英语高考专题复习讲与练（20）阅读理解
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一、考点聚焦
1、题型特点
阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的能力。《中学英语教学大纲》规定，中学生应侧重培养阅读理解能力。
阅读材料的选取原则为：
（1）阅读量不少于1000个单词。近三年超过2000字篇数为5篇，读速要求为44.2，44.6和46.3wpm。
（2）题材多样化，包括科普、社会、文化、政治、史地、经济、新闻报道乃至广告说明。
（3）体裁避免单一化，包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等。
2、试题要求
（1）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。
（2）既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念。
（3）既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度、意图等。
（4）既理解某句、某段的意义也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。
（5）能根据材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识正确判断生词的含义。
3、基本能力
（1）能迅速看准每句的结构，抓住主句的主语、谓语、宾语。
（2）有一定的词汇量和辨词能力。
（3）能灵活运用所学语法知识，根据句中的某个词迅速断定真假、语态和时态等。
（4）对英美文化背景知识有一定了解。
（5）有良好的思维能力，能边看边加工所得到的信息，从而作出正确分析、判断和综合。
（6）有平时大量阅读作基础，有一定的语感和相当的阅读速度。
二、题型分析与解题策略
　
提要：高考英语试题中阅读理解占40分，是试卷中所占比例最大的一部分，阅读理解能力的高低；是能否取得英语好成绩的关键在。阅读理解的重要性已被广大英语教师和考生所共同认识。本文要主要讨论两个方面的问题：(1)了解高考阅读理解题型和出题方法；(2)熟悉高考英语阅读理解解题方法和技巧。
关键词：阅读理解、题型分析、解题策略
高考英语阅读理解题型的分值要占高考英语总分的40/150，是所有题型中占分比例最大的一道题，在阅读理解上是否得高分，是能否取得高考英语好成绩的关键。自1989年来，国家教委考试中心每年都在全国范围公布当年英语学科的《考试说明》，《考试说明》对阅读理解的要求做了明确的规定，阅读理解部分主要测试考生以下能力：
1、掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
2、了解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节；
3、根据上下文判断大纲附表以外的某些词汇和短语的意义；
4、既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；
5、根据所读材料进行一定的判断，推理和引申；
6、正确领会作者的观点和态度。
有鉴于此，本文将讨论高考英语阅读理解中针对以上情况设计的题型，帮助考生熟悉常见题型，掌握解题策略和技巧。
一、主旨题——考分辨和提纲挈领的能力
主旨题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一，测试阅读理解的基本能力；掌握所读材料的率是和大意。这种题型考查学生在语言水平上对文章的把握：能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。解答这类题可以运用如下方法：
1、把握文章逻辑结构
把握文章逻辑结构对于做主旨题很朋帮助，因为文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分。高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构有：
1)时间顺序。按时间先后说明某一理论的发展，或某一研究成果由过去至现在的情况。属于这种结构的主题通常在首段或末段。
2)一般 一般。首段做总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点。属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。
3)具体 一般。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。主题在末段。
4)对比。进行对比的各事物之间的基本共同点或差异为主题。
5)分类。分类说明的各大项相加为主题。
2、抓主题句
主题句表达中心思想，其它句子均围绕它进行说明或议论。它在文章中的通常位置为第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等地方。所以阅读时对这些地方要特别关注。
3、概括段落大意
4、根据论述详略确定
通常与主题有关的部分有较详尽的论述，而与主题关系不够密切的部分论述较简略。
主旨题除了上述形式之外，还有如下变体：
1、标题
问标题的题也是一种主旨题，与主旨题的解题主法和技巧完全一样。二者的差别主要体现于选项的形式：主旨题的答案通常以一句话表示，而问标题的答案大多为一个名词词组。此外，标题必须反映文章的中心大意，而且只能反映文章的中心大意。这就要求选项的归纳范围要恰如其分，既不能只提及文中的一个细节，也不能将本文以外的内容概括于其中。
2、写作目的
写作目的与文章主题不同，但与它关系密切，所以也可以算作主旨题的一种变全体。二者的异同可以从下面的对比中看出：文章主旨问中心思想、文章大意，而写作目的则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想，等于文章大意＋论述方法(或＋作者口吻)。文章大意可以根据前面所述的方法找到。至于论述方法，可以根据高考阅读理解的主体文章确定一些。
advice…(建议，劝告)
argue for(论证)，argue against(驳斥)(这两种答案仅适用于议论文体裁)
convice…(说明)
present…(阐述)
propose…(建设)
warn…(警告)
既然全文的写作目的与文章的主旨密切相关，那么段落的写作目的也与段落的大意密切相关，只有反映了段落大意的答案才是段落的写作目的。
3、作者态度
解作者态度(attitude)或语气(tone)题，关键在于把握作者对全文主体事物(与主题有关)或某一具全事物的态度。表达作者态度——褒义、中性和贬义的手段主要有1)加入形容词定语；2)加入副词状语；3)特殊动词。英语中有些动词也表明说话者的正负态度，如：fail(未能)、ignore(忽视)、overestimate(估计过高)等动词表示一种负态度。由上可知，确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。
二、细节题——多种多样，细心对待
所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题于针对原文具体叙述本身发问。这类题的表现形式多种多样，不妨总结如下：
1、是非题
出题形式：
三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true except…?
