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一. 考纲说明 2005年高考考纲公布之后,在高三师生中引起强烈反响。英语考纲因增加了新题型,取消了题型示例及赋分,可谓是“革命化”的修改。于是,2005高考英语变化成为考生和教师共同关心的焦点之一。 1.填空题考查三能力 今年的考纲最大的变化是增加填空题。规定的高考题型有:多项选择题、多项选择式完形填空题、填空题、短文改错和写作等题型,其中填空题是新增加的一种题型。从考纲给出的填空题型示例看,题目给出了一段文字,要求考生阅读后按照自己的理解进行填空,即用自己的理解来转述原文内容。该类题型将主要考查三种能力:阅读、阅读+写作、写作。 例如: A laboratory, different from any others, at the University of Chicago is busy only at night. It is a dream laboratory where researchers are at work studying dreamers. While the students sleep, special machines record their brain waves and eye movements that shows the beginning of the dream as well as the body movements that shows the end of a dream. Observers report that a person usually keeps moving before a dream. Once the dream has started, his mouth doesn't move, neither does his body. But his eyes become more active, as if the certain had gone up on a show. When the dream lasts, many people murmur and even speak without any body movements. But the scientists can't make the final scientific conclusion until now. Notes about dream Stage Action The dream starts 1. _____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ The dream lasts Body movement ( ╳ ) Mouth movement ( √ ) The dream ends Body movement ( √ ) Keys : 1. Mouth movement ( ╳ ) 2. Body movement ( ╳ ) 3. Eyes movement ( √ ) 2.应用考查加大 与去年的英语考纲相比,今年的考纲在考试性质部分删除了“英语科考试是按照标准化测试要求设计的”一语。“按照标准化测试要求设计”的考卷中客观题多、主观题少。今年的考纲删除了这句话,表明高考英语学科将增加主观题含量,开始侧重对学生运用英语这门语言工具的考查。往年的考纲将听力列为单独的一部分,今年的考纲则将听力归入“语言运用”部分,这样设置更加科学。 3.明确各题能力要求 今年的考纲明确了各题的考查能力,大大方便了考生的复习。如听力“要求考生听懂有关日常生活中所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话”( 事件、 天气、时间、地点、人物、原因、说话者的意图、观点)。这就要求考生:理解主旨要义;获取事实性的细节信息;理解说话者的意图、观点或态度;对所听内容作出简单推断。 再如,今年的阅读要求考生读懂所熟悉的日常生活的简短文字材料,如公告、说明、广告以及杂志、书报中关于一般性话题的简短文章。要求考生:理解主旨要义;理解文中具体信息;根据上下文推断生词的词义;作出简单判断和推理;理解文章的基本结构;理解作者的意图和态度。 4.写作以中等题为主 去年的写作分为两部分:一是改错,二是书面表达。今年的写作没有划分得那么细致,这也是下发自主命题权的信号。 5.天津的考试说明和2004年的没有多大的变化。 试卷特点: 1) 强调语篇结构分析, 要求考生在平时的学习中加强对阅读材料深层次的理解 2) 选材内容贴近生活、有时代气息 3) 试卷中继续出现一些不注释汉语、但不大影响对考试内容理解的生词。 4) 书面表达立意较好, 对考生提出了较高的要求 5) 阅读理解部分继续保持较大的阅读量 第五档(很好);(21-25分) 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 --- 覆盖所有内容要点。 --- 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。 --- 语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误,但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致;具备较强的语言运用能力。 ---有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。 完全达到了预期的写作目的。 第四档(好):(16-20分) 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 -虽漏掉1、2个次重点,但覆盖所有主要内容。 -应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 -语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,些许错误主要是因尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致。 -应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑。 达到了预期的写作目的。 第三档(适当):(11-15分) 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 -虽漏掉一些内容,但覆盖所有主要内容。 -应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。 -有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,但不影响理解。 -应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使全文内容连贯。 整体而言,基本达到了预期的写作目的。 第二档(较差):(6-10分) 未恰当完成试题规定的任务。 -漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容,写了一些无关内容。 -语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。 -有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的理解。 -较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性。 信息未能清楚地传达给读者。 第一档(差):(1-5分) 未完成试题规定的任务。 -明显遗漏主要内容,写了一些无关内容,原因可能是未理解试题要求。 -语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。 -较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响对写作内容的理解。 -缺乏语句间的连接成分,内容不连贯。 信息未能传达给读者。 0分 未能传达给读者任何信息:内容太少,无法评判;写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。 6) 听力 一、高考听力测试题的特点 1.测试目的和要求 高考听力测试以语篇(对话或独白)为测试载体,在语言使用的场景中测试学生使用语音、语法、词汇知识的能力,主要是考查考生对所听信息的正确理解能力和快速反应能力。听力测试要点包括:1)理解主旨和大意。2)获取事实性的具体信息,如时间、地点、人物等。3)简单推断谈话背景、人物关系等。4)理解说话人的意图、观点或态度。一般来讲, 说话人总会有说话的意图,或提出或回答问题,阐述自己的观点,表明自己的态度。有时,说话者的意图或观点被明确说出,有时则隐含在语篇的字里行间,需要我们去揣摩、推测。 天津2004年高考听力选材贴近学生生活, 具有鲜明的时态性。 考查对于语境的察觉、听的过程中的预测与设想、对所听内容中涉及事项的辨识等。 2005年的听力会略有调整,语速会加快一些, 从而使难度略有增加。 2.测试的形式和难度 高考英语听力测试约需20分钟左右,共20个小题,计分30分。设问全部是特殊疑问句,几乎涵盖了所有的疑问类型,如:what(主旨或内容) , who(关系或身份), when(时间), where(地点), why(原因), how(方式), what time(具体时间), how many(数), how much(量), how long(长短), how old(年龄), how soon(多久), how often(频率) 等,选项为“3选1”。听力测试共分两节:第一节是听五段简短对话,每段对话后仅有一个选择题,每段对话仅读一遍。主要考查考生对语音、数字(时间、日期、号码、价格等)、字母、句子结构及句意等的快速反应能力和理解能力。 听力考试中常出现Where does the conversation take place ?What is the man’s profession?, 之类的问题,考生要通过对话的具体情节和背景判断对话发生的地点、人物职业、人物关系等。熟悉特定的场景用语和关键词,这一点很重要。记住下面一些常用的场景用语。 医院(hospital)用语:take medicine, temperature, pill , headache, running a fever, blood pressure 等; 宾馆(hotel)用语:luggage, single room, double room., room number 等; 邮局(post office)用语: mail, post, deliver, stamp, envelope, telegram等; 机场(airport)用语:flight, take off, land, luggage, boarding, meet sb. 等; 车站(railway station)用语: round trip, single trip, sleeping car, meet sb.等; 商店(shop)用语: on sale, size, color, price, change等; 学校(school)用语: professor, exam, course, dining hall, playground 等。 飞机上(on a plane) flight, landing card, 二、高考英语听力测试的题型及内容 (一)概括谈话主旨 (what) 任何一段对话都要围绕一个话题或一个中心思想来展开并贯穿整个对话或独白,它可以用一个或几个词或一个短语或一句来概括,此类题要求考生听懂并对材料的内容做出归纳和概括。 如NMET2001第3题: What can we learn from the man from the conversation? A. He's anxious to see his sister. B. He wrote to his sister last month. C. He's expecting a letter from his sister. 录音原文: M:I haven't heard from my sister since last month. W: Don't worry, Charlie. Letters from the United States can be slow sometimes. 对话中,两个人在谈论的是有两个月没有收到妹妹的信了,因此符合逻辑的是“期待”。对话中的don't worry有可能让一些考生误选A答案中的anxious。但是如果注意接下来的信息:Letters from the United States can be slow sometimes。那么就能听懂要义,选准答案C。 