英语中学阶段的基本知识

中学英语教学资源网英语论文教学论文 手机版


(一)重点词汇复习
1.系动词:be, feel, keep, look, seem, smell, sound, taste, become, fall,
get, go (bad), grow, stay, turn
系动词后面跟形容词或介词。如:look tired(看起来累), smell nice(闻
来香), seem ill(好像病了), feel better(感到更好), sound like(听来像)
2.过去分词构成的形容词
be born 出生
be broken 坏的
be locked 锁着的
be gone 消失
be known 闻名
be lost 丢失
be married 结婚
be worried 担心
be worn out 穿坏
get dressed in 穿着, 用…乔装打扮
get hurt 受伤
get paid 付清
3.及物动词+双宾语
1.explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某事 2.pass sth. to sb. 把…传递给…
3.give sth. to sb. 把…给… 4.pay a visit to sb. 拜访某人
5.lend sth. to sb. 把…借给… 6.return sth. to sb. 把…归还…
7.sell sth. to sb. 把…卖给… 8.send sth. to sb. 把…送给…
9.show sth. to sb.把…给某人看 10.take sth. to sb 把带给
11.write sth. to sb. 写…给 … 12.bring sth. to sb.把…拿来给…
13.buy sth. for sb. 为某人买…
4.重点形容词
be afraid 害怕的 be alike 相似的,相同的 be alive 活着的, 活泼的
be alone孤独的 be asleep 睡着的 be awake 醒的
5.重点表“被动”的形容词
be amazed 惊奇的 be bored 无聊的, 烦人的 be disappointed失望的
be excited兴奋的 be frightened 受惊的 be interested 感兴趣的
be pleased 高兴的 be relaxed不严格的 be surprised 惊奇的
be tired 累的 become frustrated 失败的,落空的
6.重点词组解析
1.* a few 是“一些,几个”的意思。后接可数名词,
『例』I have a few friends in the school. 我在学校里有一些朋友。
*few 是“少,几乎没有”的意思。后接可数名词,表示否定。反义词是
many
『例』There are few students in the classroom. 教室里几乎没有学生了。
*a little “一点,少量”的意思。后接不可数名词。
『例』There is some apple juice in the bottle. 瓶子里有一些苹果汁。
*little “少,几乎没有”的意思。后接可数名词,表示否定。反义词是much
『例』There is little time left, is there? 剩下没有时间了,是吗?
*a lot of(= lots of)“许多,很多”的意思。后接可数名词或不可数名词。
*a lot还可以作副词用,含有“非常,很”的意思。相当于very much.
『例』1) Today I have a lot of things to do. 今天我有很多事情要做。
2) Do you have a lot of porridge every day? 你每天吃很多稀饭吗?
3)He likes fish very much/ a lot. 他非常喜欢吃鱼。
*a number of “很多”的意思。后接可数名词,相当于 如果前面加上定冠*the number of…是“…数目”的意思。
『例』1) The number of the students in our class is 42.
我们班上学生的数目是42人。
2)A great number of people like fast food in America.
在美国很多人喜欢快餐。
*a bit “有点,相当”的意思。a bit of “有点”的意思,后面接名词。
『例』1) The coat is a bit large. 这外套有点大。
2) There is a bit of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有少许牛奶。
2. all day 整天
『例』Don’t stay at home all day. 不要整天呆在家里.
3. all kinds of 各种各样的 a kind of 是一种的意思.
『例』1) That shop sells all kinds of mooncakes.那家商店买各种各样的月饼.
  2) I like this kind of vegetables very much. 我不喜欢这种蔬菜.
4. all one’s life 某人的一生(从生到现在)。in one’s life(从生到死)
『例』1) He has lived in Nanjing all his life. 他一生住在南京。
  2)Doctor Wang saved many people in his life.
王医生一辈子拯救了很多人的生命。
5. all over the world =around the world = in the world 全世界
『例』English is used the most widely in the world. 在全世界英语是使用最广泛的语言。
6. all the time 一直 all the same 仍然
『例』1) I keep very busy all the time. 我总是很忙。
  2) Though you can’t help me, thank you all the same.