Which of the following is mentioned except…
三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：
Which of the following is true?
解题方法：
1)定位法
根据题干或选项中的线索词回原文，找到相关句，与选项相比较确定答案。
2)固定思路
这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系：
Which of the following mentioned except…
Which of the following is not mentioned…?
这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。
2、例证题
例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为The author provides in line…(或Paragraph…)an example in order to…意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。高考阅读理解文章如果是说明文和议论文，文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。
3、其他形式的具体题
1)定义
定义可以分为两种：
a.与主题有关的篇章定义，理解它有助于做主旨题。
b.具体定义对中某个现象或术语加以定义，有时成为词义题的考试内容。
2)年代与数字
这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。
3)比较
比较考点的表现形式主要有：
a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；
b.表示绝对意义的字眼：
first(第一)，least(最不)，uttermost(最)等；
c.表示惟一性的词汇：only,unique等；
阅读最最好能圈草表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题对回原文定位。
4)原因
这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：1)表示因果关系的名词：result,reason;2)表示因果关系的动词：result in(结果)，result from(由于，由)，base…on…(以……为基础)，be due to (由于)；3)表示因果关系的连词或介词：because,for,why;4)表示因果关系的副词；as a result,consequently等，阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。
除了上述原文有因果关系提示词的显性原因考点之外，隐性原因(两个句子之间为因果关系，但无有关提示词)也是常见考点。不管是显性原因考点，还是隐性原因考点，原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。
三、词义题——学会推断
要做好这类题，首先必须熟练掌握中学英语教学大纲列出的约2000个词汇与一定数量的短文，这是最起码的要求。其次，掌握必要的做题技巧也很重要。不过词义题中所考单词的意义通常超出大纲，所以根据上下文推断词汇的能力在考试中显得尤其重要。这种能力可以通过下列几种方法加强：
1、破解词汇本身的意义
如何破解词本身的意义呢?方法之一是掌握构词法的基本知识。不仅平时可以用这个方法记忆大纲中的词汇，考试时也可以用这个方法推测词汇意义。假如对英语词汇中包含的前缀、后缀和词根的含义或功能比较了解，就能较准确地推测出它们相互组合形成的整体词义。
2、利用一下文线索
除了以构词法破解词汇的意义以外，做词义题用得更多的方法是根据上下文所提供的线索词义。这里的上下文指该词所在的句子本身，也包括这个句子的上下句或更远的上下文。一般而言，上下文线索所提示的意义与所考词汇的关系要么为同义关系，要么为反义关系。假如二者为同义关系，那么所考词汇的意思就是线索提示词的意思；假如二者为反义关系，所考词汇的意思就是线索提示词的反义。
3、利用语法和逻辑
有时根据上下文提代的线索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到唯一答案，就可以利用语法和逻辑方面的规则来判断，符合语法和逻辑规则的可能为正确答案，反之则不是正确答案。
4、指代题
指代题作为词义题的一种，也是常见题型之一。解这类题，要注意代词批代总的原则——就近指代：代词指代在性(阴性或阳性)、数(单数或复数)、格(主格或宾格)、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，如上所述，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其上句之中；就数而言，单数代词指代单数名词，复数代词指代复数名词，例如：it 指代单数名词(单数可数名词或不可数名词)，也可指代一个句子；they指代复数名词主格；them指代复数名词宾格；one指代单可数名词等。除了位置、性、数和格等方面的要求外，逻辑和意义也是衡量的标准，也就是说，正确的答案应该从意义(主要指语法搭配)上和逻辑(主要指思想内容)上而言都通顺。
四、推理题——考识别能力
推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。推理题的目的是考识别能力，并不涉及复杂的判断和推理。因此，其主要做法是：根据题干中的关键词或选项中的线索找到原文的相关句，读懂后，比照选项，对相关句进行同义改写或综合概括的选项为正确答案。做题时要注意题干的语言形式，如According to the passage,——It can be inferred from the passage that——；It can be concluded from the passage that——等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形式，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如It can be inferred from the passage that——；It can be concluded from the passage that——等，先扫一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，做出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer, conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。
几种阅读理解题型的解题方法
归纳概括主题
( Title and Main Idea )
