wish is to become a famous pianist. 我的愿望就是成为一名著名的钢琴家。
4、过去分词作表语，强调状态，分词前可以加very等程度副词，后面一般不用by引起的短语，时态概念不强。而被动语态表示动作，时态概念较强。如：
The shop is closed. 商店关门了。 (分词)
The door was closed by the wind. 门被风吹上了。 (被动)
6、–ing形式作表语与进行时态形式相同。–ing形式作表语说明主语的内容、性质、特征；而现在进行时态说明正在进行的动作。如：
My job is teaching young children to climb mountains.
我的工作就是教孩子如何爬山。 (–ing形式)
I was teaching the children maths when you passed by.
你经过时我正教孩子数学。 （进行时态）
四、不定式、–ing形式作宾语的区别
1、可用不定式作宾语，但不可用–ing形式作宾语的动词和能接–ing形式作宾语，但不能接不定式作宾语的动词请参阅本章“不定式”部分和“–ing形式”部分。
2、跟不定式和动词的-ing形式及–ed分词皆可且意义相差较大的动词，将在下面专门讨论。
3、有些动词后可用“疑问词＋不定式”结构作复合宾语，意义上相当于一个宾语从句。使用这类结构时，不定式前不能再加引出的逻辑主语；不定式的动作在时间概念上必须后于前面的动词，否则就应用宾语从句。-ing形式无这种用法。能接这类复合宾语的常见动词有：know, see, deicde, tell, ask, advise, consider, discover, explain, guess, hear, learn, think, observe, wonder, understand等。
Hearing the sad news, she didn’t know what to do. 听到这则悲伤的消息，她不知如何做。
I couldn’t decide whether to work another year or change my job. 我不能决定是在这里再干一年还是换一个工作。
4、当不定式、-ing形式作宾语，后面还有宾语补足语时，一般采用it作形式宾语，而把不定式或动名词放在补足语之后。如：
He thought it an honour to have been invited to dinner.
被邀来参加晚宴我感觉是一种荣耀。
I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble. 帮助有困难的人是一种责任。
5、-ing形式常作介词宾语，而不定式作but, except等少数介词的宾语，但“疑问词＋不定式”短语可作许多介词的宾语。如：
I am looking forward to meeting you again. 我正期盼着与你见面。
I had nothing to do but stay home for another year, waiting for a chance.
我没法只好在家里又呆了一年，等着机会的到来。
We are talking about whom to choose as head of the team. 我们正讨论该选谁。
6、当谓语动词是进行时态、主语是物而不是人或后接感觉性动词时，动词start, begin后多用不定式作宾语。如：
I am starting to work on my essay next week. 我下周开始专攻我的论文。
The rain began to pour. 雨开始瓢泼般下了起来。
五、不定式、-ing形式作宾语补足语的区别
1、-ing形式作宾语补足语强调动作的延续性，表示动作正在进行，更具描绘性。而不定式作宾语补足语一般表示动作的全过程，表明动作已经结束，或即将发生。如：
I found a strange person walking nearby our shop all day.
我发现一个陌生人每天都在我们商店附近走着。
I don’t often see him go to the cinema. 我不经常看到他去看电影。
2、-ing形式或不定式作宾语补足语表示它与宾语之间是主动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语一般表示它与宾语之间的被动关系、完成状态或动作由别人来完成。如：
We heard her singing next door. 我们听到他在隔壁唱歌。 （主动进行）
We heard her often sing next door. 我们听到他在隔壁唱过歌。 （主动完成）
We heard the song sung by her next door. 在隔壁我们听见这首歌被他唱过.。（被动完成）
We heard the song being sung next door. 我们听见在隔壁有人正唱这首歌。 (被动进行)
3、在think, consider, find等动词后常用to be +adj.结构作宾语补足语，有时to be 可省略。
We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 我们都发现他既善良又诚实。
4、 过去分词作宾语补足语强调动作的结果，而动词不定式被动语态作宾语补足语强调动作的过程。但现在的倾向是：在want, wish, desire, like, expect等表示“意愿”的动词后的宾语补语如果用的是不定式被动语态，可省to be, 从而使语气显得更为毅然决然。如：
I don’t like such things (to be) discussed this way.
我不想这样的事情以这种方式讨论。
We all don’t want the land (to be) built on. 我们都不希望这片土地搞建筑。
六、不定式、-ing形式作定语的区别
1、不定式与分词作定语是垢区别主要表现时态上；不定式作定语通常指动作；–ing形式作定语指正进行的动作；过去分词作定语指已经完成的动作。如：
I have three letters to write this evening. 我有三封信要写。
Do you know the man sitting at the desk? 你认识坐在桌子旁的那个人吗？
Have you read any short stories translated by Lu Xun? 你读过鲁迅先生翻译过的小说吗？
2、过去分词作定语时，常表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词，或者没有一定的时间性，只表示被动关系，有的只表示完成。如：
The flyover bridge built last year cost $12,000.