虽然你不能帮助我,但我仍然要谢谢你。
7. arrive at / in arrive at 到达小地方 arrive in 到达大地方
『例』1) What time did you arrive in Shanghai? 你是几点到达上海的?
  2) I arrived at the village yesterday. 我是昨天到那个村庄的。
8. as…as… 和…一样…
『例』English is as important as math. 英语和数学一样的重要。
9. as…as possible /one could 尽可能
『例』You must eat as much fish as possible. 你必须尽可能多吃一些鱼。
10. as soon as…一 … 就 …   
『例』I will call you as soon as his father comes back.
他父亲一回来,我就打电话告诉你。
11. at breakfast /lunch /supper在吃早饭(午饭、晚饭)时
『例』That child always cry at breakfast. 那个孩子总是在吃早饭时哭。
12. at first 最初,刚开始
『例』At first I don’t know he is a teacher. 刚开始我不知道他是老师。
13. at night in the night在夜里
『例』The temperature will be below zero in the night. 夜里温度将是零度以下。
14. at once / right away 马上,立刻
『例』He opened the box at once. 他立即打开了盒子。
15. at work 在工作
『例』Is your father at work? 你父亲在上班吗?
16. be able to =can 能够
『例』I can / am able to see the house on the hill. 我能看见山上的房子。
17. be angry with 对…生气
『例』If you can’t pass the exam, your parents will be angry with you. 如果你考试不及格, 你父母回对你生气的。
18. be good at  擅长于…
『例』He is good at playing football.他擅长于踢足球。
19. be good for 有利于…
『例』Walking after meals is good for your health. 饭后散步对你健康有利。
20. be different from 与…不同
『例』The weather in China is different from that in Australia.中国的天气和澳大利亚天气不一样。
21. be filled with / be full of 装满
『例』The bottle is full of (is filled with) milk. 那个瓶子里的装满了牛奶。
22. be interested in 对…感兴趣
『例』I was interested in music when I was young. 我小时候就对音乐感兴趣。
23. be strict in with 对…要求严格
『例』1) Our teacher is strict in our math. 老师对我们数学要求严格。
2) My parents are strict with me. 我父母对我要求严格。
24. be made of  由…制成
『例』This desk is made of wood. 这一张桌子是木头做的。
25. be like 像 look like看起来像 look the same看起来一样
『例』1) That black cat looks(is) like a hat. 那只黑猫看起来像一顶帽子。
2) My brother and I look the same. 我和我弟弟看起来一样。
26. be in hospital 住院
『例』Will you go to see your friend in hospital? 明天你去看望住院的朋友吗?
27. be ready to do sth 准备做某事
be ready for sth 准备好某事
28. be sure of +名词或代词 对…确信
be sure that +句子
be sure to do sth 务必要做某事
29. be made in 在…制造或生产
『例』This kind of watch is made in Germany. 这种手表是德国制造的。
30. be pleased with 对…感到满意
『例』Are you pleased with your students? 你对你学生满意吗?
31. come up with 找到,提出
『例』Can you come up with a good idea? 你能提出一个好办法吗?
32. come to oneself 苏醒
『例』She will come to herself soon. 一会儿后她会苏醒过来的。
33. . change one’s mind 改变某人的主意
『例』I don’t want to change my mind. 我不想改变主意。
34 . come over 过来,顺便来访 come round 过来(非正式来访)
『例』1) Will you come over and play cards with us? 今晚你来跟我们打牌好吗?
2) Come round if you are free. 有空过来玩?
do some reading 看书
do some cooking做饭
do some shopping 买东西
do some washing 洗衣服
36.eat up 吃光
『例』Those monkey have eaten up our lunch. 那些猴子吃光了我们的午餐。
37. either…or… 或者…或者…, 不是…就是… 否定形式是neither…nor….谓语动词随着靠近它主语的变化而变化。
『例』1) Either you or they are going to Beijing. 不是你就是他们去北京。
2) Neither LiHua nor LiLing can ride a bike. 李华和李陵都不会骑车。
38. enjoy oneself 玩得愉快 相当于have a good time / have fun
『例』We enjoyed ourselves (had a good time) at the English party.
