2006年高考英语第二轮语法专题复习
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一、冠词The Article
知识要点：
冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。
一、不定冠词的用法
1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.
2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.
A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。
3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如：
I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.
4、用于某些固定词组中。如：
a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。
5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：
This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。
It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。
It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。
二、定冠词的用法：
1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如：
Beijing is the capital of China.
The pen on the desk is mine.
2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：
Where is the teacher?
Open the window, please.
3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：
There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.
The baby was thin.
4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
the earth, the moon, the sun.
5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：
He is always the first to come to school.
Bob is the tallest in his class.
6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：
the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。
7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：
on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。
8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：
the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas
9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：
the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。
10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：
The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。
11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：
the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。
12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：
The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).
三、零冠词（即不用冠词）：
1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：
China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。
2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如：
Go down this street.
3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：
We are students.
I like reading stories.
4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：
Teachers’ Day, Children’s Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。
Today is New Year’s Day.
It is Sunday.
March 8 is Women’s Day.
5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：
What’s the matter, Granny?
We elected him monitor.
6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：
at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。
7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：
She goes to school after breakfast every morning.
We are going to play football.
We usually have lunch at school.
8、科目前不加。如：
We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects.
【专项训练】：
1、 We can’t live without air.
A．an B．× C．the D．some
2、——Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.
——Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A．a; the B．the; the C．the; a D．a; a
3、I’ve been waiting for him for hour and half.
A．×; × B．the; a C．a; the D．an; a
4、What fine weather we have today!
A．a B．× C．some D．an
5、Have you ever seen as tall as this one?
A．a tree B．such tree C．an tree D．tree
6、Children usually go to school at age of six.
A．×; the B．a; an C．the; × D．the; the
7、 Himalayas is highest mountain in world.
A．×; the;× B．The; the; the C．A; a; a D．×;×;×
8、They each have __book. Li Hua’s is about writer. Wang Lin’s is on science.
A．a; a; × B．the; ×; the C．×; the; × D．a; the; a
9、 Physics is science of matter and energy.
A．The; × B．×; × C．×; the D．A; a
10、 sun rises in east and sets in west.
A．A; an; a B．The;×;× C．The; the; the D．A; the; a
11、Many people agree that__knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.
A．a;× B．the; an C．the; the D．×; the
12、 __Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in bad
temper. A．×;a B．A;× C．The; the D．A; a
13、They were at dinner then. It was delicous one.
A．a; the B．×;× C．×;a D．a; a
14、what kind of car do you want to buy?
A．× B．the C．a D．an
15、Alice is fond of playing piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.
A．×; the B．×;× C．the; × D．the; the
16、Beyond stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
A．the; × B．×; the C．×;× D．the; the
17、Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone in 1876.
A．× B．a C．the D．one
18、——Where’s Jack?
——I think he’s still in bed, but he might just be in bathroom.
A．×;× B．the; the C．the; × D．×; the
19、Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in public places.
A．the; the B．×;× C．the; × D．×; the
20、——I’d like information about the management of your hotel, please.
——Well, you could have word with the manager. He might be helpful.
A．some; a B．an; some C．some; some D．an; a
【答案】：
1、B air是不可数名词。
2、D 此题为97年高考题。根据句意，第一空是泛指，第一次出现；第二空仍是泛指，且表数量“－”。
3、D 元音前用an。
4、B weather是不可数名词。
5、A 此题为85年高考题。泛指。
6、A go to school是固定短语。
7、B 山脉、形容词最高级及世界上的唯一的名词前加定冠词。
8、A 第一、二空泛指，第三空，science是不可数名词。
9、C 第一空，科目前不加冠词；第二空特指，有定语。
10、C
11、A 第一空，a + 不可数名词表具体的介绍；第二空，trade不可数。
12、D 第一空是指有一位琼斯先生在您不在的时候来访。（括号里说明，我们俩都不认识这个人，因此不是特指。）第二空是固定短语，情绪不好。
13、C 第一空at dinner正在吃饭，固定短语。
14、A 泛指
15、C 此题是89年高考题：乐器前加定冠词；music是不可数名词。
16、A 此题是90年高考题：stars前应加定冠词；space不可数。
17、C 此题是91年高考题：发明应是特指。
18、D 此题是92年高考题。in bed是固定短语，不加冠词。
19、C 此题是93年高考题。第一空后有定语，固是特指。第二空， public places,公共场所，泛指。
20、A 此题是95年高考题。information是不可数名词；have a word with sb.是固定短语。
二、名词Nouns
知识要点：
一、名词的种类：
1、专有名词：
1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）
2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）
2、普通名词：
1）不可数名词
注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。
如：have a wonderful time.
‚不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
ƒ不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形 式。
如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……
| | | |
各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪
„有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难
…在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：
a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….
2）可数名词：
可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A birdcaufly.
The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.
Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.
‚有复数形式：
a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）
b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),
woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),
phenomenon(phenomena)…
注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）……。如，
a sheep, two sheep
d）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…
e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.
f）形单实复：people (人民，人们），the police, cattle等
g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作 为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如：
My family is a big one.
My family are music lovers.
h）复合名词变复数时，a）只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：
sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。
b）如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人
c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors
二、名词的所有格：
1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…
注意：1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“s”。如：Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students’ reading-room
2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的书）
3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”； 如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的 收音机（不共有）
4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：
the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)
5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“’s”表所有格。
如：half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程)
China’s agriculture (中国的农业)
2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book
3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：
the story of Dr Norman Bethune
Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?
4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：
在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：
a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。
some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明
those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。
【专项训练】：
1、There are only twelve in the hospital.
A．woman doctors B．women doctors
C．women doctor D．woman doctor
2、Mr Smith has two , both of whom are teachers in a school.
A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-laws
C．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-in law
3、——How many does a cow have?