归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，考查考生通过阅读理解,总结归纳，找出文章中心意思的能力。
要做好这类题考生必须区分主要信息和次要信息；既看到树木, 更看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。
找出主题句(topic sentence) 是一个有用的方法。
中心意思(main idea)通常是一个完整的句子，它应能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨；最佳题目(the best title)可以是一个短语词组，它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，还有吸引读者，引发阅读兴趣的任务。
除常见的提问以外，这种题型的提问方式还有：
The main point of the passage is ...
The passage deals mainly with ...
The passage is about ...
What does the passage mainly discuss?
What is the author's main purpose ? ••• •••
领悟文章的隐含意义
(Hidden Meaning)
根据考试说明，高考阅读理解能力测试的第三点要求是：“既理解字面意思，也理解深层含义，包括作者的态度，意图等；”
由于某种原因，作者不能鲜明地表达自己的观点，而将其隐含在字里行间，流露于修辞手法之中。这类考题要求考生对于作者这种没有明确说明的写作目的，立场态度，思想倾向作出合理的推断。
读懂这种“言外之意，弦外之音”，要求考生有无障碍的阅读能力，“锣鼓听音”的敏锐感觉，合理推断的思维品质。这是阅读测试题中较难的类型，对考生的能力要求较高，需要认真训练。
这种题型的常用提问方式有：
The story does not say this, but from what we have read, we can tell that __________.
We can infer from the passage that __________.
The writer's attitude toward ... is __________.
The passage implies, but does not directly state that __________.
The passage suggests that __________.
We may conclude from the passage that __________.
推理判断
( Judgment, Logical Inference )
根据考试说明，高考阅读理解能力测试的第四点要求是：“能理解某句某段的意义，并能把握全篇文脉，即句与句，段与段的关系，并能据此进行推理和判断。”
这类考题旨在测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象，事例给以解释。
考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。
在作出推理判断时，考生一定要依据短文内容或作者观点，切忌主观臆断，切忌以自己的观点看法取代作者的原意。
这种题型的常用提问方式有：
We can infer that __________.
It can be inferred from the passage that __________.
The passage implies that __________.
The passage suggests that __________.
It can be concluded from the passage that __________. ... ...
阅读专题训练专题（1）
A
Everyone has got two personalities – the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You don’t show your secret personality when you’re awake because you can control your behaviour, but when you’re asleep, your sleeping position shows the real you. In a normal night, of course, people frequently change their position. The important position is the one that you go to sleep in.
If you go to sleep on your back, you’re a very open person. You normally trust people and you are easily influenced by fashion or new ideas. You don’t like to upset people, so you never express your real feelings. You’re quite shy and you aren’t very confident.
If you sleep on your stomach, you are a rather secretive person. You worry a lot and you’re always easily upset. You’re very stubborn (顽固的) ,but you aren’t very ambitious. You usually live for today not for tomorrow. This means that you enjoy having a good time.
If you sleep on curled up, you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and so you’re often defensive. You’re shy and you don’t normally like meeting people. You prefer to be on your own. You’re easily hurt.
If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced personality. You know your strengths and weakness. You’re usually careful. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel anxious, but you don’t often get depressed. You always say what you think even if it annoys people.