在英语晚会上我们玩的很开心。
39. fall behind落后 fall off从…掉下 fall down 摔倒
fall over向前翻滚 fall asleep睡着
40. feel like doing 想要做某事
『例』HanMei doesn’t like eating noodles. 韩梅根本不想吃面条。
41. from … to… 从…到…
『例』He could count from one to one hundred when he was three.
他三岁就能从一数到一百。
42. get into 进入,乘坐(小汽车、电梯等小型交通工具)
get out of 出来,下车(小汽车、电梯等小型交通工具)
get off下车(火车、公共汽车等大型交通工具)
get on上车(火车、公共汽车等大型交通工具)
get down 下来
43. get on ( well) with 与…相处(好)
『例』He is getting on well with his classmates at school.
他在学校和同学相处很好。
44. go on doing sth表示继续做某事
go on with sth表示继续某事
45. go skating去滑冰
go swimming 去游泳
go hiking 去远足
go fishing去钓鱼
go traveling去旅行
46. half an hour半小时
47. have sports 体锻
『例』We have sports on Fridays. 在星期五我们进行体锻。
48. hear from收到…来信 相当于get a letter from…
hear of听说
49. help… with… 帮助某人某事
『例』You should help him with his English every day.
你应该每天帮助他学习英语。
50. how many 多少 (后跟可数名词复数)how much多少(后跟不可数名词)
 how soon多久(以后)        how long 多长时间
how often 多长时间(一次)     how far 多远
how deep多深
51. hundreds of 成百上千 (如果数词表示概数时,用数词的复数加上of.)
52. hurry off 匆忙离开
hurry up赶快
in a hurry 匆忙
『例』1) With a medicine box, he hurried off to look after the man.
夹着医药箱,高老师匆忙离开去照看那个人。
2) Hurry up, or you will be late for school.快点,否则你会迟到的。
3) He went to school in a hurry. 他匆忙去上学。
53. in the middle of 在 中间(中央)相当于in the centre of
54. just a moment 稍等一会 相当于
55. just now 刚才(用于一般过去时)
just 刚刚(用于现在完成时)
just then正在那时(用于过去时)
56. keep busy一直忙碌
keep doing sth. 继续(保持)做某事
57. later on 以后(一般用作将来时时间状语)
58. laugh at 嘲笑 向某人微笑致意
59. look after 照看 look up抬头看,查找(单词)
look into向…里面看 look for寻找找到
look over(仔细)检查 look out of 向…外看
60. make friends with 和某人交朋友
『例』He has made many friends in China. 在中国他交了很多朋友。
61. make sure 务必
『例』Make sure give it some clean carrots. 务必每天给它一些干净的胡萝卜。
62. no longer 不再
not… any longer不再(强调时间)
not…any more不再 (强调数量或频率)
63. not… at all 根本不
Not at all. 不客气,不用谢
『例』1) I don’t like eating dumpling at all. 我根本不喜欢吃水饺。
2) Thank you. Not at all. 谢谢你。不必客气。
64. on show 展览,陈列
『例』There are lots of old things on show. 在桌子上有很多展览的古董。
65. on the way to 在…的路上
『例』On his way home he picked up a purse. 在回家的路上他检到了一个钱包。
66. pay for 为…付款
『例』I paid twenty yuan for this coat. 买这件外套我付了20元。
还可以表达成:
1) I spent twenty yuan on this coat.
2) This coat cost me twenty yuan.
67. play with 玩,玩弄
68. pullout of 把…从…拉出来
pull up from 把…从…拉上来
69. put on 穿(后接衣服名词, 表示穿的动作
get dressed穿(后面不跟衣服名词
wear 穿,戴(表示状态)
dress up in 用…乔装打扮,穿(衣服)
70. put away把收…好(起来) right away马上
move away 把…搬开 fly away 飞走
go away走开 send away把…赶走,撵走
take away拿走
71. so… that… 如此…以致于…
『例』He is so clever that he work out this difficult problem.
他是如此的聪明以致于算出了这一道难题.
