人教版 高二 unit 7 Living with disease 教材指导
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第七单元 患病的生活
【Part 1 Background Knowledge 背景知识】
目前全球艾滋病病毒感染者总数为4200多万人，我国艾滋病病毒感染人数已达100万人。触目惊心的数据表明，艾滋病的确已成“世纪之痛”。联合国第15个“世界艾滋病日”提出了“相互关爱，共享生命”(live and let live)的主题。但只有了解有关艾滋病的知识，有效地防治艾滋病，才能享受健康快乐的人性。
The origin and spread of AIDS
Many scientists think, the virus which causes AIDS did jump from the African Green Monkey. While it is difficult to determine precisely when and where the first case of Aids or HIV infection occurred in Africa, retrospective(追溯的) studies on the frequency of certain clinical diseases as sentinel markers of AIDS indicate that there was a marked increase in cases in Africa during the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Africa in the late 1970’s was a continent in social transition. Because of poverty in of the countryside and the growth of cities in the country at the same time, there was large shift in populations, which caused the fast spread of the disease once it had arrived in the bloodstream of the first human being. Some of the very“earliest”cases of a disease, which became known in 1981 as AIDS, were occurring in central Africa in the “AIDS Belt” of Uganda, Rwanda, Zaire(扎伊尔) and Tanzania.
The most agreed-upon(一致同意的) date as to the identity of“Patient O”in West is June 5, 1981. It was on that date that the Mortality(死亡率) and Morbidity(发病率) Weekly Report, published by the United States Government Health Statistics Branch of the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, first published the identity of a disease in which “the possibility of a cellular-immune(细胞免疫的) dysfunction(机能障碍) related to a common exposure” was printed. The disease came to be known within a few months as AIDS.
AIDS is truly a disease of modern times. Some say that it made its appearance at this time in history mainly because the world has become so much smaller due to transportation and the migration of people from one place to another. That proposal has a lot of truth to it. Especially in developing countries, great numbers of people are forced to travel from their simple rural lives to the great cities where alcohol, drugs, and prostitution(卖淫) cause epidemics(流行) of certain illnesses, most particularly, AIDS.
许多科学家认为，导致艾滋病的病毒来自非洲的青猴。虽然很难确切地断定第一例艾滋病或HIV感染者发生在非洲的何时何地，但是，从以往对带有艾滋病症状的某些临床疾病发生频率的研究来看，表明这类病例在20世纪70年代未、80年代初在非洲有明显的增长。20世纪70年代后期的非洲是一个处于社会转变中的大陆，由于农村的贫困和大城市的发展同时出现，引起了人口的大规模流动。这种社会现状，只要有一个人血液中有这种病毒，就会导致这种疾病的传播。到1981年才为人所共知的艾滋病，其“最早”的一些病例，已早在中非地区的乌干达、卢旺达、扎伊尔和坦桑尼亚构成的“艾滋病带”出现。
大多数人都同意，在西方发现“一号病人”的日期应定在1981年6月5日。那一天，在佐治亚州亚特兰大市，由美国政府卫生统计机构疾病控制中心出版的死亡率与发病率周报，第一次报道了一种“可能与普遍接触有关的细胞免疫功能紊乱”的疾病。几个月后，这种疾病被称作艾滋病。
艾滋病的确是一种现代社会的疾病。一些人说，它在历史的这一时期出现，主要是由于交通的发展和人们从一个地方迁移到另一个地方，从而使世界变小了。这种说法颇有些道理。特别是在发展中国家，很多人被迫从生活单纯的农村迁住大城市，而在大城市里，酗酒、吸毒和卖淫造成了某些疾病的流行，其中最严重的一个就是艾滋病。
Ways one catches AIDS
First of all, let’s review the ways in which you cannot acquire the Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) which causes AIDS. You cannot acquire HIV through the normal everyday activity which every one of us does throughout our lives. All the stories about people who“catch” AIDS from toilet seats, mosquito bites, bedbugs, doorknobs, swimming pools, shaking hands, eating in restaurants, kissing, and even caring for an AIDS patient are all untrue! None of these routes for the spread of AIDS has ever been proven beyond the shadow of a doubt.
We must state completely and definitely that HIV infection comes from four, and only four sources. They are:
1.Sexual intercourse with an infected person ；
2.Sharing or reusing contaminated(感染的)needles；
3.Transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products；
4.From pregnancy(妊娠), childbirth, and possibly breastfeeding(哺乳)from an infected mother.
