| 笔译中所需的知识与技能On Knowledge and Skills Needed in Oral Interpretation |
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On Knowledge and Skills Needed in Oral Interpretation lixiugui Interpretation, which essentially means an extempore oral reproduction in one language of what is said in another language, has long been considered as a bridge across which people of different cultures may facilitate and further exchange in various realms, particularly nowadays when globalization has developed into a popular trend, more and more importance and attention will be attached to it to smooth cross-culture communication Interpretation, which essentially means an extempore oral reproduction in one language of what is said in another language, has long been considered as a bridge across which people of different cultures may facilitate and further exchange in various realms, particularly nowadays when globalization has developed into a popular trend, more and more importance and attention will be attached to it to smooth cross-culture communication||Interpretation, which essentially means an extempore oral reproduction in one language of what is said in another language, has long been considered as a bridge across which people of different cultures may facilitate and further exchange in various realms, particularly nowadays when globalization has developed into a popular trend, more and more importance and attention will be attached to it to smooth cross-culture communication||Interpretation, which essentially means an extempore oral reproduction in one language of what is said in another language, has long been considered as a bridge across which people of different cultures may facilitate and further exchange in various realms, particularly nowadays when globalization has developed into a popular trend, more and more importance and attention will be attached to it to smooth cross-culture communication. Experts see interpretation as a three-step linguistic reproduction, namely comprehending, translating and speaking, and each step is efforts-consuming||Experts see interpretation as a three-step linguistic reproduction, namely comprehending, translating and speaking, and each step is efforts-consuming||Experts see interpretation as a three-step linguistic reproduction, namely comprehending, translating and speaking, and each step is efforts-consuming||Experts see interpretation as a three-step linguistic reproduction, namely comprehending, translating and speaking, and each step is efforts-consuming. Comprehending, or understanding is of key importance|.Without such accurate comprehension, an interpreter will fail to continue---it is definitely a tragedy||Without such accurate comprehension, an interpreter will fail to continue---it is definitely a tragedy||Without such accurate comprehension, an interpreter will fail to continue---it is definitely a tragedy||Without such accurate comprehension, an interpreter will fail to continue---it is definitely a tragedy? or there can be no rendition to the original||or there can be no rendition to the original||or there can be no rendition to the original||or there can be no rendition to the original. In interpreting, this is materialism||In interpreting, this is materialism||In interpreting, this is materialism||In interpreting, this is materialism. On this point, the difficulties involved may be lexical, contextual, and terminological ones, or those caused by the speaker' s exceptionally rapid or particular accent or intonation, or those arising from the interpreter' s lack of knowledge of subject concerned||On this point, the difficulties involved may be lexical, contextual, and terminological ones, or those caused by the speaker' s exceptionally rapid or particular accent or intonation, or those arising from the interpreter' s lack of knowledge of subject concerned||On this point, the difficulties involved may be lexical, contextual, and terminological ones, or those caused by the speaker' s exceptionally rapid or particular accent or intonation, or those arising from the interpreter' s lack of knowledge of subject concerned||On this point, the difficulties involved may be lexical, contextual, and terminological ones, or those caused by the speaker' s exceptionally rapid or particular accent or intonation, or those arising from the interpreter' s lack of knowledge of subject concerned. So, to crack such a hard nut, first an interpreter is required to practise acute ears — so sensitive that he/ she can catch any idiomatic speaker as well as can adapt themselves to various accents and dialects, because persons they often interpret for are not always native speakers, and even native speakers can not always speak as purely as VOA||So, to crack such a hard nut, first an interpreter is required to practise acute ears — so sensitive that he/ she can catch any idiomatic speaker as well as can adapt themselves to various accents and dialects, because persons they often interpret for are not always native speakers, and even native speakers can not always speak as purely as VOA||So, to crack such a hard nut, first an interpreter is required to practise acute ears — so sensitive that he/ she can catch any idiomatic speaker as well as can adapt themselves to various accents and