去年建的这座立交桥花了12000美元。 (既表示被动又表示完成)
I don’t like to hear songs sung by young people.
我不想听见年轻人唱这种歌。 (只表示被动，没有一定的时间性)
All the fallen leaves have been cleared away.
所有落叶都清走了。 (表示完成，并没有被动意味)
4、-ing形式作后置定语则可表示：正在进行或发生的行为（变为定语从句要用进行进态）；现在（或当时）的状态（变为定语从句时常用一般时态）。如：
The car waiting nearby (=which is waiting nearby) is a Ford. 等着附近的那辆小汽车是福特车。
The music being played(=which is being played) on the piano sounds very familiar. 正在钢琴上演奏的这首曲子听起来很熟悉。
5、-ing形式的完成式一般不能后置定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。如：
This is the question discussed (=which has been discussed) for thousands of years.
The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has now been solved. 讨论多年的这个问题现在已经解决了。
不可说成：
This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years.
6、being＋adj.不能单独用作后置定语
不能说： Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here.
应为：Anyone (who is) fit for this job can sign your name here.
任何胜任这项工作的人可以在这里签名。
7、不定式作定语可以有自己的逻辑主语。如：
It is spring, the time for us to plant trees. 春天正是植树的好季节。
七、不定式和 –ing形式作状语时的区别
1、不定式作状语通常表示目的或结果，表示目的时前面可用in order或so as，以示强调。表示结果时常用于too…to…, enough to do…, only to…等结构中。如：
I saved every cent in order to buy a car. 为了买车，我积攒着每一分钱。
The temperature is high enough to change water into steam. 湿度很高足以使水变为水蒸气。
2、作原因状语时，过去分词与-ing形式被动一般式可以互换。但还是单独使用过去分词的为多。如：
Written (Being written) very well, the novel sells well.
这部小说写得很好，很畅销。
3、作方式或伴随状语时常用过去分词，习惯上不用-ing形式被动一般式即不用being done形式。如：
Many parents were walking about the zoo, followed by their children. 很多父母正在公园里走着，后面紧跟着自己的孩子。
4、作时间状语用时，过去分词如同时表示被动和动作完成，常可换用-ing形式的被动完成式；过去分词如果只表被动，不表完成，则不可。如：
Read many times (=Having been read many times), the story seems much easier. 读过多遍，这个故事似乎变得更容易了。 (表示被动和完成)
Seen from on the top of the hill, the park looks more beautiful. 从山顶上看，这个显得更加美丽。 (表被动)
5、与否定词not连用时多用-ing形式。如：
Not being included, I have to find another chance. 我没被录用，只好再等。
6、使用-ing形式作状语时，有一条原则必须遵守，即-ing形式的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是不正确的或是不正规的语言。如：
【误】Found him angry, I began to tell jokes.因为found与I 在这个句子中不能构成被动，应为Finding him angry, I began to tell jokes.
【误】Looking around, there was no one nearby. Look around 的逻辑主语不应是no one，故本句不成立，就改为Looking around, I found there was no one nearby.
7、有些约定俗成的分词或分词短语作状语，尽管它们与句子的主语不一致（即不存在主谓关系），也被认为是正确的。这种分词短语作状语解释整个句子。如：
Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般说来，女孩子比男孩更喜欢文学。
Considering the weather, the sports meet will be put off. 考虑到天气，运动会将会被推迟。
Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries. 从她的口音看，她准来自阿拉伯国家。
三、 中学英语中能接几种非谓语动词形式的动词有：
1、能跟动词不定式或–ing形式，且意义差别不大的动词
① 动词like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用–ing形式；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim with you.
我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。
I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。
I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。
② 动词begin, start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：
We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。
They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。
注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：
a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。
When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.
老师走进教室的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。
b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。
Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.
一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。
c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。
We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。
③ 动词consider 作“考虑”的意思时接–ing 形式，作“认为”的意思时接 to be. 如：
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; the people had considered him to be a great leader, and a wise, kind and honest man. (SB1A P50)
Well, have you considered using the lab in your free class? I suggest you ask Mr Wu.
(SB1A P53)
2、跟不定式和动词的-ing形式皆可，但意义相差很大的动词
这类动词常用的有：
① try：try to do sth. 尽力做难做的事；
try doing sth. 试着做某一件可能会出现某一结果的事。
He tried to stand up but failed. 他试图站起来，但没成功。
Let’s try telling him about the sad news. 咱们试着把这个不幸的消息告诉他。
② regret：regret to do sth. 对马上要做的事表示遗憾；
regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。
I really regret missing/having missed his lecture. 我没能听他的讲座真感到遗憾。
I regret to tell you that I cannot come. 真遗憾，告诉你我不能来了。
③ can’t help：can’t help doing sth.禁不住；
can’t help (to) do sth. 不能帮忙干…
I couldn’t help shaking with so few clothes on.