首先，让我们看看哪些途径不会使你感染上导致艾滋病的HIV病毒。我们每一个人一生中每天从事的正常活动是不会传染这种病毒的。那些关于人们通过便桶、蚊子叮咬、臭虫、门把手、游泳池、握手、餐馆用餐、接吻甚至护理艾滋病患者而“感染上”艾滋病的说法统统是不真实的。通过以上任何一种途径传染艾滋病的观点从未得到过证实，而仅仅是一种疑虑。
我们必须毫不含糊地断言，HIV感染来自4种途径，而且只有4种途径。它们是：
1.与被感染的人进行性行为。
2.共用或重复使用已经被感染的针头。
3.输入被感染的血浆或血浆制品。
4.通过妊娠、生育，也可以通过感染病毒的母亲的母乳喂养。

【Part 2 Key Language Points 重点难题】
1．deadly和dead
▲deadly在本课中是形容词，意为“致命的”“致死的”，如a deadly blow致命的一击，a deadly weapon致死的武器，a deadly enemy不共戴天的敌人等，请阅读下列句子。
(1)Cancer is a deadly disease.癌症是一种致命的疾病。
(2)People there soon came to regard the white settlers as their deadly enemy.
那儿的人们很快就把白人定居者看作他们的死敌。
(3)This is a deadly poison. Keep it out of the reach of the children.
这是一种致命的毒药。把它放在孩子够不到的地方。
▲deadly还有“极度的”“彻底的”之意。如：
(4)They sat in deadly silence.他们在死寂中静坐。
(5)She hit the target with deadly accuracy.
她以高度的准确性射中了靶子。
(6)He argued with deadly logic.
他以极严密的逻辑争辨。
▲deadly还有“似死一般的”之意，但只作定语，如：a deadly appearance死人般的模样。
(7)His face had a deadly paleness after the accident.
事故发生以后，他的脸死一般苍白。
▲deadly在口语中还有“极枯燥的”意思。如：
(8)The maths classes are pretty deadly.数学课枯燥极了。
(9)“How was the party?”“Pretty deadly.”
“那次聚会怎么样？”“非常枯燥。”
▲dead是形容词，表示“死了的”。如：
(10)He was shot dead in a gun fight.
他在一次枪战中被打死了。
(11)Her granny has been dead for two years.
她奶奶死了两年了。
▲dead可引申为“麻木的”“无法感觉或理解的”之意。如：
(12)My hands feel dead with cold.
我的手冻得麻木了。
(13)My dead fingers could not untie the knot.
我的手指麻木了，解不开那结。
(14)She is dead to love.她对爱麻木不仁。
▲在口语中，dead可作“筋疲力尽的”解释。如：
(15)I don’t know what’s wrong today. I’m absolutely dead.
今天我不知道是怎么回事，累死了。
2． 从imagine看imaginary和imaginative
▲imagine是动词，其主要意思是“想象”“设想”，后面可以跟名词、代词、动名词、复合结构和从句。如：
(1)Try to imagine the desert on a very hot day.
试着设想一下大热天沙漠的情况。
(2)Can you imagine life on the moom?
你能想象在月球上生活的情况吗？
(3)We had not imagined it to be so difficult.
我们没料到此事如此之难。
(4)I can’t imagine who on earth would do such a thing.
我想象不出，究竟是什么人会做出这样的事来。
(5)The boy likes to imagine himself a flyer.
那男孩喜欢想象自己是个飞行员。
(6)I can’t imagine lying like that. I would go crazy.
我不能想象我老这样躺着，我会发疯的。
▲imaginary是形容词，意思是“幻想出来的”。如：
(7)This story is not real, it is only imaginary.
这个故事不是真实的，是虚构的。
(8)All the characters in the play are imaginary.
剧中所有人物都是虚构的。
(9)Ghosts are imaginary.幽灵是想象出来的。
▲imaginative也是形容词，但其意思与imaginary不同，作“富于想象力的”或“富有创意的”“有独创性的”解释。如：
(10)She is one of the imaginative students of the class.
她是班上富有想象力的学生之一。
(11)The imaginative child made up fairy stories.
这个富有想象力的孩子能编神话故事。
(12)All imaginative creation is a reflection of the real world.
所有表现出想象力的创作都是现实世界的反映。
3． Infect—词的用法
infect动词，意为“传染”“感染”，常与介词with连用。如：
(1)She must have infected me with her bad cold.
她一定把重感冒传染给了我。
(2)The wound has become infected with disease germs.
伤口已被病菌感染。
(3)People with the virus may feel perfectly well, but they can still infect others.
带病毒的人可能自我感觉很好，但他们可能传染给别人。
(4)It was only a small cut, but it became infected with germs.
这只是一个小伤口，但已被病菌感染。
▲infect可引申为“影响”。如：
(5)One bad boy may infect the whole class.
一个坏男孩会影响整个班。
(6)Lucy’s enthusiasm soom infected the rest of the class.
露西的热情很快影响到班上的其他人。
▲注意infect与inject只相差一个字母，很容易看错，但意思完全不同，inject意为“注射”，常与介词with或into连用。如：
(7)They were injected with antibiotics.他们被注射抗生素。
(8)The drug is injected directly into the spine.
药直接被注射进脊柱。
▲inject可引申为“投入”“引入”之意。如：
(9)Large sums of money are injected each year into teaching.
