高三英语学法指导与基础训练
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高三英语学法指导与基础训练(一)
一、谈谈阅读理解
　　阅读是高考的重点和难点。阅读理解在高考试卷中占分40分，如果加上完型填空题（有人称之为缺词阅读）30分，那就是70分，占了将近总分的一半。高考之所以重视阅读理解，是因为阅读是一种比较高级的语言能力，它是获取更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段。阅读能力也是做好其他题型，如听力、单项填空、短文改错和书面表达的基本因素。阅读理解的考核是在语篇中进行的，也易于考查观察、判断、推理与综合的能力。
　　阅读理解题一般考五篇文章，包括故事、科普文章、新闻报道、议论文和应用文（如广告、产品说明、电报等）。五篇文章加上所问问题，总单词量在2000个左右，要求在35分钟内完成。阅读速度平均为每分钟60个词。
　　做好阅读理解题的必备条件：
　　1、能迅速看准每一句的结构，找出主句的主语、谓语和宾语。
　　2、有一定的词汇量和分辨词义词性的能力。
　　3、能灵活运动所学过的语法和词汇知识，对影响意思理解的复合句、非谓语动词短语、关联词语、后置定语、省略、替代和跳跃等语言现象做出正确判断。
　　4、有良好的思维能力。会边看边加工所得到的信息，从而做出正确的推理判断，综合概括，准确理解表面意思和深层含义。
　　5、会精读，也会跳读和略读。
　　6、具有相当的阅读实践经验和良好的语感。
　　7、对英美文化有一定了解。
　　在准备阅读理解测试时，要明确阅读的能力是靠大量阅读的实践练出来的。有志于提高阅读水平的同学，应该每天坚持读三四篇文章，日积月累，才能逐步提高阅读水平。读的时候要注意精读与泛读相结合。精读的文章力求弄懂每一句话，每一个词，必要时要请教老师，翻查词典。泛读的文章，一般是难度较小的文章，只求理解文章大意，有些词甚至句子不懂也没关系，尽量不查词典，这样可以保证一定的速度和量。泛读对培养语感，提高速度有很大好处。可惜有同学不重视泛读，以为阅读就是逐字读，这其实是片面的。
　　二、练习与解析
（1）
　　In 1901, H. G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explores（探险者）landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expressed their surprise to the “moon people” they met. In turn, the “moon people” expressed their surprise.“Why,” they asked, “are you traveling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?”
　　H. G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969. human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. However, the question that the “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.
　　Under ground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The “Chunnel”,a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France, is now complete.
　　But what about underground cities? Japan’s Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground systems, called “Alice Cities.”The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome（太阳能穹顶）would cover the whole city.
　　Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wilderness. H. G. Wells’“moon people” would agree. Would you?
1. The explorers in H. G. Wells’story were surprised to find that the “moon people”
________.
　　A. knew so much about the earth
　　B. understood their language
　　C. live in so many underground cities
D. were ahead of them in space technology
2. What does the underlined word “it” (Paragraph 2) refer to?
　　A. Discovering the moon’s inner space.
　　B. Using the earth’s inner space.
　　C. Meeting the “moon people” again.
　　D. Traveling to outer space.
3. What sort of underground systems are already here with us?
　　A. Offices, shopping areas, power stations.
　　B. Tunnels, car parks, shopping areas.
　　C. Gardens, car parks, power stations.
　　D. Tunnels, gardens, offices.
4. What would be the best title for the text?
　　A. Alice Cities—cities of the future
　　B. Space travel with H. G. Wells
　　C. Enjoy living underground
　　D. Building down, not up
　　1. C　　2. B　　3. B　　4. D
　　1. 解答本题时，可从开头段中the explorers登上月球后的发现找出线索：… they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities，也就是本题题干与选项C结合而成的说法：The explorers… to find that the “moon people” lived in so many underground cities。
　　2. 注意此句重心在后，强调的是：… you don’t even use your inner space，也即选项B所说的Using the earth’s inner space。
　　3. 通过跳读迅速将探索范围缩小到第3段，其主题句即为Under ground systems are already in place，然后列出这些systems的名称：car parks, large underground shopping areas, a tunnel。
　　4. 短文开头explorers与moon people之间的对话中即已点明use inner space，也就是build down这一主题；结尾段中则更为明确地将全文主题(underground development)解释为building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space,，由此可以确定本题答案为D。
（2）
　　LONDON (Reuters) — Organic fruit, delivered right to the doorstep. That is what Gabriel Gold prefers, and he is willing to pay for it. If this is not possible, the 26-year-old computer technician will spend the extra money at the supermarket to buy organic food.