——Four.
A．stomaches B．stomach C．stomachs D．stomachies
4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.
A．German B．Germen C．Germans D．Germens
5、The of the building are covered with lots of .
A．roofs; leaves B．rooves; leafs C．roof; leaf D．roofs; leafs
6、When the farmer returned home he found three missing.
A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep D．sheepies
7、That was a fifty engine.
A．horse power B．horses power
C．horse powers D．horses powers
8、My father often gives me .
A．many advice B．much advice C．a lot of advices D．a few advice
9、Mary broke a while she was washing up.
A．tea cup B．a cup of tea C．tea’s cup D．cup tea
10、Can you give us some about the writer?
A．informations B．information
C．piece of informations D．pieces information
11、I had a cup of and two pieces of this morning.
A．teas; bread B．teas; breads
C．tea; breads D．tea; bread
12、As is known to us all, travels much faster than .
A．lights; sounds B．light; sound
C．sound; light D．sounds; lights
13、She told him of all her and .
A．hope; fear B．hopes; fear
C．hopes; fears D．hope; fears
14、The rising did a lot of to the crops.
A．water; harm B．water; harms
C．waters; harm D．waters; harms
15、——How far away is it from here to your school?
——It’s about .
A．half an hour’s drive B．half hours drives
C．half an hour drives D．half an hour drive
16、The shirt isn’t mine. It’s .
A．Mrs Smith B．Mrs’ Smith
C．Mrs Smiths’ D．Mrs Smith’s
17、Miss Johnson is a friend of .
A．Mary’s mother B．Mary’s mothers’
C．Mary mother’s D．Mary’s mother’s
18、Last week I called at my .
A．aunt B．aunts C．aunt’s D．auntes’
19、The beach is a throw.
A．stone B．stones C．stones’ D．stone’s
20、I can hardly imagine sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A．Peter’ B．Peter C．Peters D．Peters’
【答案】：
1、B 2、A
3、C stomach（胃）虽是“ch”结尾，但其发音为[k]，所以加“s”，不用加“es”。
4、C 5、A roof, chief, gulf, belief等词的复数形式，直接加“s”。
6、C 7、A 名词作定语一般不用复数。
8、B
9、A 根据句意，打破的应是杯子，而不是茶；名词作定语表类别不用加“’s”。
10、B 11、D 12、B 13、C 14、C 15、A
16、D 根据上句，此处应是史密斯太太的衬衫。
17、D 18、C 19、D a stone’s throw是固定短语，意为“近在咫尺”。
20、B 此句中Peter作动名词sailing的所有格，本应用Peter’s，但因其在动词后作宾语，所以可用宾格，因此B为正确答案。
三、主谓一致Agreement
知识要点：
在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。
1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
1）The book is on the table.
2）He is reading English.
3）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）
4）How you get there is a problem.
2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：
Children like to play toys.
3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here,there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：
1）There is a dog near the door.
2）There were no schools in this area before liberation.
3）Here comes the bus.
4）On the wall were two famous paintings.
5）Here is Mr Brown and his children.
4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：
1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.
2）He and my father work in the same factory.
3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.
5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.
6）Every picture except these two has been sold.
7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.
8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.
9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.
5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：
1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.
这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。
2）Bread and butter is their daily food.
面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。
3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.
那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。（两个人）
6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.
所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。
2）No teacher and no student is absent today.
今天没有老师和学生缺席。
3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.
许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。
7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Each takes a cup of tea.
2）Either is correct.
3）Neither of them likes this picture.
8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Is everyone here?
2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。
9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：
1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.
2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.
3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
1）Three years is not a long time.
2）Ten dollars is what he needs.
3）Five hundred miles is a long distance.
11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：
1）The United States is in North America.
2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。
3）“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜谭》）is an interesting book.
12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众），government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：
1）My family is going to have a long journey.
我家要进行一次长途旅行。
2）My family are fond of music.
我家人都喜欢音乐。
3）The class has won the honour.
这班获得了荣誉。
4）The class were jumping for joy.
全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。
13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：
1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。
2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。
3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。
14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：
1）The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。
2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now.
现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。
15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：
1）Either you or I am going to the movies.
2）Not only you but also he is wrong.
16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Water is a kind of matter.
2）The news at six o’clock is true.
17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
1）The police are searching for him.
2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：
1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
2）One third of the population here are workers.
19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。
1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.
2）A number of students have gone for an outing.
20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
【专项训练】
1、Nothing but cars in the shop.
A．is sold B．are sold C．were sold D．are going to sell
2、No one except Jack and Tom the answer.
A．know B．knows C．is knowing D．are known
3、Seventy percent of the students in our school from the countryside.
A．is B．are C．comes D．are coming
4、 of the money used up.
A．Three-five, are B．Three-fifths, have been
C．Three-fifths, has been D．Third-fifths, is
5、The number of the people who cars increasing.
A．owns, are B．owns, is C．own, is D．own, are
6、One of Marx’s works written in English in the 1860s.
A．was B．were C．would be D．are
7、The sheets for your bed washing.
A．needs B．are needing C．want D．are wanting
8、On each side of the street a lot of trees.
A．stands B．grow C．is standing D．are grown
9、Some person calling for you at the gate.
A．are B．is C．is being D．will be
10、All that can be eaten eaten up.
A．are being B．has been C．had been D．have been
11、Tom’s teacher and friend Mr. Smith.
A．are B．is C．are being D．has
12、Your new clothes fit you, but mine me.
A．doesn’t fit B．don’t fit C．doesn’t fit for D．don’t fit for
13、Neither he nor I for the plan.
A．am B．are C．is D．were
14、Many a student that mistake before.
A．has made B．have made C．has been made D．had made
15、Peter, perhaps John, playing with the little dog.