每年教育事业都投入巨额资金。
(10)They hoped that the adoption of a child would inject new life to their marriage.
他们希望收养一个孩子会给他们的婚姻注入新生命。
4．via的用法
via意为“途经(某处)”“经由”，是介词。如：
(1)He went to New York via Rome.他经由罗马到纽约。
(2)We flew to Athens via Paris.我们经巴黎飞至雅典。
▲via亦可作“凭借”“通过某人”解释。如：
(3)The news reached me via my aunt.
消息是通过我姑妈传到我这里的。
(4)I sent a message to Alice via her sister.
我通艾丽丝的姐姐把信息传给她。
(5)Now we can send and receive television pictures vis satellite.
现在我们可以通过卫星发射和接收电视图像。
5．break down的用法
break down此处作“摧毁”“打破”解释。如：
(1)We had broken down the resistance of the enemy.
我们已经打垮了敌人的反抗。
(2)The police tried to break down the prisoner’s opposition.
警察试图阻止囚犯的反抗。
(3)Firemen had to break down the wall to save the child.
为了救孩子消防队员不得不把墙推倒。
▲break down可作“坏掉”解释，通常指机器等。如：
(4)Then the car I was in broke down.
这时，我乘坐的汽车坏了。
(5)The machine will break down if you don’t take care of it .
如果你不注意爱护，这机器会坏的。
(6)The washing machine seems to have broken down again.
洗衣机好像又坏了。
(7)When the pumps broke down, they would repair them for us.
水泵坏了，他们就帮我们修。
▲break down还有“垮下来”“(精神)支持不住了”“（感情）失去控制”之意。如：
(8)He has completely broke down in health.
他的身体完全垮了。
(9)Mary broke bown tearfully when she was told the death of her husband.
玛丽听到她丈夫的死讯时痛哭流涕。
(10)The plan has broken down.
计划失败了。
(11)Telephone communication with other cities has broken down.
和其他城市的电话联系中断了。
(12)She suddenly broke down in the middle of the song.
歌曲唱到一半她突然唱不下去了。
6．动词manage的用法
▲manage表示“设法终于完成了一件困难的事”，相当于succeed in doing sth,但manage后跟动词不定式。如：
(1)I managed to get what I wanted.
我设法得到了我要的东西。
(2)He managed to get the work done with very little help.
他在几乎没有帮助的情况下终于完成了工作。
(3)We managed to get there in time.
我们设法按时到了那里。
(4)He managed to escape to South Africa.
他设法逃到了南非。
▲有时manage后可跟名词或代词作宾语。如：
(5)If you are to get away, I can manage the money.
你如果要离开，钱我可以想办法。
(6)I can’t manage two weeks’ holiday this year, only one.
今年我得不到两周的假期，只有一周。
(7)Can you manage all that work alone?
所有这些工作你一个人干得了吗？
(8)Without your help, we would not have managed it.
要不是你们帮忙，我们是干不成的。
▲manage也可以后面不跟什么。如：
(9)Don’t worry. We’ll manage somehow.
别着急，我们总会有办法的。
(10)I have a good deal of work to do at present, more than I can manage.
这会儿我工作很多，简直干不过来了。
(11)Many people wonderd how they managed under such difficult conditions.
很多人不理解在这样困难的条件下他们是怎么坚持下来的。
▲manage可以作“管理”“经营”“对付”解释。如：
(12)He manages a large business for his mother.
他替他妈妈管理一家大买卖。
(13)World affairs should be managed by all countries in the world.
世界大事应由世界各国来管。
(14)She managed the house house very well.
她把家管得很好。
【注】manage和try都有“设法做”“努力做”之意，但两者的意思不同，manage to do sth.,是指经过努力把事情办成了，而try to do sth.虽然也有“努力做”之意，但不表示结果如何。试比较下列句子：
(15)He managed to finish the work in time.
他设法按时完成了他的工作。
(16)He tried to finish the work in time but failed .
他尽力按时完成工作，但失败了。
(17)Jim had a lot of homework ,but he managed to finish it before bedtime.
吉姆有许多家庭作业，但他终于在睡觉之前做完了。(能否完成，不得而知)
（18）Jim had a lot of homework, but he said he would try to finish it before bedtime.
吉姆有许多家庭作业，但他说他将设法在睡觉之前完成。（能否完成不得而知）
7．动词survive的用法
▲survive意为“幸存”“从……中逃出”，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。如：
(1)The house survived the storm.
暴风雨后这所房子没有倒塌。
(2)Fishes are known to survive conditions well below freezing point.
人们知道在冰点以下好多度鱼仍能生存。
(3)No ship could long survive in such a storm.
在这样的风暴中没有一艘船能长时间坚持下去。
(4)A lot of eighteenth century houses survived in the city.
这座城市中还保留着许多十八世纪的房子。
▲survive有“比……活得长”之意，作此解释时，是及物动词，必须跟宾语。如：
(5)His wife survived him by two years.