56. According to the writer, you naturally show your secret and real personality _______.
A. only in a normal night
B. only when you go to sleep
C. only when you refuse to show yourself to the world
D. only when you change sleeping position
57. Maybe you don’t want to make friends with a person who sleeps curled up. Why?
A. He or she would rather be alone than communicate with you.
B. He or she is rarely ready to help you.
C. He or she prefers staying at home to going out.
D. He or she wouldn’t like to get help from you.
58. It appears that the writer tends to think highly of the person who sleeps on one side because _______.
A. he or she always shows sympathy for people
B. he or she is confident, but not stubborn
C. he or she has more strengths than weakness
D. he or she often considers annoying people
B
He has lived through countless dangers but time may be running out for the Palestinian (巴勒斯坦) leader, Yasser Arafat.
On September 11, Israel (以色列) announced its decision to remove him, following several Palestinian suicide bomb attacks on Israel. "He should take some responsibility for the killings," an Israeli official said. "He has done nothing to stop the terrorist groups."
But the decision has angered many other countries. China said that Arafat is the true leader, elected by the Palestinian people, and removing him would harm the peace in the Middle East. This view is shared by other governments.
Arafat himself said: "They can kill me, but never get me out of my country." He has spent most of his life in danger as the chief target (目标) of Israel. But, just like a cat with nine lives, Arafat escaped every time.
For years he has made a practice of sleeping in a different bed each night, thinking a moving target is harder to hit.
In 1985, Israel sent fighter planes to kill Arafat. The wild bombing destroyed his old headquarters (总部) in Tunis but Arafat himself was unhurt.
In 1992, the aircraft in which he was flying over north Africa broke in two during a crash landing. The crew was killed but he managed to remain alive.
What is so unbelievable is that he always remains calm in great danger.
Israeli tanks and helicopters attacked his headquarters in Ramallah in December, 2001. When they saw the attackers coming, Arafat's bodyguards ignored his orders to stay still and carried him to safety underground. Seconds later, several bombs exploded nearby. Though safe, his bodyguards were so scared they were soaked in sweat.
But Arafat, with Israeli tanks only 200 metres away, showed no fear at all. He stayed in the damaged office, contacting foreign leaders in hope of preventing further attacks from Israel.
All these experiences have made him a mysterious man, and one of the world's most legendary (传奇式的) leaders.
But has he used up the last of his nine lives? Only time will tell.
59. What is the main idea of the story？
　 A. Arafat was in danger again after Israel's decision to remove him.
　 B. Arafat faced dangers without fear.
　 C. Arafat was one of the most legendary leaders in the world.
　 D. Arafat may have used up the last of his nine lives.
60. Which is not one of the reasons that Arafat managed to live through countless dangers?
　 A. Luck. B. He was very careful.
　 C. He kept a clear head in danger. D. He had mysterious powers.
61. What does the boldfaced word “scared” in the last paragraph but three mean?
　 A. Glad. B. Frightened. C. Feeling lucky. D. Worried.
62. Arafat's answer to Israeli decision showed ______.
　 A. that he wasn't afraid of danger B. his determination to stay in his own country
　 C. that he has belief in himself D. both A and B
C
There are some special traditions in Hawaii. People are very friendly and always welcome visitors. They give visitors a lei along necklace of beautiful fresh flowers. Men wear bright flowered shirts, and women often wear long flowered dresses. There are traditional Chinese, Japanese and Filipino holidays and all the holidays from the United States. They call Hawaii the Aloha State. Aloha means both hello and goodbye. It also means “I love you”.
Usually when people from different countries, races, and traditions live together, there are serious problems. There are a few problems in Hawaii, but in general, people have learned to live together in peace.
Hawaiians earn most of their money from travelers and most of the travelers come from the mainland and from Japan. There are many people living in Hawaii now so there are residential areas where there used to be farms. Some of the big sugar and pineapple companies have moved to the Philippines, where they do not have to pay workers as much money. The families of the first people who came from the U.S. mainland own the important banks and companies. Japanese are also buying or starting businesses here.
63. The special tradition in Hawaii includes______.
A．giving visitors a lei of beautiful fresh flowers. B．Men wear bright flowered shirts
C．Women often wear long flowered dresses D．All of the above.