A．is B．are C．were D．seems
16、Laying eggs the ant queen’s full-time job.
A．is B．are C．has D．have
17、Between the two buildings a monument.
A．stand B．stands C．standing D．is standing
18、I, who your good friend, will share your joys and sorrow.
A．am B．is C．are D．was
19、The United Nations in 1945.
A．were found B．were founded C．was founded D．was found
20、 were also invited to the party.
A．Mr Smith B．The Smith C．The Smiths D．Smiths
21、The glass works in 1959.
A．were set up B．was set up C．were put up D．were built
22、Three hours with your girl friend to be a short time.
A．seem B．seems C．is seeming D．has seemed
23、It was reported that six including a boy.
A．was killed B．were killed C．was killing D．had killed
24、The police a prisoner.
A．is searching for B．are searching forC．is searching D．are searched for
25、Deer faster than dogs.
A．run B．runs C．are running D．will run
26、The wounded good care of here now.
A．is taken B．are being taken C．are taking D．is taking
27、The whole class greatly moved at his words.
A．was B．were C．had D．is
28、Over 80 percent of the population of China peasants.
A．was B．is C．are D．will be
29、There a knife and fork on the table.
A．seems to be B．seem to be C．is seeming to be D．are
30、Those who singing may join us.
A．are liking B．likes C．enjoy D．is fond of
31、His family music lovers.
A．all are B．are all C．is D．are being
32、A professor and a writer present at the meeting.
A．was B．is C．were D．had been
33、The pair of shoes worn out.
A．was B．were C．have been D．had been
34、The students in our school each an English dictionary.
A．have B．has C．had D．are having
35、More than one answer to the question.
A．have been given B．has been given C．were given D．had given
36、The boy sitting by the window is the only one of the students who from the countryside in our school. A．are B．is C．were D．was
37、Our family a happy one.
A．is B．are C．was D．were
38、Most of the mistakes because of carelessness.
A．were made B．are made C．has been made D．were making
39、Most of his time in reading novels.
A．are spent B．is spent C．were spent D．was spending
40、The rest of the novel very interesting.
A．were B．are C．is D．seem
41、I know that all getting on well with her.
A．was B．is C．are D．were
42、When and where this took place still unknown.
A．are B．were C．is D．has
43、Not only the workers but also the machine not there.
A．are B．were C．is D．has
44、Very few his address in the town.
A．knows B．know C．are knowing D．has known
45、Ten thousand dollars a large sum of money.
A．are B．is C．were D．seem
46、Twenty miles a long way to cover.
A．were B．are C．is D．seem to be
47、Nine plus three twelve.
A．makes B．make C．is making D．are making
48、There are two roads and either to the station.
A．leads B．lead C．are leading D．is leading
49、My father, together with some of his old friends, there already.
A．have been B．has been C．had been D．will be
50、My family as well as I glad to see you.
A．am B．are C．is D．was
【答案】：
1、A 因有连词but，所以谓语形式跟Nothing一致，用第三人称单数。见讲解4。
2、B 同上 3、B 见讲解2。 4、C 见讲解16。
5、C 定语从句看被修饰的先行词：the number of作主语用单数形式。见讲解9，19。
6、A 见讲解1。 7、C 见讲解2。 8、B 倒装句，要看后面的主语。见讲解3。
9、B some person指“某人”是第三人称单数。见讲解13。
10、B 主语“all”指的是“food”，所以代不可数名词，是第三人称单数。见讲解13。
11、B Tom’s teacher and friend，因friend前没有冠词，所以实际指的是同一个人。 见讲解5。
12、B 根据前一分句的意思，第二分句中的mine指的是“my new clothes”，因 此主语是复数。
13、A neither…nor…连接主语，动词与后面的主语保持一致。见讲解15。
14、A 见讲解6。 15、A 见讲解4。 16、A 见讲解1，动名词作主语。 17、B 倒装，见讲解3。 18、A 见讲解9。 19、C 见讲解11。
20、C 因谓语动词是复数，所主语应是复，The Smiths是指史密斯一家人。
21、B works在此句中是指工厂，所以是单数。 22、B 见讲解10。
23、B six在这儿指的是人，因此用复数形式。 24、B 见讲解17。
25、A deer, sheep是单、复数同形，根据后面的dogs，前面的deer应是复数（单 数前应有a）。 26、B 见讲解14。 27、B 见讲解12，因人才能受感动，所以the whole class是指全班的成员。 28、C 见讲解18。 29、A 见讲解5。刀、叉是一副而论，所以看作单数。 30、C 见讲解9。 31、B 见讲解12。 32、C 见讲解4，注意与第11题比较。
33、A 因此句主语是pair，所以用单数。
34、A 因此句主语是the students，所以用复数。如果each作主语，谓语动词则用 第三人称单数形式。如：Each of the students / Each student has an English dictionary.
35、B 此句中的主语是one answer，所以谓语动词应与它保持一致。
36、B 根据句意，这个男孩是学校中唯一来自农村的学生，自然后面的定语从句 的主语是单数，所以谓语动词用单数形式，又因主从句时态保持一致，故B 是唯一正确答案。
37、A 见讲解12。 38、A 见讲解2。39、B 见讲解16。
40、C 这部小说的剩余部分，还没超出“一”，用单数。
41、C 见讲解13，不定代词all在此句中代“与她相处的人”，所以是复数。
42、C 见讲解1，when and where this took place是一个从句。
43、C 见讲解15。 44、B few在此代人，是复数。 45、B 见讲解10。
46、C 同上。 47、A 同上。 48、A 见讲解7。 49、B 见讲解4。 50、B 同上。
四、虚 拟 语 气
虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握：
1、虚拟条件句。
2、名词性虚拟语气。
3、虚拟语气的其他用语。
一、虚拟条件句：
条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。
1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为：
If 主语＋过去时，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋动词原形，如：
If I were you, I would study hard.