他妻子比他多活了两年。
(6)I hope I shall never survive my usefulness.
我希望不要活成无用的人。
(7)He has been survived by his wife and three children.
他死后留下了妻子和三个孩子。
(8)She survived her own daughter by ten years.
她比自己的亲生女儿还多活了十年。
8.比较alive, living, lively
▲alive是形容词，但无比交级，意为“活着的”“在世的”，只能作表语或宾语补足语，不能作前置定语，但可以作后置定语。如：
(1)Queen Victoria was still alive in 1900.
在一九OO年维多利亚女王仍在世。
(2)More than 10,000 people were buried alive during the earthquake.
地震中一万多人被活埋。
(3)He is the best man alive.
他是活着的最好的人
(4)It was a really bad accident—but they are lucky to alive.
这真是一起严重的事故——但他们都很幸运地活下来了。
▲alive还有“精力旺盛的”“充满活力的”之意。如：
(5)Though father is retired, he is still very much alive.
父亲虽已退休，但他仍充满活力。
▲alive亦可表示“（传统，习俗，机构）仍然存在着”的意思。如：
(6)It was your way of keeping your marriage alive.
这是你保持婚姻不崩溃的办法。
(7)Ancient traditions are still very much alive in rural areas.
传统的习俗在农村地区仍很流行。
▲living也是形容词，意思是“活着的”“有生命的”“现存的”，通常作前置定语和表语。如：
(8)Animals and plants are both living things.
动物和植物都是生物。
(9)Living things are made up of cells.
生物由细胞构成。
(10)He is the best living pianist.
他是健在的最佳钢琴家。
(11)My teacher is still living.
我的老师还活着。
▲living可作“逼真的”“酷似的”“惟妙惟肖的”解释。如：
(12)The boy is the living image of his father.
这男孩长得酷似他的父亲。
▲lively也是形容词，但作“快活的”“愉快的”“生气勃勃的”解释。如：
(13)We had a lively discussion about the question.
我们对这个问题进行了热烈的讨论。
(14)He may be eighty, but he is still lively.
他虽已近八十高龄，但仍充满活力。
(15)The girl has a lively imagination.
这女孩想象力丰富。
▲lively还可作“鲜艳的”“强烈的”“浓厚的”解释。如：
(16)What lively colours!
多么鲜艳的色彩啊！
(17)She had a lively sense of humour.
她有很强的幽默感。
9． 动词contract的用法
▲动词contract在本课中作“染有（坏习惯等）”“染上（疾病）”“负债”解释。如：
(1)He contracted an awful stomach complaint while he was travelling.
他旅游时患了严重的胃病。
(2)He contracted huge debts by buying luxuries he could not afford.
他因购买买不起的奢侈品而债台高筑。
▲contract可作“订合同”“订契约”解释，表示“与……订合同”用介词with，表示“订了……合同”，用介词for。如：
(3)The city council has contracted with White Company for the new library.
市政会已与怀特公司立约，由其承建这座新图书馆。
(4)The builders have contracted for three new bridges this year.
建设者立约承建三座新桥。
▲contract的原意是“收缩”“缩小”。如：
(5)Iron contracts as it gets cooler.
铁冷却时收缩。
(6)Our business has contracted a lot recently.
我们的买卖最近萎缩了不少。
10．wish后接宾语的用法
▲wish后可跟动词不定式，wish在这种结构中相当于want，在口语或非正式文件中want更常用。如：
(1)I wish to see your manager, please.
对不起，我要见你们的经理。
【注】在非正式用语中多用I want to see your manager或I’d like to see your manager.
(2)I wish the manager to be informed at once.
我希望立即通知经理。
【注】非正式用语中多用I want the manager to be informed at once.
(3)I don’t wish to be disturbed in my work.
我工作时不愿受到打扰。
(4)Your know I wish you to be happy, don’t you?
你知道我希望你快乐，是吧？
▲wish后可跟带形容词的复合结构，即形容词作宾语补足语。如：
(5)I wish him safe at home.
我希望他在家平家。
(6)He didn’t wish it mentioned.
他不希望此事被提及。
▲wish后可跟宾语从句，从句谓语多由would, could+动词原形构成。
(7)I wish I could be of some use.
我希望我能有些用处。
(8)I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more.
我希望你别再抽烟。
(9)I wish you would be more respectful to your father.
我希望你对你父亲更尊重一些。
▲wish后可表示“但愿”“希望”，表示与事实相反的情况，希望事物与其现状不一样，如本课中的I wish she were here with me and that we weren’t sick.由于与事实不一致，故从句中的谓语动词与陈述语气不同，而用虚拟语气。具体用法是：若表示与现在事实相反，从句动词用过去式，其中be动词不管主语人称和数是什么，一律用were；若表示与过去事实相反，则从句动词用过去完成时。如：
(10)I wish I were handsome.