64. The most important problem in Hawaii is ________.
A．to learn to live together in peace. B．To earn money from travelers
C．To find a comfortable place to live D．To unite different holidays.
65. The main travellers are from ________.
A．Europe B．America C．Japan D．B and C
66. Which is not the transformation in Hawaii? ________.
A．Farms have become residential areas
B．Some big sugar and pineapple companies have moved to Philippines
C．Japanese are buying or starting in Hawaii now
D．The families of the first people who came from Europe own the important banks and companies
D
Among all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Sometimes it is a hot topic discussed by people.
The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found an effective way to cure them. But if the gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cured completely, bringing happiness and more living days to the patients, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits the economy as well. In addition, human life span(寿命) can be prolonged.
Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children. Some families, with the English imperial family being a good example, have hereditary diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disease, which is a great trouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it, and a healthy child will be born.
Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep, therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way. Of course, the governments must take care to control gene technology.
67. What does “these two killers” in the second paragraph refer to ?
A. gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases.
B. The two murderers who killed the cloned baby
C. The two diseases of cancer and heart disease
D. Hereditary diseases and cancer
68. What’s the main idea of the third paragraph?
A. How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases.
B. Gene technology can be used to clone human babies.
C. Gene technology can help people to give birth of a baby.
D. Gene technology can help the English imperial family out
69. In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases?
A. Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can have more living days.
B. Using gene technology, scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it.
C. Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned.
D. Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology.
70. What is the main purpose of writing this passage?
A. Expressing the writer’s idea that gene technology will benefit people
B. Telling people the advantages of gene technology
C. Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit people
D. Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanity
E
The European capital cities, Berlin and London, running the third and the fourth richest economies in the world, both produce about a metric ton of rubbish for each household per year. But when it comes to disposing of their citizens’ waste, the comfortable similarities end.
London, and Britain as a whole, is in the middle of a waste crisis. Today, the environment secretary, Margaret Beckett, is presiding over a waste summit to try to find out why the UK is not going to reach its 25% recycling and composting (转制成堆肥) target by 2005; currently, it is managing 11%
By comparison, Berlin and Germany know exactly where they are going. Although Berlin has been the capital for less than a decade, and has had east and west to unite, it has already reached 40% recycling. The city has one ambition: to have no rubbish to dump or burn in 20 year’s time. So far, the city has not decided quite how, but it is developing new technologies and moving steadily in the right direction. London, by comparison, has a chaotic system. The 33 boroughs all have different recycling systems.
Ken Livingstone, who since taking office as mayor has published a brand-new waste management strategy for the capital, is responsible for sorting out this hotch potch. One of the most contentious issues both for London and Berlin is incineration, with both cities burning a large proportion of their waste---London 20% and Berlin 32%
Here again Berlin has made decisions and London is uncertain. Berlin has a state of the art incinerator in the 1970s and upgraded constantly until in the 1990s it is impossible to detect any emissions but warm gases. The city has abandoned plans to build another and instead wants to make the existing one redundant by reducing the waste so there is none to burn
London boroughs have plans to increase the size of the incinerator at Edmonton and there are plans to build more elsewhere. But Livingstone is resisting and the government is already rethinking its current energy from waste policy.
Samantha Heath, the chair of Greater London Authority’s environment committee, wants to invest in the market for recycled goods so there is somewhere for the material to go and a prospect of selling it, or at least disposing of it for less than the price of incineration or landfill
Ingolf Rank, spokesman for Berlin’s City Cleaning company has some advice: “The first task is to get the public on your side.” Each household has to pay 40 pounds every three months to dispose of its rubbish. In future, the less they create, the more they recycle and compost, the less they will have to pay, he says.
Each house in Berlin has a series of different coloured bins for refuse so glass, paper and plastics can be separated for recycling. This allows 800 000 tonnes of rubbish a year to be turned back into useful items.
But Berlin has ideas that have not ever been heard of in London. For example, at this time of year, thousands of trees that line Berlin’s streets shed their leaves. Rather than put these leaves into general rubbish and add to the problems of disposal, they are collected up in large vacuum cleaners and turned into garden compost. Most of London has no composting service at all.
Another system that stops material even being called rubbish is a collection service for second-hand furniture and electrical goods less than seven years old. Each offering is inspected, taken to a central shop, and sold at low cost to poorer people. It saves a lot of material being dumped.