If it rained, I would not be here now.
2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为：
If 主语＋had＋过去分词，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋have＋过去分词，如：
If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.
If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.
3、条件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为：
＋do，主语＋should（could…）＋ 原形 do
过去时（与现在事实条件句一样）。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.
If you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry.
注意问题：
1、If条件句中绝对不可出现“would”。
2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。
3、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装，例如：
Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.
Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.
二、名词性虚拟语气：
在表示命令、建议要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，基本句型：
主语＋（should）＋动词原形，如：
Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o’clock.（宾语从句）
We suggested that the meeting should not be held.
It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.（主语从句）
The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）
That is their demand that their wages be increased.（表语从句）
注意：在这种句子中绝不出现“would”“must”“could”等。
三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句：
1、wish后的宾语从句：
与现在愿望不一致 主语＋过去时；
与过去愿望不一致 主语＋had＋过去分词；
与未来愿望不一致 主语＋would（could）＋原形。
I wish I were you.
I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.
I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.
2、It’s time句型：当It’s time后用that从句时应该为：
主语＋should＋原形 或 主语＋过去时，例如：
It’s time that you went to school. 或
It’s time that you should go to school.
3、If only引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish＋宾语从句”
If only he could come! 他要能来就好了。
If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了。
4、would rather, as if（though）引导的句子也需使用虚拟，表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在与将来的情况用过去时，如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away.
I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.
She loves the children as if they were hers.
Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.
5、without, but, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。
Without you, I would never know him.
But for your cooperation, we wouldn’t have done the work so well.
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
I would be most glad to help you, but I’ am busy now.
I would have come to the party yesterday, but I was working.
I am busy now, otherwise I would do you the favor!
【专项训练】
1、It is important that a college student a foreign language.
A．will master B．master C．masters D．would master
2、It is strange that she without saying a word.
A．should have gone out B．went
C．should go out D．goes out
3、If my lawyer here last Saturday, he me from going.
A．had been, would have prevented
B．had been, would prevent
C．were, would prevent
D．were, would have prevent
4、 ——“He is a brave man.”
——“Yes, I wish I his courage.”
A．have B．had C．will have D．may have
5、If it rain, the crops would be saved.
A．should B．will C．is going to D．was to
6、He ordered that the medicine by a special plane.
A．was sent B．would be sent
C．should send D．be sent
7、If you the medicine, you better now.
A．took, would feel B．had taken, felt
C．had taken, would feel D．took, would have felt
8、She is my sister, but she often acts as if my mother.
A．is B．was C．were D．had been
9、I went to bed early last night, but I wish I so.
A．didn’t do B．hadn’t do C．haven’t done D．couldn’t do
10、I’d rather he tomorrow afternoon.
A．will come B．comes C．coming D．came
答案：
1、B 2、A 3、A 4、B 5、A
6、D 7、C 8、C 9、B 10、D
五、倒装句
英语的基本句型是主语 + 谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。
一、 全倒装: 主语与谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装有以下三种
情况:
1、当here, there, out, in, up, down等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装:
There goes the bell! 铃响了！
There lived an old man.
Here comes the bus.
注意:
①在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词, 像go, come, mush等。
②主语如果是代词时不需倒装如Away he went. 他走远了。
2、方位状语在句首, 如:
In front of the house stopped a police car.
Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.
Under the tree sat a boy.
3 、直接引语在句首, 这种情况可倒装也可不倒装
"What does it mean?" asked the boy或the boy asked.
二、半倒装: 主语与谓语的助动词交换位置称半倒装, 有以下数种情况:
1、 否定意义的词在句首, 句子半倒装, 例如: little, never, not, no, hardly, rarely,
seldom
Never shall I forget you.
At no time was the man aware of what was happening.
Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.
2、 几对并列连词如not only…but also, hardly… when等连接两个并列句, 连词
在句首, 前句半倒装, 后句不倒装:
Not only was everything he had taker away from him, but also his German
citizenship was taken away.
No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.
注意:
①not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不需倒装, 如:
Not only you but also I like playing chess.
②neither…nor在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装,
Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.
3、only在句首强调状语, 主句半倒装:
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
Only in this way can I learn from my fault.
Only when the war was over in 1918, was he able to get back to work.
注意: only强调主语不倒装:
Only the teachers can use the room.
4、so…that句型, so在句首时, 主句倒装, that从句不倒装:
So easy is it that a clild can learn it.
So hard did he work that he finally won the fame.
I saw the film, so did he.