What are the two speakers talking about? A. A football player B. A football team C. A football match 录音原文: W:Do you know that Michael Owen has won the France football golden ball prize? M:Not so surprised, he had twenty goals in this season. 在听录音中我们捕捉到 Michael Owen 人名,won…..prize 得奖;他进了20个球等关键信息。这些信息都是针对运动员,所以 题的正确选项为A。 (二)捕捉人物、时间、地点、数字等具体信息(what, when, where, who, why, how, whose) 为了说明和解释主旨大意,对话或独白材料中会出现一些具体信息,如时间、地点、人物和数字等。这些细节是把握对话的主旨必不可少的内容,也是听力考试的重点项目。 (要随手记录) 如NMET2001第1题: Where did this conversation mostly take place? (地点) A. At a concert B. At a flower shop C. At a restaurant 录音原文: M: The music and flower are lovely. W: Yes, I hope the food is good, too. 从对话中可以听出他们是在餐厅里,因为在餐馆里常常有音乐和鲜花的环境。那女士说的意思是音乐和鲜花都很美,同时希望有佳肴。因此答案为C。 What does the man often do? A. He often makes live conversation with other people on the internet. B. He often reads news on the internet. C. He often depends on the internet for his work. 录音原文: W: How much do you depend on the internet for information every day? M: Well, I read online news quite often. But I never chat with people online as I am so busy. What time did Julie leave? (对于含有时间的考题,应该采取的办法) A. At 8:00 B. At 8:15 C. At 8:50 录音原文: W: Have the children left for school yet? M: Sally left around 8:00 and Julie ran out fifteen minutes later. 对于篇幅较长,难度较大的对话或独白,考生要培养在听力测试中“速记”的本领。“速记”不是听写,而是用最快的方式写下一个单词或一、二个数字,以便在第二次听录音时根据问题和选项进行校对和修正,确定选项。 例如: Good evening. Tonight the main news is about the bad weather we are having. Storms are reported in all parts of the country. In the north, the main road near Glasgow are blocked by trees because of high winds. In the south, heavy rains and storms are reported. Near Dover, fifty houses have been flooded, and last night a lorry was blown over by the wind. In the east, quite a few areas have been flooded, many small boats have been lost, and this morning one boat was found two miles inland. Things are better in the west. But two villages have been flooded by a river. Four people nearly drowned in the flood. More storms are expected tomorrow. 1. Why are many roads closed in the north? A. Because of heavy rain B. Because of strong winds C. Because of fallen stones from mountains 考生在准备听力时,心里要记住roads are closed in the north的原因是什么,手中的笔要记下because of 后面的单词.你将听到二遍because of high winds 你快速记下 winds这个单词,在录音放第二遍时再核对一下,所以答案是B 2、In which part of the country have fifty houses been flooded? A. In the south B. In the north C. In the east 考生在准备听力时,心里要记住houses have been flooded,然后特别要捕捉相应的的方位词。因为在上一题中已选择了north,所以一般不会重复该词。所以你把重点放在选项A和C上。你将听到二遍in the south, heavy rains and storms are reported. Near Dover, fifty houses have been flooded. 这里考生应快速记下 south和rains, flooded等单词,听第二遍时,考生再进行核对,本题答案为A。 3、 What happened in the west? A. Many boats were in the west. B. Four people died in the west. C. Two villages were under the water. 考生在准备听力时,心要记住 west,注意捕捉west附近的信息。你将听到二遍 two villages have been flooded by a river. Four people nearly drowned in the flood. 这里考生应快速记下 villages 和flooded, nearly drowned 。