Not all goes according to plan in Berlin, however. Rank says that people dump waste in the streets, like mattresses, old furniture or just general rubbish cost the city 2.8 million pounds a year.
One problem the city has tried to solve but failed, is the excreta of 150 000 dogs. Rank says it is the owners’ responsibility to clean up after their pets but police who tried enforce the law were “sometimes bitten (by the dogs), insulted by the owners and even beaten up. As a result we still have to clean up 40 tonnes of droppings every day. Nobody is happy about that.”
71. Which of the following is correct? __________
A.By 2005, UK is going to reach its 25% recycling and composting target.
A. UK has survived a waste crisis already.
B. Berlin has 33 boroughs with different recycling systems.
C. Germans are ambitious to have no rubbish to dump or burn in 20 years’ time.
72. Which is the main way for the two countries to deal with rubbish?
A. To bury. B.To incinerate. C.To sell D.To compost.
73.Inferring from the passage, which of the following is the main factor for Germans’ abandoning the incineration system?
A. Citizens’ protest. B. High opportunity cost.
C. Air pollution. D. Less produced rubbish.
74. What do people in Berlin do with the fallen leaves?
A. Landfill. B. Burning. C. Putting then into the dustbin. D. Turning them to fertilizer.
75. The writer uses the ______as a figure of speech(修辞).
A. Simile B. Metaphor C. contrast D. personification
（1）56．B 57．A 58．B 59．C 60．D 61．B 62．D63．D 64．A 65．D
66．D 67．C 68．A 69．B 70．A 71．D 72．B 73．B 74．D 75．C
阅读专题训练专题（2）
A
Imagine a classroom missing the one thing that's long been considered a necessary part to reading and writing ? Paper. No notebooks, no textbooks, no test paper. Nor are there any pencils or pens, which always seem to run out of ink at the critical (关键的) moment.
A "paperless classroom" is what more and more schools are trying to achieve.
Students don't do any handwriting in this class. Instead, they use palm (手掌) size, or specially-designed computers. The teacher downloads texts from Internet libraries and sends them to every student's personal computer.
Having computers also means that students can use the Web. They can look up information on any subject they're studying ? from maths to social science.
High school teacher Judy Herrell in Florida, US, described how her class used the Web to learn about the war in Afganistan (阿富汗) over one year ago.
"We could touch every side of the country through different sites ? from the forest to refugee camps (难民营)," she said. "Using a book that's three or four years old is impossible."
And exams can go online too. At a high school in Tennessee, US, students take tests on their own computers. The teacher records the grades on the network for everyone to see and then copies them to his own electronic grade book.
A paperless classroom is a big step towards reducing the waste of paper. High school teacher Stephanie Sorrell in Kentucky, US, said she used to give about 900 pieces of paper each week to each student.
"Think about the money and trees we could save with the computers," she said.
But, with all this technology, there's always the risk (危险) that the machines will break down. So, in case of a power failure or technical problems, paper textbooks are still widely available (可用的) for these hi-tech students.
56. What does the part of the last sentence in the first paragraph, “run out of ink at the critical
moment”, mean?
A. Pens may not write well at the critical moment.
　 B. Pens get lost easily, so you may not find them at the critical moment.
　 C. Pens may have little or no ink at the critical moment.
　 D. Pens use ink, while pencils don't.
57. In a paperless classroom, what is a must?
　 A. Pens. B. Computers. C. Information. D. Texts.
58. The high school teacher, Judy Herrell, used the example of her class to show that _______.
　 A. the Web could take them everywhere B. the Web taught them a lot
　 C. the Web is a good tool for information
　 D. the Web, better than the textbooks, can give the latest and comprehensive (全面的) information
59. The paperless classrooms will benefit _____ the most.
　 A. students B. teachers C. trees D. computers
60. What does the phrase in the last paragraph, “break down”, mean?
　 A. Break into pieces. B. Stop working. C. Fall down. D. Lose control.
B
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark, “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued reward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
61. According to the passage, which is true?
A. All the researchers performance at work and school.
B. All the researchers think that rewards often destroy creativity.
C. Among the educators they think rewards can destroy creativity.
D. Even the careful use of a small money is harmful to the creativity.
62. What’s the meaning of “approval”? ________
A. Praise. B. Happy. C. Blame. D. Feeling
63. According to the passage, which is true?
A. It doesn’t matter we give reward to the children according to their performances.
B. A reward will help a child increase his creativity.
C. In early grades, we can’t give children any rewards.
D. It doesn’t matter whether we tighten grading standards at university.
C
London has more than nine million visitors every year. They come and visit some of the most famous places in England: Big Ben (大笨钟), the Tower of London and the River Thames (泰晤士河).