1、倒装句（Inversion）
英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。
一、倒装的类型
类型 例 句 说 明
完 全 倒 装 Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends.学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。 整个谓语移至主语之前。
部 分 倒 装 Seldom does he go to school late.他上学很少迟到。 只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。
二、倒装结构的基本用法
1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装
情 况 例 句 说 明
疑问句中 Have you got a dictionary?你有一本字典吗？Where did he go last Monday?上星期一他去什么地方了？Are you listening to the radio?你在听广播吗？Who told you the news?谁告诉你那个消息的？Which boy broke this glass?哪个男孩子把这个玻璃打破了？ 用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。
“there be”结构中 There are three wells in our village.我们村里有三口水井。There stands a big paper making factory by the river.河边有座大型造纸厂。
在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中 Here is a letter for you.这儿有你一封信。There goes the bell. 铃响了。Now comes your turn to play.现在轮到你玩了。Away went the crowd one by one .人们一个一个地离去。Look, there he comes! 看，他来了。Down she went 她下来了。 使用完全倒装结构。但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。
在以neither nor 或no more开头的句子中 I can’t swim, nor (neither)can she .我不会游泳，她也不会。He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。He did not turn up. No more did his wife. 他没有来，他妻子也没有来。 表示……也不这样， neither和nor意思相同，可以替换使用，no more表示动作的程度并不比前面提到的稍强。意为也不…。
用在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中 Proud as the nobles are ,he is afraid to see me .尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。Young as he is, he knows a lot .虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。 从属连句as用于特殊语序，含义与though, although相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装（表语提前）
2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。（使句子更加流畅，更加生动）
情 况 例 句 说 明
含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时 Never before have we seen such a sight.以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。Little did I think that he could be back alive.我没有想到他竟能活着回来。Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift.我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.不仅他所有的一切被没收了，而且连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了。 常用否定词有： never,not,hardly,scarcely seldom, little, not until, not only…but also, no sooner …than, hardly (scarcely)…when等。一般主句用部分倒装结构。
副词only放在句首时 Only then did he realize his mistakes .只有在那时，他才认识到自己的错误。Only in this way can you learn maths well .只有用这种方法，你才能学好数学。Only Mother can understand me .只有母亲最理解我。Only three of us failed in the exam.我们中只有三个人考试不及格。 only 起强调作用，其句型为“only +状语+部分倒装”。如置于句首的only修饰主语，则不用倒装结构。
虚拟语气条件从句中 Were they here, they would help us .他们要是在这儿，他们会帮助我们的。Had I been informed earlier. I could have done something.我要是早得到通知，我就能干事了。Should you fail, take more pain and try again.万一你失败了，就要更加刻苦，重新再干。 把从句中if省略将were，had或should放在主语的前面。
直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时 “He is a clever boy”said the teacher.老师说：“他是个聪明的孩子。”“Go, Dick, go!”cried Tom,“Go home and get help”“走，狄克，走！”汤姆呼喊着，“快回家去求援”“What do you think of the film? ”he asked.他问“你认为这部电影怎么样？”“I’m leaving for Hongkong next month”Mary told me yesterday.玛利告诉我“我下月要去香港”。 主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒装。但如果主句主语为代词时或谓语部分比主语长，一般不用倒装。
表示祝愿的句子中 May you succeed! 祝你成功。Long live the Communist Party of China.中国共产党万岁！ 谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。
副词so在句首 He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I .他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。They will learn chemistry next term, so will I .他们下学期学化学，我也学。I can drive a car, so can my younger brother.我会开汽车，我弟弟也会开车。 表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中。
—Tom won the first prize for the English competition.－So he did.英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖。确实如此。It was cold yesterday. So it was .昨天天气冷。的确冷。 如果后面的句子只是单纯重复前句的意思，不表示也适用于另一人或事，则不用倒装结构。
在频度状语often, always, many a time等开头的句子中 Often did we warn them not to do so.我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。Many a time has she helped me with my English.她不止一次地帮助或学习英语。
在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首 Thus ended his life.这样结束了他的生命。So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him .他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。
介词短语作状语，放在句首 In the middle of the room stood a little girl.在房间中央站着一个小女孩。In the distance was a horse.马在远处。
在强调表语的句子中 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.阿尔伯特·曼因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个纯朴而又取得巨大成就的人。Such is life. 生活就是这样。Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。 表语提前，不仅为了强调，而且为了使句子结构达到平衡协调，或使上下文紧密衔接。
【专项训练】
Ⅰ、选择填空
1、 that we all went out, lying in the sun.
A．The weather so fine was B．So fine was the weather
C．So the weather was fine D．So was fine weather
2、Under his arm a pair of shoes which he had bought from the shop a few days before.
A．is B．are C．was D．were
3、 who had arrested him three times for carrying drugs.
A．Before George stood the policeman
B．Before George the policeman stood
C．Before the policeman stood George
D．Before George did the policeman
4、Then we had been looking forward to .
A．came the hour B．the hour came
C．comes the hour D．the hour is coming
5、Only when he started to explain the reason for this.
A．she realized B．did she realize
C．she had realized D．had she realized
6、 succeed in doing anything.
A．Only by working hard we can
B．By only working hard we can
C．Only by working hard can we
D．Only we can by working hard
7、Not for a moment the truth of your story.
A．he has doubted B．he doubts
C．did he doubt D．he did doubt
8、Nowhere else in the world cheaper tailoring than in Hong Kong.
A．a tourist can find B．can a tourist find
C．a tourist will find D．a tourist has found
9、Hardly when the bus suddenly pulled away.
A．they had got to the bus-stop B．they got to the bus-stop
C．did they get to the bus-stop D．had they got to the bus -stop
10、Mary doesn’t speak French, and does Joan.
A．not B．neither C．either D．so
11、—Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother? —I don’t know, .
A．nor don’t I care B．nor do I care
C．I don’t care neither D．I don’t care also
12、Not until the early years of the 19th century what heat is.
A．man did know B．man knew
C．didn’t man know D．did man know
13、After that we never saw her again nor from her.
A．did we hear B．we heard
C．had we heard D．we have heard
14、John won the first prize in the contest. .
A．So he did. B．So did he.
C．So he did, too. D．So did he, too.
15、 ,he doesn’t study well.
A．As he is clever B．He is as clever
C．Clever as he is D．As clever he is
16、You can never use my tape recorder. time should you touch that machine.
A．At no B．At any C．Any D．No
17、Scarcely the room the phone rang.
A．I had entered…when B．Had I entered…then
C．had I entered…when D．have I entered…when
18、Only save his life.
A．can the doctor B．the doctor can
C．will the doctor D．could the doctor
19、Hardly anybody the boy , because he is rude.
A．does like B．likes C．do like D．like
20、So well that the teacher praised her.
A．she had done her homework
B．her homework had been done
C．did she do her homework
D．she did her homework
21、Only when to know him will you get along with him.
A．do you come B．will you come
C．you come D．you will come
22、Out , gun in hand.