还可以表达为:
He is clever enough to work out this difficult problem.
72. stop… from… 阻止某人做某事
『例』My mother stopped me from going out at night.我妈妈不让我晚上出去.
还可以表达为:
My mother asked me not to go out at night.
73. take exercise / do sports 锻炼
74. take off 脱掉 反义词是put on
75. take one’s time 不急,慢慢来
76. take part in 参加(活动)
参加某一群体或组织用join
『例』1) The students took active part in the meeting. 学生们积极参加运动会。
2) Have your brother join the Party? 你弟弟入党了吗?
77. think over仔细思考
think of 想着,认为
think about 思考,考虑
『例』1) Think it over, then you can find a good way.
仔细思考,然后你会找到一个好办法。
2) What do you think of Branch of No. 13 Middle School?
你认为十三中分校怎样?
3) Look, he is thinking about the problem.看,他正在考虑那个问题。
78. try on试穿
try to do sth努力做某事
have a try 试一试
try out尝试
79. turn on打开 turn off关掉
turn left / right向左/右转 turn red变红
turn to 转向 take turns to 轮流做某事
It’s one’s turn to do sth 轮到某人做某事
80. wear out 穿坏/破
『例』His father has worn out this pair of shoes. 他父亲已经穿坏了这一双鞋。
81. wait for 等候,等待
82. work on 从事…工作,研究,从事
work out 算出,解出
『例』1) Uncle Wang is working on the machine. 王叔叔正在操作那台机器。
2) At last Xiao Lin work out the math problem.
最后小林算出了那道数学题。
83. wake up 醒来
『例』I found it was raining outside when I woke up this morning.
今天早晨当我醒来时,发现外面下着雨。
二.重点语法解析
Ⅰ.名词
一、关于名词的复数形式
1复数形式的构成方法
1)一般在复数名词后加s 『例』 dog-dogs book–books
2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es 『例』 box–boxes watch –watches
3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es 『例』country–countries
注:如果是元音字母加y 结尾的名词则只须加“s”* boy–boys
4) 以o结尾的名词加“s” /z/ * radio–radios * zoo–zoos
而 potato tomato加es构成复数:potato–potatoes  tomato–tomatoes
(5) 以f、fe 结尾的名词,变f、fe 为v再加es 『例』half–halves
2.特殊变化复数
1)单复数同形 『例』Chinese–Chinese fish–fish Japanese–Japanese sheep–sheep
2)变oo为ee 『例』tooth–teeth foot–feet
3.变man为 men:『例』man–men woman–women policeman–policemen
注:German(德国人)–Germans
4. 其它形式child– children  mouse– mice
5.一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况
(1)将中心词变为复数:girlfriend - girlfriends
(2)man, woman 构成的合成词,每个名词都要变成复数
『例』a man doctor–men doctors  a woman teacher– women teachers
6.常以复数形式出现的名词 『例』people clothes police trousers
这些名词作主语时,注意它们的谓语用复数『例』1) My clothes are newer than yours.
2) The police often come here
二、关于不可数名词
1.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数
『例』1) Some bread is over there.
2) No news is good news.
2.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词
『例』1) They had much money.
2) He does little housework at home
3.常用a piece of, a cup of, a glass of,a bottle of等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在of 前面的名词上,而 of 后始终是单数
『例』1) There is a piece of paper in the book.
2) Three glasses of orange are on the desk.
4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化,同一个词,但意思不同
glass(玻璃)–a glass(玻璃杯) room(空间)–a room(房间)
paper(纸)–a paper(报纸) work(工作)–a work(著作)
fruit(水果)–fruits (各种水果) fish(鱼)–fishes(各种鱼)
hair(所有头发)– hairs (几根头发) time(时间)–times(时代)
三、关于名词做定语
1. 名词做定语修饰另一名词时,一般用单数
『例』1) He has two pencil-boxes.
2) There are three banana trees over there.
2.man woman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致
『例』1) We need a man teacher.
2) They are all women workers.