选项B为 four people died 与录音中的nearly drowned 不相符合,而选项中C的 two villages were under water 与录音中的 two villages have been flooded by a river 相符合。所以正确答案为C。 (三)推断对话或独白的背景和双方关系(what’s the relationship… / what are the two speakers? 此类题考查考生根据对话或独白所提供的有关信息,对对话或独白的背景,说话者所处的场合,谈话者的身份及关系进行推断的能力。 (注意两个人的说话的语气) 如NMET2002第16题: What do you know about the woman? A. She's the man's wife. B. She's a business manager. C. She's a company secretary. 录音原文: M: What does our program look like for tomorrow? W: Let's see. A meeting with Bill Lyons at ten in the morning, and all the paper work is ready. Then, a trip to the National Lab at three P.M And at seven in the evening we're having dinner with Mr. Cooper, manager of LG Company. M: Another busy day. But please don't plan anything for Saturday. I'm going to watch basketball with my family. 从对话中说话人的语气判断,女士在向男士陈述第二天的工作安排,根据常识,这事一般是由秘书来做的。对话中最后一句But please don't plan any-thing for Saturday. I'm going to watch basketball with my family.也表明男士是女士的上司,因为这种口气只有老板对员工才有。因此答案为C。 What’s the relationship between the two speakers? A. A boss and a salesgirl B. A teacher and his pupil C. A professor and his assistant 录音原文: W: Excuse me, professor Smith. I was wondering if I could leave 15 minutes early this afternoon. M: Sure, go ahead, Jane. Do give your lovely child a big kiss for me. (四)判断说话人的观点和态度( how did sb. feel…/ what does the man think of(about)…/ what’s the man’s attitude towards…/ 常言“听话听音,锣鼓听声”,说话者总会有说话的意图,有时这意图观点是明说出来的,有时则隐藏在字里行间,需要考生自己去揣摩、推断。这类考题的问题常可设置为:What will the man do this evening? What can we know about the woman? What is the most probable result of the conversation? What's the man's attitude towards……?等。 例如 NMET2002第12题。 设问: Why does the man thank the woman? A. She has helped him with his problem. B. She has invited him for coffee. C. She has agreed to see him on Monday. 录音原文: M: Thank you very much, Miss Tim. That helped me a lot. W: I'm glad I could be of some help, Carlos. Let me know if you have any more questions later. M: I will. And thank you for giving up your coffee break to help. I know you need one after teaching three classes. W: Oh, I don't mind. Teaching is what I love most. M: Well, goodbye. And thanks again. W: You're welcome, Carlos. See you in class Monday. 从开始感谢的话可以判断:Thank you very much. That helped me a lot.后又提到为帮助我牺牲了喝咖啡的时间,因此可以判断他感谢她是因为她帮他解决了问题,所以答案选A。 How did the woman feel about coming back by bus? A. It was boring B. It was very nice C. It saved time 录音原文: M: Did you mind coming back by bus instead of by plane? W: No, we didn’t mind at all. It took a lot longer, but it was very comfortable and it was much cheaper. 三、高考英语听力的应试策略 具备相应的知识以后,高考听力考试的障碍主要出现在两个方面:一是能力因素。考生被录音材料牵着鼻子走,接受信息的速度跟不上谈话的语速,错过关键信息词,听完后把握不住要旨。二是心理因素。高考结果分析反映,听力测试的前五题丢分较多,这是因为在考听力时,考生似乎进入状态比较晚,心情烦燥不安,注意力不能集中,还没等听出个头绪就结束了。一旦开头有听不懂的部分,有的考生马上就会心慌,导致后面的问题也听不懂。答题思路不对也是丢分的重要原因。