A．did he rush B．rushed he
C．he rushed D．had he rushed
23、He had promised me to come to the party ,and .
A．so did he B．so he did C．so he would D．so would he
24、Into the sky the light blue smoke.
A．went up B．up went C．did go up D．had gone up
25、Little about his own life at the meeting.
A．did he talk B．he talked
C．he was talking D．had he talked
26、Under no circumstances first use nuclear weapons.
A．will China B．China will C．does China D．do China
27、 taken that examination, she could have passed it .
A．Were she B．Had she be able to
C．If she would have D．Had she
28、 tomorrow , we would put off the match till next Monday.
A．Should it rained B．Were it to rain
C．If it would rain D．Had it rained
29、Look, here .
A．Mr. Brown comes B．does Mr. Brown come
C．comes Mr. Brown D．Mr. Brown has come
30、Often us good advice.
A．did she give B．she did give
C．she gave D．she has given
31、Not until I began to work how much time I had wasted.
A．didn’t I realize B．did I realize
C．I didn’t realize D．I realize
32、Little about his own safety , though he was in great danger himself.
A．does he care B．did he care
C．he cares D．he cared
33、 began our new lesson.
A．But B．Thus C．Such D．So that
34、By no means look down upon the poor.
A．we should B．we should not
C．do we D．should we
35、Only when 30 years old to learn English.
A．was he , did he begin B．he was , he began
C．was he , he began D．he was ,did he begin
36、Not once their plan.
A．did they change B．they changed
C．changed they D．they did changed
37、“It’s very hot today.”“ .”
A．So it is B．So is it C．So does it D．So it does
38、A fish needs water and without water it will die.
A．So does a man B．So will a man
C．So it is with a man D．So is it with a man
39、They arrived at the farmhouse, in front of which .
A．sat a small boy B．a small boy sat
C．is sitting a small boy D．a small boy sitting
40、Society has changed and in it .
A．so have the people B．so the people have
C．the people have so D．have the people so
Ⅱ、改错
41、Only when was he 50 years old did he begin to learn French.
42、Little she knew Tom was was badly ill
43、Turn to the right and there are you.
44、And all around the fox in a circle was dogs.
45、—You can learn English well.
—So can we.
46、I dare climb this tall tree, but do you?
47、Not once he kept his promise.
48、Many a time he has given us some good advice.
49、Such a noise there was that I couldn’t work in the room.
50、Only does my mother understand me.
【答案】：
Ⅰ、
1、B 2、C 3、A 4、A 5、B 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、D 10、B 11、B 12、D
13、A 14、A 15、C 16、A 17、C 18、B
19、B 20、C 21、C 22、C 23、B 24、A
25、A 26、A 27、D 28、B 29、C 30、A
31、B 32、B 33、B 34、D 35、D 36、A
37、A 38、C 39、A 40、A
Ⅱ、
41、was he —he was 倒装主句不倒装从句。
42、She knew—did she know 此句为半倒装句。
43、are you —you are 此句为全部倒装句如主语是代词则不倒装。
44、was—were主语是dogs 。
45、so we can 主语we与上一句中的主语you所指相同故不同倒装。
46、do you—dare you 前面句中用情态，后面要呼应。
47、he kept—did he keep
48、he has—has he
49、Ö
50、去掉does，将understand改为understands。only后面跟状语倒装，后跟主语不倒装。
六、并列句
知识要点：
1、熟悉并掌握并列句的结构和常用的并列词的用法；
2、注意while, when 和 for等作并列连词的用法。
什么叫并列句：
由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。
并列句的基本句型：
简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句
类型 说明 连接词 例 句
并 并列关系(联合关系) and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等 I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他，他也帮助我。 Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her. 我们不仅给她写信而且还给她发了电报。 Neither I would consult him nor he would ask me for advice. 我不想与他商量，他也不会征求我的意见。
列 转折关系 but, yet, still, while, however, when等 He failed many times, but he didn’t despair. 他失败多次但并没有气馁。 She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress. 她学习英语有困难，然后她学习努力，进步很快。
选择关系 or, otherwise or else, either…or We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。
句 因果关系 for, so, thus, therefore, and so We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。
有时也可不用连词，而用逗号，分号或冒号 Hurry up, it’s getting dark. 快点，天要黑了。 Let’s start early, we have a long way to go. 我们要早动身，因为路很远。
注意：
（1）yet和still是连接副词，也叫半连接词。它们是副词。又起连接作用，但不如and, but, or等强，用了yet或still，前面还可加and或but。
He is tired, (but) still he will make another experiment. 他很累，但他仍然要做另一个实验。
I got up very early, (and) yet I failed to catch the first bus. 我起得很早，然而还是没有赶上头班车。
（2）while意义相当于at the same time表示相反和对照，常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。
I like football, while my sister likes basketball. 我喜欢足球，而我姐姐喜欢篮球。
when = and then, just then或at that time, during the time.
We were ready to rush away, when the snake moved. 我们正准备离开，这时蛇移动了。
while和when作为并列连词使用时常是放在第二个分句前边，并有逗号和第一分句隔开。
3、for表示附加或推断的理由、原因。therefore比so更正式，and so比较口语化。
【专项训练】：
一、用适当的并列连词填空：
1、He couldn’t know the truth about me, he wouldn’t treat me like this.
2、The bell is ringing the lesson is over.
3、Although he was ill, he kept on working.
4、I can’t make up my mind we will go to Shanghai we will stay in our city.
5、He doesn’t talk much, he thinks a lot.
6、It must have rained last night the ground is still wet.
7、The president will visit the town in May he will open the new hospital.
8、Jane was dressed in green Mary was dressed in blue.
9、 he did not speak distinctly I did not hear it clearly.
10、He is clever, , he often makes mistakes.