3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式
『例』a sports field a clothes shop
4. 当数词与单位名词一起做定语时,单位名词往往用单数形式,数词与单位名词用“-”连接。
『例』1) He is a fourteen-year-old boy.
2) This is a two-hour plan.
四、关于名词所有格
(一)、表示名词间的所有关系“…的”名词所有格的构成方法
1. 单数名词后加 s
『例』1) Tom ’ s book 2) my friend’ s uncle
2. 以s结尾的复数名词, 则在s后加“ ’”即可
『例』 Teachers ’ Day two weeks ’ holiday
3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“’ s”
『例』 Children’ s Day men’ s shoes
4.用of加名词,构成所属关系的短语,主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系
『例』the color of the wall a picture of the classroom
(二)、名词所有格的几个注意点
1.可用名词所有格表示地点, 地点名词习惯上省略
『例』1) my aunt’s ( home) 我姑姑家
2) go to the teachers’ ( office) (去老师办公室)
2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式
『例』1) the cat’s name / the name of the cat
2)China’s capital/ the capital of China
3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“’s”* Lucy and Lily’s room 露西和莉莉的房间(两人共有一间房间)
请区别: Lucy’s and Lily’s rooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间(两人各有一间房间)
Ⅱ. 冠词
冠词,本身无独立的意义, 它用来帮助说明名词所指的人或物是泛指还是特指不定冠词a, an(泛指)定冠词 the(特指)
1.不定冠词的用法
1)表示某人(事物)的某一种类
『例』 My father is a driver.
Do you like an apple or a pear?
2)表示某一事物中的任何一个
『例』 An elephant is bigger than a horse.
A monkey can climb trees.
3)表示某人某物,但不具体说明何人何物。
『例』 A student from Class Two runs fastest.
A man is calling now.
4) 表示数量, 有“一” 的含义
『例』 There is a flower in the vase.
A panda has a mouth , a nose,two eyes.
5)有些不可数名词要表示“一种”、“一场”、“一堆”时, 须加不定冠词
『例』 a heavy snow a strong wind make a fire have a good time
6)用于固定词组
『例』 half an hour a moment ago a lot of have a rest
2.定冠词的用法
1) 指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the
2) 世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the
『例』 the sun the moon the earth
3) 定冠词the用于序数词前或表示方位的名词前和形容词最高级前
『例』the first the best in the south
4) 乐器名称前用定冠词the
『例』play the piano play the violin
5) 在复数姓氏前加the,表示某某一家人,常看成复数
『例』The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
=The Brown family are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.
6) 在一些形容词前,表示一类人『例』the rich 富人 the old 老人
7) 在一些专有名词和习惯用语中常用定冠词the
『例』 the Great Wall by the way in the morning
3.不用冠词的情况
1) 在节日、星期、月份、季节、年、学科等词前不用冠词
『例』in summer in August on Sunday have breakfast play football
2) 一些专有名词、不可数名词、称呼、头衔不用冠词
『例』China Grade Two Mr. Li Dr. Liu meat
3)表示颜色、语种、国家前不用冠词 『例』in purple in red Japanese Britain
Ⅲ. 代词
一、关于物主代词
形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的关系:
1. 形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词
注意:名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系是单数还是复数。
『例』1) These books aren't ours. Ours are new.(our books = ours)
2) This is not our room. Ours is over there.(our room = ours)
2. “of +名词性物主代词”表示所属
『例』Tom is a friend of mine 汤姆是我的一个朋友
二、关于反身代词
单数myself yourself himself herself itself
复数ourselves yourselves themselves
反身代词有以下常见搭配
enjoy oneself = have a good time
by oneself = alone
help oneself to…
learn sth. by oneself = teach oneself sth.
help yourselves to…
三、关于不定代词
不是指明代替特定名词(或形容词)的代词
如:all, each, every, both, either, neither none, one, little, few, many, much
other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every 等构成的合成代词
几组在用法上容易混淆的不定代词
1.some/any
some(一些,某)一般用于肯定句中
『例』There are some flowers in front of the house.
any(一些,任何)多用于疑问句和否定句
『例』Do you have any picture-books?
注意:some有时也可用于表示请求、征求意见的疑问句中
『例』1) Would you like some meat? 你想要些肉吗?