　　“Organic produce is always better,” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides（农药）, and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally（本地）grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. But how many shoppers really know what they are getting, and why are they willing to pay a higher price for organic produce? Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences—but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete. For example, small amounts of pesticides can be used on organic products. And about three quarters of organic food in Britain is not local but imported（进口）to meet growing demand. “The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year, so it is a very fast growing market,” said Sue Flock, a specialist in this line of business.
1. More and more people in Britain are buying organic food because _______.
　　A. they are getting richer　
　　B. they can get the food anywhere
　　C. they consider the food free of pollution
　　D. they like home-grown fruit
2. Which of the following statements is true to the facts about most organic produce sold in Britain?
　　A. It grows indoors all year round.
　　B. It is produced outside Britain.
　　C. It is grown on family farms.
　　D. It is produced on large farms.
3. What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text?
　　A. growing interest in organic food
　　B. better quality of organic food
　　C. rising market for organic food　
　　D. higher prices of organic food
　　4. What is the best title for this news story?
　　A. Organic food— healthy, or just for the wealthy?
　　B. The making of organic food in Britain
　　C. Organic food— to import or not?
　　D. Good qualities of organic food
　　1. C　　2. B　　3. A　　4. A
　　1. Gold 的话代表了英国消费者的认识，“… The food is free of pesticides…”也就是：they consider the food free of pollution.
　　2. 短文中与Most organic produce sold in Britain产地相关的内容，排除干扰选项，选定最佳答案。
　　3. 本题四个选项中均包含organic food（与主题相关，错误选项因而会构成干扰），但从所在句看，buying into the organic trend的主语是(a growing number of) shoppers，越来越多的人开始购买这种食品，当然意味着(the shoppers) have shown a growing interest in organic food。选项A表达的正是这样一种形势，应为最佳答案。
　　4. Organic food--- healthy（虽与人们所知有些出入，但大体如此）；or just for the wealthy?短文中有shoppers are willing to pay a higher price for organic produce，与此相符。
（3）
　　THEATRE
　　City Varieties
　　The Headrow, Leeds. Tel. 430808
　　Oct 10 – 11 only A night at the Varieties. All the fun of an old music hall with Barry Gryer, Duggle Brown, 6 dancers, Mystina, Jon Barker, Anne Duval and the Tony Harrison Trio. Laugh again at the old jokes and listen to your favourite songs.
　　Performances: 8 pm nightly.
　　Admission: ￡ 5； under 16 or over 60: ￡ 4.
　　York Theatre Royal
　　St Leonard’s Place, York. Tel. 223568
　　Sept 23 – Oct 17 Groping for Words – a comedy by Sue Townsend. Best known for her Adrian Mole Diaries, Townsend now writes about an evening class which two men and a woman attend. A gentle comedy.
　　Admission: First night, Mon: ￡ 2； Tues – Fri: ￡ 3.25 – 5.50； Sat: ￡ 3.50 – 5.75
　　Halifax Playhouse
　　King’s Cross Street, Halifax. Tel 365998
　　Oct 10 – 17 On Golden Pond by Ernest Thompson. This is a magical comedy about real people. A beautifully produced, well-acted play for everyone. Don’t miss it.
　　Performances: 7:30 pm.
　　Admission: ￡ 2. Mon: 2 seats for the price of one.
　　Grand Theatre
　　Oxford Street, Leeds. Tel. 502116
　　Restaurant and Café.
　　Oct 1 –17 The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13. Sue Townsend’s musical play, based on her best-selling book.
　　Performances: Evenings 7:45. October 10 – 17, at 2:30 pm. No Monday performances.
　　Admission: Tues- Thurs: ￡ 2 – 5；Fri & Sat: ￡ 2 – 6.