我希望我长得帅。
(11)I wish I hadn’t said that.
但愿我没说过那样的话。
(12)He wished Ruth was (were) there to share in his joy.
他希望鲁思在那里分享他的快乐。
(13)He wished he hadn’t done that.
他希望他没那样做。
(14)How I wish it wasn’t raining!
现在要不下雨多好！
(15)I wished I hadn’t been so forgetful. Then I shouldn’t have missed the talk.
我要不是这样忘事该多好，那我就不会错过听报告了。
▲wish还可以用作名词，表示“愿望”或“意愿”。如：
(16)All my wishes came true.
我的一切愿望都实现了。
(17)He tried to satisfy her every wish.
他没法满足她的每一个愿望。
(18)Jane expressed a wish to earn her own living.
珍妮表示要自食其力。
▲wish可表示祝愿，一般用复数形式。如：
(19)Please accept our sincere wishes.
请接受我们诚挚的祝愿。
(20)Mary sends you her best wishes for a Happy New Year.
玛丽祝你新年快乐。
▲wish作名词用时，其后的名词性从句也应用虚拟语气形式。如：
(21)His last wish was that be could see his grandchildren again.
他临终的愿望是能再见上孙儿们一面。
11．lack一词的用法
lack在本课中作名词用，为不可数名词，后面常跟介词of。如：
(1)Lack of rest made him tired.
缺乏休息使他疲劳。
(2)I’ve got dark rings under my eyes from lack of sleep.
我睡眠不足，眼眶都发黑了。
(3)Lack of proper funding is making our job more difficult.
资金短缺使我们的工作更加困难。
(4)The plants died for lack of water.
这些植物因缺水而枯死。
(5)There was no lack of school to choose from.
可供挑选的学校不少。
(6)Lack of vitamin B can cause a lot of diseases.
缺少维生素B能导致很多疾病。
▲Lack也可以作动词用，意为“缺乏”“缺少”“没有”，后接sth.或sb.或用be lacking(in)或用作不及物动词。如：
(7)I lack words with which to express my thanks.
我找不到话来表达我的谢意。
(8)He is lacking in courage.
他缺乏勇气。
(9)What you lack is perseverance.
他所缺少的是毅力。
(10)They lacked a clear understanding of the problems.
他们对这问题缺乏清楚的认识。
(11)Since she is young, she is lacking in experience.
由于年轻，她缺乏经验。
(12)Nothing is lacking but the will.
什么都不缺，就缺意志。
▲lack of意为“缺乏”“缺少”，常用于否定式，并无被动语态。如：
(13)I’ll see that you lack for nothing while you attend college.
你上大学时我会保证你的一切需要的。
(14)He will not lack for advisers.
给他出谋划策的人不会少。
(15)They have got everything ready and they lack for nothing.
他们一切都准备好了，什么也不缺。
12. The drugs that are available are much too expensive.能弄到的药太贵。
▲在形容词或副词的比较级前，在too,more或less前，不能用very来修饰，而应该用much或far（在too little前很少用much）。如：
(1)You are much/far too nice.
你实在是太好了。
(2)I paid much more than I should.
我付的钱比我该付的多得多。
(3)There’s far too little opportunity for adventure these days.
如今冒险的机会太少了。
(4)This pair of shoes is much too big for me.
这双鞋无穿着太大。
(5)This is much too difficult.
这太难了。
【注】much too用来修饰形容词或副词，而too much for意为“太难”“很不合适”“受不了”。如：
(6)Climbing the smallest hill is too much for her since her illness.
自从她生了一场病以后，最小的山她也爬不动。
(7)This maths problem is too much for a junior school student.
这道数学题对一个初中生来说太难了。
13. cheer up的用法
cheer up(使)高兴起来。如：
(1)He cheered up at once when I promised to help him.
我一答应帮忙，他立即高兴起来。
(2)Cheer up! Things are not as bad as they seem.
乐观一点！事情并不像看上去的那样糟。
(3)We have to work harder at cheering up the patients.
我们更要努力些，使病人们振作起来。
(4)Cheer up, perhaps we’ll win the next game.
打起精神来，也许我们会赢下一场比赛。
▲cheer是动词，意为“鼓舞”“给予信心”。如：
(5)It cheered the old woman to have her young neighbour visit her.
老太太的年轻邻居来访，使她感到高兴。
(6)He was cheered by the hope that he might see his mother soon.
想到有可能很快见到母亲，他感到高兴。
(7)The news cheered everyone of us.
这消息使我们人人都高兴。
▲cheer也可作“为……欢呼”“喝彩”解释。如：
(8)The boys cheered their football team.
男孩子们向他们的足球队高呼加油。
(9)The audience cheered him as he walked on stage.
当他走上台时，观众向他欢呼。
(10)Everyone cheered the news that the war was over.
每个人都为战争结束的消息欢欣鼓舞。
▲cheer也可作名词用，是可数名词，意为“赞扬声”“鼓励声”。如：
(11)Let’s give him three cheers.