11、 did we write to her we called up her.
12、He hasn’t any money I’m going to lend him some.
13、The child was sick; he, , didn’t go to school.
14、Mary was neither happy, was she sad.
15、Put on more clothes, you’ll catch cold.
二、选择最佳答案：
16、Some are reading magazines, others are playing cards.
A．or B．for C．so D．while
17、We must get up early tomorrow. we’ll miss the first bus to the Great Wall.
A．so B．or C．but D．however
18、——I don’t like chicken fish.
——I don’t like chicken, I like fish very much.
A．and, and B．and, but C．or, and D．or, but
19、We want high speed good quality.
A．both, and B．either, or C．neither, nor D．not, but also
20、In spring it is hot cold here.
A．both, and B．either, or C．neither, nor D．not only, but
21、 does he writes well, he also speaks well.
A．Not only, but B．Not, but
C．Either, or D．Both, and
22、Use your head, you’ll work it out.
A．so B．or C．and D．for
23、I want to buy the jacket, I have not enough money with me.
A．but B．so C．or D．for
24、 you I am going to help Tom.
A．Either, or B．Not, but C．Not only, and D．Each, and
25、The soldier was wounded, he pushed on.
A．for B．and C．so D．yet
26、——Do you know Jim quarrelled with his classmate?
——I don’t know, .
A．nor don’t I came B．nor do I care
C．I don’t care neither D．I don’t care also
27、He is a teacher, a singer as well.
A．but B．or C．nor D．and
28、 should a man have courage, he should have wisdom and knowledge.
A．Not only, but B．Neither, nor
C．Either, or D．Both, and
29、We have studied English for only one year, we can perform English short plays already.
A．yet B．for C．and D．or
30、She had escaped, the ring had fallen off and been damaged in the great heat of the fire.
A．so B．or C．but D．and
31、The work was difficult, ,he finished in on time.
A．but B．however C．otherwise D．therefore
32、The sky was cloudless the sun was shining.
A．but B．and C．for D．so
33、 many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A．Having been told B．Though he had been told
C．He was told D．Having told
34、I was walking along the street I heard someone calling my name.
A．when B．while C．and D．for
35、To be healthy, you must have a meal too big too small.
A．either, or B．neither, nor C．not only, but also D．not, but
36、Both Jane and Ellen, Mary, are studying at the same college.
A．too B．and C．as well D．as well as
37、He has never studied English before, we should give him more help.
A．and B．or C．therefore D．but
38、I see your point of view; , I don’t agree with you.
A．or B．but C．so D．still
39、They must stay in the water they will die.
A．but B．so C．otherwise D．and
40、We played outside till sunset it began to rain.
A．when B．while C．yet D．so
三、改错：
41、Although he has great learning, but he always works far into the night.
42、Because the boy is very naughty, so I’m angry with him.
43、Not only he himself works hard but he often helps others.
44、It must have rained much of late, because the river is so high.
45、They didn’t tell me whether I should write to him nor whether I should see him personally.
46、If there were no plants, we would have no animals or no meat.
47、Now of course I don’t want to say anything bad about anyone however have you noticed his strange manners?
48、 “I’m more thankful to you, sir, than I can say” I said, “ and but I must make things clear.”
49、He neither knows nor cares for what happened.
50、He did not like your suggestion, and but he raised no objection(反对).
【答案】：
一、
1、or 2、and 3、still / yet 4、when, or 5、but
6、for 7、when 8、while 9、Either, or 10、however
11、Not only, but 12、so 13、therefore 14、nor
15、or
二、
16、D 17、B 18、D 19、A 20、C 21、A
22、C 23、A 24、A 25、D 26、B 27、D
28、A 29、A 30、C 31、B 32、B 33、C
34、A 35、B 36、D 37、C 38、D 39、C 40、A
四、
41、去掉but或改为yet 42、去掉so
43、he前加does；works－work
44、because－for
45、nor－or
46、or—and
47、however—but
48、去掉and
49、去for
50、去掉and 或把but改为yet 或still
七、定语从句
一、定语从句
1．定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关联词。
2．定语从句在选择关连词that 与which时，常常容易出错，所以应记住什么时候只能用that，什么时候只能用which.
（1）．只能用 that 的情况归纳4种：即先得词被序数词最高级修饰过；先行词为all 、everything、nothing等不定代词；先行词同时是人和物并列时；最后先行词分别被the only 、the very the same、the last 修饰。请看下列四组例句，注意其先行词：
①．The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan .
②．I t almost seemed as if the good man were trying to teach us all that he knew at this lesson .
③．Later my father and Mr.Crosset talked for about half an four of things and persons that they remembered in school.
④．This is the very dictionary that I want to find .
（2）．只用which is 情况有两种情况：一是非限制性定语从句，关连词要用which；二是做介词宾语时只能用which。请看下列两组例句：
I said nothing , which made him more angry .
I have the book about which you are talking .
三、在定语从句的非限制性定语中，which 和as 是容易混淆的。在很多情况下两者兼可互换，但在下列情况中不可互换：
1、通常As 可以放在整句的句首，而which，只能在逗号之后，as 本身含有“正如”，as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语
As appear from her paper ,she has read widely in Romantic literature.
She is remarkable, as I have told you .
2、 which 在做非限制性定语从句关联词时可以无明确先行词，指前句整个的意思，如：she has warried again,which surprises us .
四、在定语从句中，许多人往往分不清all that 和what,what 实际上只引导名词性从句，它相当于all that两个字，例如：
All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.