2) May I ask some questions? 我可以问问题吗?
3) Could I have some apples?我可以吃苹果吗?
2. many/much
many 修饰或指代复数名词
『例』1) There are many eggs in the basket.
2) Many of us like playing games.
much 修饰或指代不可数名词
『例』He doesn’t know much English.你能给我些水吗?
3.another/other
another 泛指三个或三个以上中的另一个
『例』 I don’t want this coat. Please show me another.
other 后面接名词,泛指别的、其他的
『例』 Do you have any other questions?
4. the other/others/the others
the other
1. 特指两个中的另一个
『例』He has two sons. One is a worker, the other is a doctor.
2. 修饰名词,特指另一个、另一些
『例』Tom likes swimming, and the other boys in his class like swimming, too.
others泛指其他的人或物
『例』1)He often helps others.
2)Some are playing basketball, others are playing football.
the others 特指确定范围内剩下的全部人或物
『例』 1) There are fifty students in our class.
2) Twenty of them are girls, the others are boys.
few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时,常加不定冠词 a
『例』There are quite a few new books in the library.图书馆里颇有些新书。
6.every/each
every+单数名词,表示“每一个”,强调共性、整体,只作定语,形式上为单数.不与of 连用
『例』 Every child likes playing games.
each 表示“每一个”,强调个性,作定语主语、宾语和同位语,常与of 连用
『例』1) Each student was asked to try again.
2) Each of them has a nice skirt.
7.all/none
all “(全部)都”,表示三者或三者以上,作同位语时,一般放在连系动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前
『例』We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.
none “没有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of(谓语动词单、复数均可)
『例』None of us is/are afraid of dogs.
8.both/either/neither
both “(两者)都”,作主语时看作复数;作定语时后跟名词复数
『例』My parents are both teachers.=Both of my parents are teachers.
neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数
『例』Neither answer is right.
either “两者中任何一个”,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数
『例』There are trees on either side of the street.= There are trees on both sides of the street.
四、关于指示代词
表示空间和时间远近关系的代词 包括:this/that (单数) these/those (复数)
1. this,these指在方位上较近的人或物 that,those指在方位上较远的人或物
有关词组及应用
『例』This is my shirt, that’s yours.
『例』These TVs are made in China, those are made in Japan.
2.that,those常指前面提过的东西,以免重复
『例』These boxes are heavier than those on the desk.
3.刚才提到的事情,在英文中用that
『例』He was ill yesterday. I’m sorry to hear that.
Ⅳ. 形容词、副词
一、always、hardly、sometimes、often等频度副词一般放在系动词或助动词之后,行为动词之前。
『例』 1) I hardly ever heard him singing.
2) She is always asking questions.
3) Do you often speak English?
二、及物动词+副词组成的动词词组,有名词做宾语时,该名词放在副词前或后均可,如是代词做宾语,则必须将代词放在副词前
『例』1) Can I try on the shoes please?
2) Can I try them on please?
3) Don’t cut down the tree!
4) Don’t cut it down!
三、区别几组易混淆的副词、形容词
1. too 用于肯定、疑问句常用于句尾
also 较为正式书面语,紧跟动词
either 用于否定句,用于句尾
『例』1) He likes music, I like it, too.
2) They also agree with me.
3) She can’t swim either.
2. already 常用于肯定句、个别疑问句
yet 常用于否定句、疑问句
『例』1) The train has already gone.
2) They haven’t come back yet.
3. such 修饰名词
so 修饰形容词、副词
『例』1) I have never seen such an interesting film.
2) This box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
4. alone(单独、独自)作表语=by oneself
lonely(孤独的)可作表语、定语
『例』1) He lived alone, but he didn’t feel lonely.
2) It’s a lonely village.
5. hard(努力地)
hardly(几乎不)否定副词
『例』1) She works very hard, and he hardly has a rest on Sundays.