让我们来为他欢呼三遍。
(12)Her performance drew cheers.
她的表演赢得一片喝彩声。
▲cheer作不可数名词用时，意为“欢乐感”“振奋的情绪”。如：
(13)The boy was moved by the words of cheer.
鼓舞人心的话令这个男孩感动。
(14)There’s a general feeling of cheer as the holiday season nears.
随着假期临近，洋溢着一片欢乐的气氛。
14．persuade一词的用法
persuade sb. to do sth.说服某人做某事。如：
(1)Try to persuade him to let us go with him.
尽量说服他让我们和他一起去。
(2)I wish you could persuade her to think so.
但愿你能说服她去这样想。
(3)At last they succeeded in persuading him to go home.
最后他们总算把他劝回家了。
(4)Who persuaded you to join this organization?
谁劝你参加这个组织的？
▲表示“说服某人做某事”还可以说persuade sb. into(doing) sth.如：
(5)How can we persuade them into accepting our views?
我们怎么能说服他们接受我们的看法呢？
(6)He is the sort of man that could be persuaded into anything.
他是那种可以被哄着干任何事的人。
(7)Don’t let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don’t really want.
不要听信别人的劝说去买你并不真想要的东西。
(8)Can you persuade your father into lending us the car?
你能说服你的父亲把汽车借给我们吗？
▲表示“说服某人不要做某事”，即可以说persuade sb. not to do sth.也可以说persuade sb. out of(doing) sth.如：
(9)None of us could persuade him out of lending his money to that untrustworthy man.
我们谁都不能说服他不要借钱给那个不可靠的人。
(10)Can you persuade her out of her foolish plan?
你能说服她放弃她的愚蠢的计划吗？
【注】persuade的意思是“说服”“劝说好”，如果要表示“想要说服”或“劝说不一定成功时”，用try或want to persuade。如：
(11)They tried to persuade us not to give up the plan.
他们劝我们不要放弃这个计划。
▲persuade还可作“使相信”解释，这时persuade与介词of连用，即persuade sb. of sth.，使某人相信某事，或persuade后跟宾语从句。如：
(12)He almost persuaded me of his honesty.
他几乎使我相信他的诚实。
(13)We are persuaded of the young man’s ability.
我们相信那个年轻人的能力。
(14)She persuaded us that she was telling the truth.
她使我们相信她说的是实话。
(15)They would be persuaded that he had done right.
他们会相信他做得是对的。
15．Find和find out
▲find可用来表示“找到”“认为”“觉得”。如：
(1)I looked for my watch this morning, but didn’t find it.
今天上午我找手表，但没有找到。
(2)I find the story very interesting.
我觉得这个故事很有趣。
(3)How do you find the TV play?
你觉得那部电视剧怎么样？
(4)There are questions to which we shall not find easy answers.
有些问题我们找不到容易的答案。
(5)I do not know how you find the time to do all that reading.
我真不知道你怎么会有时间读那么多的书。
【注】例句(2)中的find相当于think或feel，作“觉得”或“认为”解释，find作此解释时，后面一般接宾语+宾语补足语的结构。如例句(2)中的形容词interesting是story的补足语，例句(3)中的how是TV play的补足语。
▲find out指经过调查、询问、打听才发现事情的真相。
(6)I’ll try my best to find out who killed her.
我要尽力查出是谁杀了她。
(7)He wrote to find out about a job in Alaska.
他写信去阿拉斯加了解一份工作的情况。
(8)She found out how much the house would cost.
她打听这房子要卖多少钱。
(9)I found out from him that he knew the subject thoroughly.
我从他那里了解到他对这些学科很有研究。
(10)I won’t tell you—you must find out for yourself.
我不告诉你，你得去自己打听。
(11)I’ll call her up and find out.
我将给她打电话了解一下。
【注】find作“发现”解释时与discover同义，只是discover比较文气一点。如：
(12)We’ve found oil under the North Sea.
我们在北海海底发现了石油。
(13)Columbus discovered America in 1492.
哥伦布于1492年发现美洲大陆。
(14)We have found a new long poem of Blake’s.
我们发现了布莱克的一首新的长诗。
(15)William Roentgen discovered X-rays.
威廉•伦琴发现了X射线。
(16)This precious mineral is found in many provinces.
这种贵重的矿物在许多省都有发现。
(17)We soon discovered the truth.
我们很快弄清了真相。
【注】find out也可以表示“发现”，但多指坏事，后面也可以跟名词、代词或从句，也可以不跟宾语。如：
(18)Mary was angry when Jane found out her secrets.
简发现她的秘密后玛丽很生气。
(19)I’m finding out that they are all wrong.
我发现他们全错了。
(20)He is sure to find it out some time.
什么时候他一定会发现此事。
(21)You must stop their finding out.