穿这么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。
I can’t help to clean the place up. 我不能帮助打扫这里了。
④ mean：mean to do sth. 想做；
mean doing sth. 意味着。如：
Wasting time means killing life. 浪费时光就意味着浪费生命。
Revolution means liberating the productive forces. 革命意味着解放生产力。
⑤ forget：forget doing sth. 忘了已做过的事；
forget to do sth. 忘记将要做的事。如：
I forgot telling him about the news. 我忘了曾把那件事告诉过他。
Don’t forget to wake me up at 6 tomorrow morning.
别忘了明天早晨6点叫醒我。
⑥ go on：go on doing sth. 继续干未干完的事（强调动作的持续）；
go on to do sth. 继续干是一件事（强调事情的转接）
The old man went on doing his work after a short rest.
那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。
The old man went on to play another song. 这个老人接着弹奏另一首曲子。
⑦ remember：remember doing sth. 指记着做过的事；
remember to do sth.记着要做事。如：
Please remember to come on time. 请记着按时来。
I still remember being taken to the Science Museum for the first time.
我仍记得第一次被带到博物馆的情景。
⑧ stop：stop to do sth. 停下正在做的动作去做另一动作；
stop doing sth. 停止做动名词所表示的动作。如：
We stopped (in order /so as) to have a rest. 他停下来休息了一会。
Don’t stop trying once again. 不要停止，再试一次。
⑨ 动词need, require, want作“需要”解且主语是物时，后面接-ing形式的主动式或不定式的被动式。如：
The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。
These little children require looking after carefully / to be looked after carefully.
这些小孩需要细心地照料。
Your paper needs checking/to be checked again.
你的试卷需要再检查一遍。
⑩ 动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing形式作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如：
We don’t permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。
Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。
We advise their starting early. = We advise them to start early. 我们建议他们早起。
3、能跟不定式、动词的-ing形式或–ed形式，但意义相差很大的动词有：
① have：have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to,
不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework.
吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
have somebody /something doing something -ing形式作补语，分
词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：
They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.
我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。
have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间
有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：
a. 主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：
He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。
Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.
后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。
b. 主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。
He had his leg broken in the match last month. 他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。
② + 宾语 + to do 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。
get + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系
I got him to help me when I did the repair. 我修理的时候让他帮我。
Can you get the car moving? 你能让车发动起来吗？
Get your work finished by noon. 在午饭之前把你的工作做完。
I want to get this film developed very soon. (SBⅡA P125)
③ + 宾语 + to do 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。
leave + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
Don’t leave the small child to take care of himself.
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. (SBⅢ P39)
Then I left him standing by the counter so happy that I almost envied him. (SBⅢ P45)
④ + 宾语 + (to be)
find + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或进行。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
We find him (to be) a clever boy.
The teacher found him dozing in class.
She found her wallet stolen.
Surprisingly, we found no villagers injured in the hurricane. (SBⅡA P65)
⑤ + 宾语 + do 不定式动作由宾语发出，强调动作的完整性。
see/ hear + 宾语 + doing 动作由宾语发出，强调动作的某一点。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
I can see it fastened to a nail. (SBⅡB P15)
⑥ make + 宾语 + do 不定式动作由宾语发出，宾语和补语之间为主动关系。
+ 宾语 + done 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系。
You’d better make your plan known to others, or you can’t make them carry out your plan.
第三部分: 非谓语动词的测试特点和应对策略
一、 非谓语动词
近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：
1、非谓语动词考查特点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. (1996.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. (1997.6)
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
这类题涉及三个方面：
谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？
即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？
不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：
(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover
1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I
were the one ______. (1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。
(2)对固定结构的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the
new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a
constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means,way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。
4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择
做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the
earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing
C. Believed D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's
degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided
to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：
(1)状语类别的判断
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系
根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。
(3)非谓语动词的否定形式
not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。
(4) 独立成分
有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择
做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
(1998.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _____.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go. (2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised
C. advertise D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with
another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches,
chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating
C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。
regard类后面的宾语补足语
with独立分句后面的
常用动词后面的宾语补足语。
6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择
表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：
① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating
C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not
all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。
7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择
to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing
C. to having heard D. to have heard
② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller,
more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如③。
8) 分词前连词的使用
分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况：
(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。
(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed. (1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。
9) 非谓语动词的体
非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。
不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
② I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse D. getting worse
从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。

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