2) The Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives & Adverbs
四、形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成
1. 单音节词和少数双音节词
1) 一般情况加er 或est
『例』fast–faster–fastest high–higher–highest clever– cleverer–cleverest
2) 以字母 e 结尾加 r 或 st
『例』fine–finer–finest late–later–latest nice–nicer–nicest
3) 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加 er 或 est
『例』fat–fatter–fattest big–bigger–biggest thin–thinner–thinnest
4) 以辅音字母加 y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 er 或est
『例』early–earlier– earliest easy–easier–easiest lucky–luckier–luckiest
2. 部分双音节和多音节词在词前加 more 或 most
『例』slowly - more slowly - most slowly
easily - more easily - most easily
carefully - more carefully- most carefully
3. 不规则变化
good/well – better – best many/much – more – most
little – less – least bad/badly/ill – worse – worst
far – farther – farthest ( far – further – furthest )
4.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法
1)表示两者(人或事物)的比较时用比较级,通常用连词 than 引导,表示“较…
”或“更…一些”的意思
『例』This cake is more delicious than that one.
Li Lei jumped farther than Jim (did).
2) 表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较用最高级,最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the,后面可带of(in,among)短语来说明比较的范围
『例』Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
Lucy sings (the) best of all.
He is the most careful among us.
3) 在表示 “和…一样…” 和 “不及…” 这类概念时,可以用 “as+原级+as” 和 “not as(so)+原级+as”的句型
『例』Our teacher is as busy as before.
He does not run so (as) fast as I.
4) 可用much, still, a little, even, far, three years等表示程度的状语来修饰比较级
『例』She is much taller than Mrs. Liu.
He is three years older than I.
This problem is a little more difficult than the other one.
5)几种比较级的使用句型
▲比较级 + and + 比较级 表示 “ 越来越… ”
『例』Your English is getting better and better.你的英语越来越好了。
These days more and more people are learning English
学英语的人越来越多了。
▲ “the + 比较级,the + 比较级”表示“ 越…就越… ”
『例』 The more, the better. 越多越好。
The busier he is, the happier he feels.他越忙越高兴。
▲“ more (less) than ”表示 “不止,不到”
『例』She is more than thirty.她三十多岁了。
The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms.最轻的不到五十公斤。
▲“more or less”表示“差不多,或多或少”
『例』The problem is more or less solved.这个问题差不多已经解决了。
Is it straight? – More or less.它直吗? – 差不多吧。
Ⅴ.关于八种时态归纳复习
一、一般现在时:
概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.
否定形式:①am/is/are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
二、一般过去时:
概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), just now, one day, once upon a time, etc.
否定形式:① was/were + not; ② 在行为动词前加didn't,同时把动词变为原形。
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时把动词变原形。
三、现在进行时:
概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作或行为。
时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.
基本结构:am/is/are + doing
否定形式:am/is/are + not + doing.
一般疑问句:把be动词提到句首。
四、过去进行时:
概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
基本结构:was/were + doing
否定形式:was/were + not + doing.
一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
五、现在完成时:
概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语:just, already, yet, ever, never,recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
基本结构:have / has + done
否定形式:have / has + not +d one.
一般疑问句:把have或has提到句首。
六、过去完成时:
概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。
时间状语: by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
基本结构:had + done.
否定形式:had + not + done.
一般疑问句:had放于句首。
过去完成时经常出现在宾语从句中。
He said that he hadn’t bought any books yet.
七、一般将来时:
概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构:①am / is / are / going to + do;②will / shall + do.
否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。
八、过去将来时:
概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。
Ⅵ.关于被动语态
1. 一般现在时的被动语态
构成:am / is /are + 动词的过去分词
2. 一般过去时的被动语态
构成:was /were +动词的过去分词
3. 现在进行时的被动语态
构成:am / is / are + being +动词的过去分词
4. 一般将来时的被动语态
构成:be going to / will / shall + be +动词的过去分词
5. 现在完成时的被动语态
构成:have / has + been +动词的过去分词
6. 过去进行时的被动语态
构成:was / were + being +动词的过去分词
7. 过去将来时的被动语态
构成:was going to / would / should + be +动词的过去分词
8. 过去完成时的被动语态
构成:had + been +动词的过去分词
9. 含有情态动词的被动语态
构成:情态动词 + be +动词的过去分词
(Note: 用于被动语态中的动词是及物动词,不及物动词不能用被动语态。)
Ⅶ. 关于宾语从句
宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成,其语序是陈述句语序。
一、只用whether的六种情况:
在带to的动词不定式前
『例』He doesn’t know whether to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home.