你一定要阻止他们发现。
16．destroy和damage
▲destroy意为“摧毁”“毁坏”“破坏”。如：
(1)They have destroyed all the evidence.
他们毁坏了所有的证据。
(2)The enemy destroyed the city by bombing.
敌人炸毁了这个城市。
(3)The heavy storms destroyed a good part of our crops.
几场暴风雨把大部分庄稼都毁坏了。
(4)He worked out methods to destroy bacteria on the seeds.
他研究出了消灭种子上细菌的方法。
(5)The forest was destroyed by fire.
森林被大火烧毁。
【注】destroy所指的毁坏是全部毁坏，彻底毁坏，也就是不能恢复，或不再存在，可用于人或事物，而damage所称的“损坏”，是指部分地破坏。如：
(6)Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness.
由于病了好久，她的心脏稍有损伤。
(7)The fire damaged our house.
这场火烧坏了我们的房子。(比较：若用destroy，则表示烧毁，不能修复)
(8)Taylor felt her reputation had been damaged by the newspaper article.
泰勒感到报上的文章损害了她的名声。
【注】destroy所指的毁坏，是指对物质等东西的毁坏，对于名誉等抽象的东西，则不适用。另外，damage还可以作名词用，而destroy只能作动词。
(9)Was there much damage to the car?
汽车损坏得严重吗？
(10)Don’t you realize the damage these chemicals are doing to our environment?
你难道没有意识到这些化学产品给我们的环境带来了损害吗？
(11)The court awarded her $ 100,000 in damages.
法院判给她赔偿金十万元。
【注】damage的复数形式表示法律上的赔偿金。
17.recover一词的用法
▲recover此处作“恢复健康”解释，即get better after an illness, accident, shock etc.如：
(1)After a few days of fever, he began to recover.
发烧几天以后，他开始恢复。
(2)The athlete soon recovered his breath after the final dash.
这位运动员最后冲刺之后很快就呼吸正常了。
(3)Don’t go back to work until you have fully recovered.
等你痊愈之后再去上班。
(4)The country had not recovered from the effects of the war yet.
这个国家还没有从战争的创争的创伤中恢复过来。
(5)It’s going to be some time before I recover my full strength.
还要一些时间我才能完全恢复体力。
【注】recover可以作及物动词，如例句(2)(5),也可以作不及物动词，如例句(1)(3)，也可以跟介词from，如例句(4)。
▲recover还有“收复”“收回”“补上”之意。如：
(6)The police helped them to recover their stolen jewellery.
警察帮助他们把被窃的珠宝找回来了。
(7)We worked hard to recover lost time.
我们努力工作以弥补损失的时间。
(8)The boy recovered his football from the neighbour’s lawn.
男孩从邻居的草坪上找回了足球。
▲recover亦可作“镇静下来”“恢复原样”解释，作此解时，recover与反身代词连用。如：
(9)She made a great effort to recover herself.
她极力使自己镇定下来。
(10)She soon recovered herself and stopped crying.
不一会儿，她冷静下来，不再哭了。
(11)He almost fell, but recovered himself in time.
他几乎跌倒，但很快又站稳了。
18. keep sb. from doing sth.与keep sb. doing sth.
▲这两个词组意思正好相反，前者意为“使某人不做某事”；后者是“使某人做某事”，试比较下列例句。
(1)He kept me waiting for a long time.
他让我等了很久。
(2)We must do something to keep the roof from falling.
我们得想个办法使房顶不致于塌下来。
(3)I was very ill, but the medicine he gave me kept me going.
我病得很厉害，但是他给的药使我坚持下来。
(4)They wanted to keep him from mixing with other children immediately.
他们想让他暂时别和其他孩子待在一块儿。
(5)We’d better keep the fire burning.
最好让炉火继续烧下去。
(6)We must keep them from getting to know our plans.
一定不要让他们知道我们的计划。
19. on the contrary和on the other hand
▲on the contrary意为“相反”，表示下边的陈述与刚谈过的事正好相反，而on the other hand意为“另一方面”，主要用来给一个陈述补充新的、不同的事实，请看下面例句：
(1)“Didn’t you find the film exciting?”“On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half way through it.”
“你不觉得这部影片精彩吗？”“正相反，我看了一半就几乎睡着了。”
(2)“I know this job of mine isn’t much, but on the other hand I don’t feel tied down.”
“我知道这工作不怎的，不过，另一方面，我觉得没有被拴住。”
(3)“He’s no use at all.”“On the contrary, I have found him a great deal of use.”
“他一点没用。”“相反，我发现他很有用。”
(4)I admire his gifts, but on the other hand, I distrust his judgement.
我钦佩他的天赋，而另一方面我又不相信他的判断。
▲contrary是名词，意为“相反”，单独使用时与opposite同义。如：
(5)Cruelty is the contrary of kindness.
残酷和善良正相反。
(6)“High”is the opposite(contrary)of“low”.
“高”是与“低”相反的词。
(7)You are nice; he is just the opposite.