You can see some of the most interesting places in the city by getting on one of London's tour buses. It has an open roof and let you off at the places you want to visit.
Or you can take a ride on the London Eye. This large wheel slowly takes you 135m above the River Thames. From the top you have wonderful views of the whole city.
The River Thames is London's main waterway. It has shaped the capital's landscape, history and geography. So one of the best ways of making sense of the city is to take a trip along the river. Much of the riverbank can now be walked along, particularly the south bank.
The clock tower of the Houses of Parliament (议会大厦), Big Ben, has become one of the main symbols of London. It rises up nearly 100m to a golden point above the clock and a 13-ton bell. The sound of the bell, which you can hear at the beginning of many television and radio programmes, has become well-known throughout the nation.
No visit to London is complete without a look at the Tower of London, in the eastern part of the city. After Big Ben, the Tower may be London's most visited tourist spot. It is Europe's oldest palace and prison.
Directly south is Tower Bridge, which is more than 100 years old.
Among all the palaces in London, Buckingham Palace (白金汉宫) is the most famous. It has been the main London home of the royal (皇家的) family since Queen Victoria moved there in 1837. You can visit some of the rooms in August and September. And most mornings of the year you can watch the soldiers outside hanging the guard?
About one hour by train out of London is the town of Windsor. Here you can visit another of the Queen's homes — Windsor Castle (温莎城 堡). This wonderful building is Europe's biggest castle. There was a fire in 1992 and many of the rooms were badly burned. But now they are full of beautiful pictures, tables and chairs again.
Sight-seeing in London is great, but it can get very tiring. So, the best way to start the day is to fill up on an English breakfast.
For starters, have an egg, bacon, sausages (香肠), tomatoes, mushrooms, black pudding and fried bread. Then finish off with toast and jam, and a large pot of tea. You can buy an English breakfast in nearly every hotel, and at many restaurants and cafes.
An English pub is a good place to stop for lunch and a drink. You can get hot or cold food and try one of England's many ales (淡色啤酒).
The English also like to have afternoon tea. This is toast and jam, or cake and another pot of tea.
Fish and chips are also a traditional English meal. So look out for fish and chip shops in cities as well as by the sea.
Or you can sit outside one of the many roadside pubs and cafes in London, and simply watch the busy world go by.
64．Which of the following is not suggested as one of the best ways to make sense of London?
A. Taking a trip along the Thames. B. Subway. C. Tour buses. D. London Eye.
65．According to the story, which place may be London's most visited tourist spot?
A. Buckingham Palace. B. The Tower of London.
C. Big Ben. D. The River Thames.
66．If you go to London in December, you will not be able to __________.
A. tour the city along the River Thames. B. visit Windsor Castle
C. watch the soldiers outside the Buckingham Palace changing guards
D. tour the Buckingham Palace
67．The word "starters" in the last paragraph but four (倒数第五段) means ________.
A. the first course of the meal B. beginner
C. the first time D. those who haven't had an English breakfast
D
With the advent of fast food chains from the West such as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut, the Chinese are being introduced to a diet that markedly increases the death rate from certain diseases in any population.
The main killers in North America, the degenerative diseases such as heart attack and stroke as well as colon cancer, will become a way of death, not death, not life, in this country if the Chinese do not act quickly and compete with these health destroying food chains.
Scientific studies from all over the world show that a diet high in animal foods such as pork, beef, including sugar, white flour, white noodles and even white rice, undermines one’s health. Deposits of animal fat cling to the walls of arteries, blocking the blood supply to various organs.
This causes diseases in almost every organ, but in particular it damages two of the most vital ones, the heart and brain.