= what I know is that ……
一、限定性定语从句：
种类 先行词 关联词 例句 说明
定语从句 （人）在从句中做主语或宾语物在从句中做主语或宾语 whowhich This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life .这就是救了孩子生命的医生。She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .她就是我要介绍给你的新学生Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.请递给我摆在桌上的那本书。The novel which Tom bought is very interesting.汤姆买的小说很有意思。Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗？ who在从句中做主语whom在从句中做宾语，口语中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介词宾语时只能用whomwhich在从句中做主语。which充当宾语时可以省去。which做介词宾语不可省
种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明
定语从句 人或物的 whose The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语。The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。=The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired whose在从句中做定语指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose指物时也可以用…of which 代替 whose
人或 that The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.正在弹钢琴的那位妇女是张小姐。I’d like to see the films that are just on show.我想看那些刚上映的电影。 that指人做主语that指物做主语
种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明
物all, little much和some,any every ,no 构成的合成代词人或物 thatthat They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school. 他们谈起他们所记得起的学校里的人和事，谈了大约有半个小时。I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it .我要告诉你我所知道这件事的一切情况。Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么我可以帮助做的事吗？I’ve brought everything (that )you need.我把你需要的东西都拿来了。This is the best film that I have seen .这是我看过的最好的一部电影。The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library.我们要参观的第一个地方是北京图书馆 先行词分别表示人和物，关系代词要用that，不用who或which先行词表示物，关系代词用that不用which, 在从句中做宾语可省去 。如果先行词是人时，关系代词不受制约，用that或who (whom)均可先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时定语从句用that引导。
定语从句 人或物 that He is the only person that is believable.他是唯一可靠的人。John is the very person that she wants to see.约翰正是她要见的人。Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?正在和汤姆谈话的人是谁？Which of the books that you bought is easy to read?你买的那些书中哪一本容易读。 先行词被the only, the very,the same 等修饰时用关系代词that.当主句以who、which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用that
时间 when He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。 在定语从句中作时间状语
注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next tim很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。
地点 where This is the room where he put up for the night.这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。 在定语从句中作地点状语
原因理由 why I know the reason why she studies so well .我知道她学习好的原因。 在定语从句中作原因状语
（2）非限制性定语从句
种类 先行词 关联词 例 句 说 明
非限制性定语从句 人物没有固定的先行词而是一个句子 whowhomwhichwhichas George ,who is my classmate, has won a scholarship.乔治获得了奖学金，他是我的同学。Dr. Li , whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow.李大夫明天将来这儿，我跟他很熟悉。I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much.我给他一张贺年卡，他很喜欢它。He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .他年轻时在校学习努力，这导致了他后来生活中的成功。He gets up early ，as is always his habit.他总是早起床，这是他的习惯。John was admitted into the college, as we had expected.约翰被大学录取了，这是我们期待的。The earth ,as is known to all ,is round.人人皆知，地球是圆的。 who, whom不能省去，也不能用that代替which指物，不可省去，也不能用that代替which作主语指它前面的整个句子，不可用that代替，强调结果。as指全句，在从句中做主语。as指全句意思，在从句中做宾语。as引导的定语从句可以放在句首，句中或句末。
This is the same book as I lost yesterday.这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样。 用于the same… as, such… as ,as…as等结构中。
（3）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
从句与先行词的关系 从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。 从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整
标 点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开
关系代词 指人who (that) whom指物which (that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去 指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省
修饰 从句只修饰一个名词或代词 可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句
翻译 定语从句译在被修饰词的前面 定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子
【专项训练】
1．Football is a very interesting game , is played all over the world．
A．that B．which
C．it D．who
2．Is there anything else you require?
A．which B．that
C．who D．what
3．The last place we visited was the Great Wall．
A．which B．that
C．where D．it
4．He talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the school．
A．which B．who
C．it D．that
5．The reailway tunnel,though the train goes, will be completed soon．
A．which B．that
C．it D．whom
6．His uncle works in a factory bicycles are made．
A．that B．which
C．where D．there
7．There is no dictionary you can find everything．
A．that B．which
C．where D．in that
8．Next month, you’ll spend in your hometown is coming．
A．which B．that
C．when D．where
9．Next month, you’ll be in your hometown is coming．
A．which B．that
C．when D．where
10．I often thought of my childhood , I lived on a farm．
A．which B．where
C．when D．who
11．He wanted to know the time he needed to know ．
A．that B．when
C．where D．what
12．There isn’t so much noise in the country in big cities．
A．that B．which
C．where D．as
13．They could only read such stories had been rewritten in simple English ．
A．that B．which
C．as D．what
14．The stems of bamboo are hollow makes them very light．
A．which B．as
C．that D．it
15．Crusoe’s dog hecame ill and died , made him very lonely ．
A．as B．which
C．that D．this
16．They’ve invited me to their party , is kind of them．
A．as B．which
C．That D．this
17． we know now ,bats come out only at night ．
A．As B．Which
C ．That D．What
18．John got beaten in the game , had been expected ．
A．as B．that
C．what D．who
19． has been said above ,grammar is a set of dead rules．
A．Which B．What
C．That D．As
20．Do you know the reason he was late?
A．that B．which
C．for what D．for which
21．He built a telescope he could study the skies．
A．in which B．with that
C．through which D．by it
22．I have bought two ballpens , writes well ．
A．none of which B．neither of which
C．none of them D．neither of them
23．There are two thousand students in our school , are girls ．
A．of whom two thirds B．two -thirds of them
C．two -third in them D．two -thirds in which
24．Do you know the man ?
A．whom I spoke B．to who I spoke
C．I spoke to D．that I spoke
25．The factory we’ll visit next week isn’t far from here ．
A．where B．in which
C．which D．to which
26．This is one of the best films this year．
A．have been shown B．that have shown
C．that have been shown D．which has been shown
27．Can you lend me the book the other day ?
A．you talked about B．about that you talked
C．that you talked D．which you talked
28．Is there any one in you class family is in the city ．
A．who B．who’s
C．which D．w

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