1. Which theatre offers the cheapest seat?
　　A. Halifax Playhouse.　　　　 B. City Varieties.
　　C. Grand Theatre.　　　　　　 D. York Theatre Royal.
2. If you want to see a play with old jokes and songs, which phone number will you ring to book a seat?
　　A. 502116　　 B. 223568　　 C. 365998　　 D. 430808
　　3. We may learn from the text that Sue Townsend is ________.
　　A. a writer　　 B. an actress　　 C. a musician　　 D. a director
　　1. A　　2. D　　3. A
　　1. 此处问及票价，涉及的关键词Admission很可能是生词，但完全可以凭借该词之后的￡5；under 16 or over 60：￡4等内容推断其含义为入场票价。Halifax Playhouse为：￡2. Mon：2seats for the price of one，应为最低价格。
　　2. 通过跳读可以很快找到，本段开头第二行有：Tel. 403808；本题答案已明，应该选D。
　　3. Sure Townsend首先出现在第二段里： a comedy by Sue Townsend…，Townsend now writes about…；这一人名还出现在最后一段里：Sure Townsend’s musical play, based on her best-selling book。这样一些关于上演剧目的背景交待足以说明Sue Townsend的身份，应该是writer。
高三英语学法指导与基础训练(二)
如何解答阅读理解中的问题
　　在准备阅读理解测试时，要对经常出现的问题进行总结。高考中的阅读理解问题，主要涉及文章中的知识细节，概括中心意思，猜测陌生词语的意思和推理判断。测试问题方式采用多项选择题型，每题给出四个备选答案，要求从中选出一个最佳答案。例如：
　　考查主题思想或段落大意
　　The story mainly tells us ________.
　　The best title of this passage should be ________.
　　推理判断测试题
　　We can infer from the passage ________.
　　We can conclude from the passage ________.
　　应对阅读理解测试时的注意事项
　　1．如有的文章带标题，应仔细看标题。标题是文章主题的高度概括，它可以给我们一些启示和线索。
　　2．先快速浏览一下全文，大概了解一下这是记叙文还是科普文章，中文注释的单词是什么意思，这一步要快。
　　3．仔细看原文，凡人物与数字或地名可用笔作个记号，没弄明白的地方也可划个线，以便看完全文再重读。读时要注意弄明白句子的主谓结构，同时在大脑中加工所得到的信息。
　　4．看完文章，即可做题。要注意四个选项都看看，不要只看了一两个就作出判断。对有把握的题，在做完判断后就不要折回原文核对了。但对没有把握的题则应把相关的句或段重看一次。
　　5．判断词义词性时要注意结合上下文。人家考的是在特定的环境下的意思。
　　6．概括中心意思时，要注意不可离题太远，太笼统，但也不要只概括一段或几句的意思。段落大意一般常与该段首句或尾句有关。
　　7．问及对某个问题的看法与态度，要记住是在问作者态度，而不是问你作为中国学生的想法。
　　8．考查文章细节的问题一定要在原文中找到出处。
　　9．如时间够，还应复读全文，核对各题答案，完成未定之题。要注意各题的答案要逻辑一致，不能自相矛盾。
　　练习与解析
(1)
　　Treasure hunts（寻宝）have excited people’s imagination for hundreds of years both in real life and in books such as Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island. Kit Williams, a modern writer, had the idea of combining the real excitement of a treasure hunt with clues（线索）found in a book when he wrote a children’s story, Masquerade, in 1979. The book was about a hare, and a month before it came out Williams buried a gold hare in a park in Bedfordshire. The book contained a large number of clues to help readers find the hare, but Williams put in a lot of “red herrings”, or false clues, to mislead them.
　　Ken Roberts, the man who found the hare, had been looking for it for nearly two years. Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time, he found it by logic
（逻辑）, not by luck. His success came from the fact that he had gained an important clue at the start. He had realized that the words: “One of Six to Eight” under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine of Aragon, the first of Henry VIII’s six wives. Even here, however, Williams had succeeded in misleading him. Ken knew that Katherine of Aragon had died at Kimbolton in Cambridgeshire in 1536 and thought that Williams had buried the hare there. He had been digging there for over a year before a new idea occurred to him. He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill, in Bedforshire, and thought that he must have buried the hare in a place he knew well, but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1772.
　　Even then his search had not come to an end. It was only after he had spent several nights digging around the cross that he decided to write to Kit Williams to find out if he was wasting his time there. Williams encouraged him to continue, and on February 24th 1982, he found the treasure. It was worth £； 3000 in the beginning, but the excitement it had caused since its burial made it much more valuable.