Compare these problems with the excellent health one may enjoy if one consumes good Chinese food. The cook goes out every day, procures great-tasting, fresh vegetables, then cooks them for just a few minutes so that their nutritional value is preserved and afterwards serves them in a most artistic and elegant fashion. Please cling to your traditional ways of eating. They are far superior to those of the West.
Certainly the fast food chains make lots of money, but who wants to fill the pockets of a foreign food chain that proceeds to ruin the health of the Chinese people?
Another reason Western fast food restaurants make money is that the food they serve, which comes from assembly lines, will not attract bugs or spoil easily.
How the Chinese could patronize these fast food places when Chinese cook such delectable food, not just in this country but over the entire world, is beyond my comprehension.
Western restaurants are clean and tastefully decorated. Moreover, these restaurants also do indeed have “good service and an inviting dining atmosphere”. However, Chinese food chains could do likewise if they would organize themselves as the Western chains do.
These lessons in management and décor are the only ones worth learning from the invasion of this country by the Western fast food chains. In other words only imitate the style of the restaurants, not the content of the food or the menus in any way, shape or form.
Do not let the desire for money destroy the wonderful tradition that China has established in producing absolutely fantastically tasty as well as healthful food.
68．A diet high in animal foods and refined foods will cause diseases, in particular it damages _________.
A．the heart and brain B．the walls of arteries C．all organs D．the blood
69．The reasons Western fast food restaurants make money are __________.
A．assembly lines that will not attract bugs or spoil easily B．clean and tastefully decorated
C．good service and an inviting dining atmosphere D．above of all
70．What will be worth learning from the Western fast food chains? _______
A．The content of the food. B．The menus.
C．The lessons in management and decoration. D．Shape or form of the food.
71．In the passage, the author thinks _________
A．Chinese should learn everything from Western fast food restaurants.
B．Chinese should say no to Western fast food.
C．Western fast food are good. D．Chinese food are bad.
E
Special trees that grow faster, fight pollution, produce better wood, and even sense chemical attacks are being planted by scientists in the US.
When 40 per cent of Hawaii's US$14 million-a-year papaya (木瓜)industry was destroyed by a virus five years ago, work began on creating genetically engineered (转基因的) trees.
Researchers successfully introduced seeds that were designed to resist the virus. Since then, more and more people have been testing genetically engineered trees.
Some researchers put special bacteria into trees to help them grow faster and produce better wood. Others are trying to create trees that can clean polluted soil.
Meanwhile fruit farmers are looking for trees that are strong enough to resist worms, and paper companies want trees that produce more wood and therefore more paper.
The Pentagon (五角大楼，美国国防部所在地) even gave the researchers US$500,000 this year after they developed a pine tree that changes its colours if it senses a chemical attack.
So far, the poplar, eucalyptus (杨树与桉树), apple and coffee trees are among those being engineered. All this is can be done today because we have a better understanding of tree genomes (基因组).
However, some people fear that the genetically engineered trees will cause dangerous results. They are worried that the new trees will breed with natural species and change the balance of the forest environment.
"It could be destructive," said Jim Diamond, an environmentalist. "Trees are what is left of our natural environment and home to many endangered species."
But researchers insist that science could give nature a fighting chance against both natural and man-made dangers.
They hope to answer the critics by stopping the new trees from breeding, so their effect on the environment can be controlled.
72．Which kind of tree is not the ones that scientists are planting in the US?
A. Trees that worms can't hurt. B. Trees that can protect themselves at a chemical attack.
C. Trees that can resist wind better. D. Genetically engineered trees.
73．What caused the American scientists to work on special trees?
A. They think science could give nature a fighting chance against both natural and man-made dangers.
B. Great numbers of trees have been lost due to attacks by viruses.
C. Researchers successfully introduced seeds designed to resist the virus.
D. Tree genomes are mapped out so scientists know how to improve trees.
74．Which of the following was probably the first kind of trees being engineered?
A. Papaya. B. Pine. C. Apple. D. Poplar.
75．Why did critics think engineered trees dangerous? Because _______.
A. these trees can destroy the balance of nature
B. everything except trees has been genetically engineered
C. trees are home to many endangered species D. these trees may affect normal trees
专题（2）56．C 57．B 58．D 59．C 60．B 61．C 62．A63．B 64．B 65．C
66．D 67．A 68．A 69．D70．C 71．B 72．C 73．B 74．A 75．D

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