你很好；他恰恰相反。
(8)They say he is guilty, but I believe the contrary.
他们说他有罪，但我相信不是这样。
20．for the moment, for a moment, at the moment和in a moment
▲for the moment作“暂时”“目前”解释。如：
(1)Stop discussing for the moment, please.
请暂停讨论。
(2)Filled for the moment with extra ordinary strength, he raised himself completely.
他一下子使出了非凡的力气，使自己完全站了起来。
(3)We have to stay in the inn for the moment as the hotels around are full.
由于周围的旅馆都已满了，我们暂时只能待在小客栈里。
▲for a moment意为“片刻”“一会儿”。如：
(4)For a moment I thought of playing truant.
我一时起了逃学的念头。
(5)I’d like to speak to you for a moment.
我想和你谈一会。
(6)I had to think for a moment before I remembered his name.
我想了一会儿才记起他的名字。
▲at the moment,用于现在时中，意为“此刻”；用于过去时中，意为“那时”。如：
(7)I’m busy at the moment.
我此刻很忙。
(8)Our manager is having an interview with a newspaper reporter at the moment.
我们经理此刻正在接受记者来访。
(9)At the moment, he was busy preparing his lessons.
那时，他正忙于准备功课。
(10)My parents are getting in the wheat at the moment.
我父母亲正在收割小麦。
(11)At the moment, Tom was playing hide-and-seek with other boys.
当时，汤姆正与其他孩子玩捉迷藏。
▲in a moment意为“立即”“立刻”。如：
(12)You go first. I’ll come in a moment.
你先走，我马上就来。
(13)It was done in a moment.
一会儿就完成了。
(14)Don’t go away, the bus will start in a moment.
别走开，汽车马上就要开了。
21. free from/of的用法
free from/of意为“不受……的影响”。如：
(1)The old lady is never free from pain.
那位老太太从未摆脱过病痛。
(2)She was free from all blame for the accident.
那次事故完全不能怪她。
(3)He was not free from dismissal if he refused to obey.
如果他不服从，他就不得不被免职。
(4)It was once a beautiful city free from pollution.
过去这是一个美丽的没有污染的城市。
▲free的原意是“自由的”“无拘无束的”。如：
(5)She felt free when she left home and moved to the city.
她离开家来到城市后感到无拘无束。
(6)The prisoner will be set free next week.
那个囚犯在下周释放。
▲free还有“空闲的”“未被利用的”之意。如：
(7)“Is this seat free?”“Yes, no one is using it.”
“这座位是空的吗？”“是的，没人坐。”
(8)She picked it up with her free hand.
她用空着的一只手把它捡起来。
(9)The doctor will be free in ten minutes, cay you wait that long?
医生十分钟后有空，你能等一下吗？
▲free还可解释为“免费的”。如：
(10)“Are the drinks free?”“No, you have to pay for them.”
“这些饮料是不是免费的？”“不，你必须付钱。”
(11)This is a free ticket for the concert.
这是一张免费的音乐会入场券。
(12)Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a small plastic toy.
购买这份早餐食物的人都可得到一件免费的塑料玩具。
▲free还可作副词用，意为“自由地”“免费地”“松动地”。如：
(13)Don’t let the dog run free on the main road.
别让那条狗在大街上到处乱跑。
(14)Babies are allowed to travel free on buses.
婴儿可免费乘公共汽车。
(15)Two of the screws in this old wooden door have worked themselves free.
那扇旧木门上的两颗螺丝松动了。
【注】freely也是副词，但与free作副词时解释不同，freely意为“主动地”“慷慨地”“坦率地”“自由地”。如：
(16)I freely admit that what I said just now was wrong.
我主动承认我刚才说的话错了。
(17)He gives his time freely to help the school.
他用自己大量的时间为学校办事。
(18)Oil the wheel, then it will turn more freely.
给轮子加点油，这样它就能运转自如了。
(19)You can speak quite freely in front of me, I shan’t tell anyone what you say.
你有话可以坦率地对我说，我不会告诉任何人。
22．as if或as though引导的状语从句
▲as if或as though引导方式状语从句，意为“好像”，在这种状语从句中，常用虚拟语气，具体用法是：当从句所述的情况与现在事实相反时，动词用过去式，与过去事实相反时，用过去完成时。如：
(1)He looks as if he were a football player.
他看上去好像是足球运动员。
(2)He talked about Paris as if he had been there.
他谈起巴黎来好像他去过那里。
(3)The room looks as if it had been empty for years.
这房间看上去好几年没人住了。
(4)It seem as if it were spring already.
现在仿佛已经是春天了。
(5)I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
这一切我记忆犹新，就像是昨天发生的事似的。
(6)He spoke to me as if he were an expert.
他对我讲起话来好像是专家似的。
【注】as if(though)从句的动作发生在主句动作之后时，用would+动词原形。如：
(7)It seems as if it would rain.
天似乎要下雨了。

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