高考听力并不是重在细节,更不重在语法,而是重在对应(matching),只要听懂对话的大概内容,就能根据常识和逻辑分析,运用排除方法得出正确答案。为此,听力考试必须听、读、记结合进行:第一步迅速阅读题干和选项,第二步静听录音、记住要点,第三步结合人物、时空、话题及背景推出正确答案。临场应试具体应注意以下几个方面: (一)调节情绪,保持良好的心理状态 高考听力测试具有瞬时效应、信息效应和心理效应的特点,需要稳定心理才能沉着应答,发挥出正常的水平。在平常的听力训练当中,应排除杂念,集中精力,全身放松,保持最佳竞技状态,把注意力全部集中在听音之上,充满信心,沉着冷静。在考试时,遇到未听懂或未完全听懂的内容,对于实在没把握的内容,也应采用阅读理解的方法去推测。切忌听录音时在某一个词语上冥思苦想、耿耿于怀,打乱听后面内容的心理节奏。 (二)读题预测,变被动为主动 在听力测试过程中,考生在听完每段材料后都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。所以考生应充分利用播放录音的间隙,阅读每题的题干和选项,强记关键目标词语,充分利用题干、选项和自己的的知识和经验,作适当的分析与推断,预先猜测对话或独白的内容,进而缩小“包围圈”,做到有的放矢。(对关键词做标记) 例如NMET2000第9-11题: 9.Where is the woman going? A.Bridge Street B.The cinema C.The station 10.Where is the cinema? A.On the corner of Bridge Street. B.Next to the station. C.On Station Street 11.Which turning should the woman take on Bridge Street? A.The first on the right. B.The first on the left. C.The second on the left. 预先浏览第9题后,应立即想到要注意听的目标词语是有关地点的内容。看过第10和11题后,知道录音材料应该是有关问路的内容。可以联想到相关的词语,比如turn right, turn left, go straight等,带着这些预测的问题去听,听起来比较从容,心中有底。 (三)抓大放小,紧盯关键词句 由于高考听力材料信息量大,速度较快,捕捉关键词句就成了英语听力的一个非常重要的环节。有些考生在做听力测试的过程中抓不住重点,盲目地逐词逐句地听,不免挂一漏万。其实,在听录音的过程中,只要捕捉到关键的词句就能基本找出问题的答案。 例如NMET2002第14、15题: 14.What will the man do next morning? A.Meet Mr.Cooper. B.Visit National Lab. C.Meet Bill Lyons. 15.How will the man spend his Saturday? A.He will do some paperwork. B.He will take some rest. C.He will meet some visitors. 从录音材料中听到,女士的第一句话是:A meeting with Bill Lyons at ten in the morning.只要听准了人名、时间和具体事宜,第14题就可以选对答案C。男士后面又说到周六不要安排任何事情,他要与家人观看篮球赛,所以15题答案选B。此外,考生在听录音时还应重视说话人的重音和语调。通常情况下,说话人的语调越重表明此信息越重要。运用强记、专心投入,在听力考试中是至关重要的。所谓会听,就是指的在听力考试中会抓关键词语及主要信息。 (四)顾全整体,运用概括分析跳越障碍 高考听力测试题中很少出现没学过的生词,但不排除会碰到有些词听不懂的情况,于是有些考生不再继续往下听,而是去思考未听懂的个别词语,形成恶性循环。碰到个别词语听不懂是正常现象,可能是由于弱读、同化、连续、省音等语音现象的缘故,正确的处理方法是跳过去,接着往下听。只要你领会了大意,明确了话题和谈话的背景文化知识,就可以越过障碍,运用整体理解去推知答案。 例如NMET2002第6-8题: 6.How does the man feel about David's way of sleeping? A.It's effective. B.It's strange. C.It's the best. 7.How many hours does David sleep a day? A.Four. B.Six. C.Seven. 8.What does the woman suggest at the end of the talk? A.People should develop a habit like David's. B.People need longer hours of sleep. C.People have different sleeping habits. 听完全段对话后得出整体印象,可明确本段对话的主题要义是谈人的睡眠习惯。女士的第一句话就点出:David has a strange but highly effective way of sleeping,因此,第6题选B。女士的第二句话清楚表明a total of four hours of sleep each day,于是第7题就知道答案选A。在对话中那位男士最后说Not every-one is David ,I guess。由于可以推断他们的态度和观点:每个人的睡眠习惯是不一样的。因此,答案选C。 (五)眼明手快,各器官协调并用 在听第六到第十段长对话或独白时,考生不可能记住录音材料中涉及到的全部信息,特别是一些数据、时间、地点、人名等。所以考生就应做到耳听、眼读、脑思和手划同时进行。有必要时,考生还要对一些非常重要且易忘的信息做速记。速记时遵循的原则是简单、易懂、快捷,可采用字母、缩写、符号、汉字等形式,具体形式因时而异,因人而异。 总之,听应有法,但无定法,贵在得法。一般说来,高考听力题难度不会很大,只要平时打好词汇基础,坚持多听,加强有针对性的训练,高考中就定能发挥出最佳水平,取得满意效果。 听力复习方法: 1. 首先每天做一个听力的练习,时间不要超过30分钟。也就是说,听一个听力练习就够了,这样可以和高考取得同步。 2. 做听力时,要讲究方法。在听不懂的时候可以看听力材料。看一遍,跟读一遍。 3. 要坚持 |
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