在介词后
『例』I’m thinking of whether we should go fishing.
直接与or not连用时
『例』I don’t know whether or not they will come to help us.
在动词discuss后面的宾语从句中
『例』We discussed whether would have a sports meeting next wek.
宾语从句提前时只能用whether
『例』Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
引导位于句首的主语从句或表语从句用whether
『例』Whether he is right or wrong is a question.
二、注意点
1. 避免重复出现连接代词或连接副词;
『例』I can’t see that what is over there. (应去掉that)
2. 从句中的语序为陈述语序;
『例』Do you know how old is she? (应改为:…how old she is)
3. 从句中的时态与主句时态前后呼应。
『例』She didn’t tell me when she will come. (应改为:…when she would come)
三、转换
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词+动词不定式替代,进行句型上的转换。
『例』1. I’ve no idea what we’re going to do next. = I’ve no idea what to do next.
2. Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?
= Could you tell me how to get to the post office?
四、宾语从句的时态
主句中谓语动词是一般现在时,从句中谓语动词的时态不受限制,可根据具体情况选用适当的时态;主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句中也必须要用某种过去时态,以保持时态的前后呼应。特别要注意的是当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、科学原理、自然现象、名言时,则用一般现在时,不受主句时态的限制。
『例』1. He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible.
2. He said that he wanted to see him as soon as possible.
3. Tom says that he is mending his car.
4. Tom said that he was mending his car.
5. The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.
Ⅷ. 关于定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which
引导定语从句的关系副词有:where, when, why
一、who, whom, whose引导的定语从句
1. who 在从句中作主语,不可省略,它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。
『例』This is the doctor who came her yesterday.
2. whom在从句中作宾语,它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人,可以省略。
『例』The man (whom) you saw last week has left the town.
注意:在从句中作介词宾语时,介词一般可放在whom之前,也可放在原来的位置上。在含有介词的固定动词词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上。
『例』 The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei. = The man whom I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.
(前句中的whom不可省略,后句中的whom可省略)
The girl whom he is taking care of is ill. (take care of是固定词组)
3. whose在从句中作定语,表示所属关系,其所修饰的先行词既可是人也可是物。
『例』I know the woman whose husband is a doctor.
He lives in the house whose window faces south.
二、that, which引导的定语从句
这两个代词均指物,它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下,它们可以互换。
1. that, which在从句中作主语,不可省略。
『例』Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.
2. that, which在从句中作宾语,可以省略。
『例』Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?
注意:关系代词在作介词宾语时,只能用which且不能省略。
『例』The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.
三、引导定语从句的关系代词that和which,在一般情况下,尽管可以互换使用,但在下列情况下,只能用that,而不用which:
1. 先行词是复合不定代词everything, anything, nothing等时。
『例』She didn’t forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.
2. 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。
『例』This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.
He is in the last row that is next to the window.
3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
『例』That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.
4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时。
『例』This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.
5. 先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时,
『例』I’ve written down all (that )the teacher doesn’t allow us to do.
They haven’t got any dictionaries (that) we need.
6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。
『例』He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.
7. 主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。
『例』Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now?
Which is the book that was stolen by him?
8. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
『例』China is no longer the country (that) it used to be.
四、关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句(在从句中作状语)
1. where表示地点,它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。
『例』This is the village where he was born.
This is the village (that/which) he visited last year.
2. when表示时间,它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。
『例』I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.
I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.
3. why表示原因,它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。
『例』The reason why he didn’t come yesterday is quite clear.
相关链接:教学论文

·语文课件下载
·语文视频下载
·语文试题下载

·语文备课中心




点此察看与本文相关的其它文章』『搜索相关课件


上一篇】【下一篇   【教师投稿】 
本站管理员:尹瑞文 微信:13958889955