1. The underlined word “them” (paragraph 1) refers to ________.
　　A. red herrings　　　　　　　　　　 B. treasure hunts
　　C. Henry VIII’s six wives　　　　 D. readers of Masquerade
2. What is the most important clue in the story to help Ken Roberts find the hare?
　　A. Two stone crosses in Ampthill.　　　　 B. Stevenson’s Treasure Island.
　　C. Katherine of Aragon.　　　　　　　　　　D. Williams’ hometown.
3. The stone crosses in Ampthill were built ________.
　　A. to tell about what happened in 1773　　　　
　　B. to show respect for Henry VIII’s first wife
　　C. to serve as a roadsign in Ampthill Park
　　D. to inform people where the gold hare was
4. Which of the following describes Roberts’ logic in searching for the hare?
　　a. Henry VIII’s six wives
　　b. Katherine’s burial place at Kimbolton
　　c. Williams’ childhood in Ampthill
　　d. Katherine of Aragon
　　e. stone crosses in Ampthill Park
　　A. a-b-c-d-e　　 B. d-b-c-e-a　　 C. a-d-b-c-e　　 D. b-a-e-c-d
5. What is the subject discussed in the text?
　　A. An exciting historical event.　　　　 B. A modern treasure hunt.
　　C. The attraction of Masquerade.　　　　 D. The importance of logical thinking.
　　1.D 最重要的线索为them之前的动词mislead，由其语义可以断定，其后为“人”而非“物”，答案为readers (of…)
　　2.C 循序查找另外三个与故事相关的线索，体会本文作者描述幸运读者Ken Roberts寻宝过程时的语气变化：其中，第二段第3句为His success came from the fact that he had gained an important clue at the start…而后联系到“One of Six to Eight”——也就是Katherine of Aragon。
　　3.B In her honor是回答本题的关键信息，指的就是to show respect for Henry VIII’s first wife
　　4.C 首先比较A、B、C、D四个选项中排序的异同，确认开头两项为ab，db，还是ba。从短文中确认a在前；缩小范围看第二步，比较b，d，应该是d；至此答案已明：a-d…
　　5.B 通观全文，开头点题后，通篇在谈作家Kit Williams为其作品Masquerade设计了一项寻宝的活动，读者Ken Roberts如何追根溯源，获得成功。
(2)
　　A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle；it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
　　“Having a party at home usually requires a lot of running around on the part of the parents, and often the birthday boy or girl gets lost in wild excitement. But it really doesn’t have to be that way,” said Anaclerio. Last summer, Anaclerio and her friend Jill Carlisle, a Northbrook mother of a 2-year-old, founded a home party-planning business called “A Party in a Basket.” Their goal is to help parents and children share in the fun part of party planning, like choosing the subject or making a cake, while they take care of everything.
　　Drawing on their experiences as mothers, they have created（制作）10 ready-to-use, home party packages. Everything a family needs to plan a party, except the cake and ice cream, is delivered to the home in a large basket.
　　“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, “and they’re very interactive（互动）and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject. For example, at the Soda Shoppe party the guests become waiters and waitresses and build wonderful ice cream creations.”
　　The standard $ 200 package for eight children includes a basket filled with invitations, gifts, games and prizes, paper goods, a party planner and the like. For more information, call Anaclerio at 708-864-6584 or Carlisle at 708-205-9141.
1. The main purpose of writing this text is ________.
　　A. to share information about party planning　　　　
　　B. to introduce the joys of a birthday party
　　C. to announce a business plan
　　D. to sell a service
　　2. The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that______.
　　A. it brings parents and children closer together
　　B. guests play a part in the preparation of a party
　　C. parents are spared the trouble of sending invitations
　　D. it provides a subject of conversation
3. What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?
　　A. a party designed by specialists
　　B. a plan requiring careful thought
　　C. a situation causing difficulty of trouble
　　D. a demand made by guests
　　1.D 本题考查考生对作者写作意图的理解与判断能力。具体为对所读材料体裁的把握。短文中有多处线索可以提示，尤其在结尾段里：The standard $ 200 package（可谓“套餐”）for… includes… For more information, call… at…既有服务内容，又有价格、联系电话，这样的口吻显然是在sell a service
（选项D）。
　　2.A Their goal is to help parents and children share in the fun part of party planning,…；share在此意为to have (fun) together。因此本项party planning服务的最重要意义在于bring parents and children closer together。
　　3.C 开头也有having a party at home通常给人带来的辛苦：usually requires a lot of running…两下形成对照。hassle即为通常人们在举办party时会遇上的情况，也就是a situation causing difficulty or trouble。
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