dialects, because persons they often interpret for are not always native speakers, and even native speakers can not always speak as purely as VOA|| So, to crack such a hard nut, first an interpreter is required to practise acute ears — so sensitive that he/ she can catch any idiomatic speaker as well as can adapt themselves to various accents and dialects, because persons they often interpret for are not always native speakers, and even native speakers can not always speak as purely as VOA. Parallel to acute ears, long term memory is another prerequisite in translating, or linguistic transference||Parallel to acute ears, long term memory is another prerequisite in translating, or linguistic transference||Parallel to acute ears, long term memory is another prerequisite in translating, or linguistic transference||Parallel to acute ears, long term memory is another prerequisite in translating, or linguistic transference. According to psycholinguists, anything stays in one’s mind for longer than two seconds is regarded as long term memory||According to psycholinguists, anything stays in one' s mind for longer than two seconds is regarded as long term memory||According to psycholinguists, anything stays in one' s mind for longer than two seconds is regarded as long term memory|| According to psycholinguists, anything stays in one' s mind for longer than two seconds is regarded as long term memory. But long and complex figures, proper names of persons and places which frequent interpreters are great challenges even to a good memory and naturally , this gives rise to of note-taking that is used as auxiliary memory||But long and complex figures, proper names of persons and places which frequent interpreters are great challenges even to a good memory and naturally , this gives rise to of note-taking that is used as auxiliary memory||But long and complex figures, proper names of persons and places which frequent interpreters are great challenges even to a good memory and naturally , this gives rise to of note-taking that is used as auxiliary memory||But long and complex figures, proper names of persons and places which frequent interpreters are great challenges even to a good memory and naturally , this gives rise to of note-taking that is used as auxiliary memory. An effective interpreter must be good at taking notes||An effective interpreter must be good at taking notes||An effective interpreter must be good at taking notes||An effective interpreter must be good at taking notes. While concentrating on listening to the speaker, he takes down a few key words and figures, or just one or two signs and symbols representing certain meaning to serve as hints and clue||While concentrating on listening to the speaker, he takes down a few key words and figures, or just one or two signs and symbols representing certain meaning to serve as hints and clue||While concentrating on listening to the speaker, he takes down a few key words and figures, or just one or two signs and symbols representing certain meaning to serve as hints and clue||While concentrating on listening to the speaker, he takes down a few key words and figures, or just one or two signs and symbols representing certain meaning to serve as hints and clue. Mainly the aim of taking notes is to complement memory efficiency and ensure accuracy in interpreting||Mainly the aim of taking notes is to complement memory efficiency and ensure accuracy in interpreting||Mainly the aim of taking notes is to complement memory efficiency and ensure accuracy in interpreting||Mainly the aim of taking notes is to complement memory efficiency and ensure accuracy in interpreting. To be proficient in note-taking so as to facilitate the translating process, interpreters are advised to be mindful of the following principles:1 Write as few words as possible||To be proficient in note-taking so as to facilitate the translating process, interpreters are advised to be mindful of the following principles:1 Write as few words as possible||To be proficient in note-taking so as to facilitate the translating process, interpreters are advised to be mindful of the following principles:1 Write as few words as possible||To be proficient in note-taking so as to facilitate the translating process, interpreters are advised to be mindful of the following principles:1 Write as few words as possible. When taking notes, interpreters must at the save time open their ears and minds and they have little time at disposal—even though they can gain much time—it is still preferable to be brief and reduce notes to the minimum in number, for too many symbols may confuse interpreter themselves.2 Better to take notes in target language, which can solve problems of transference in the mean time||When taking notes, interpreters must at the save time open their ears and minds and they have little time at disposal — even though they can gain much time — it is still preferable to be brief and reduce notes to the minimum in number, for too many symbols may confuse interpreter themselves.2 Better to take notes in target language, which can solve problems of transference in the mean time||When taking notes, interpreters must at the save time open their ears and minds and they have little time at disposal — even though they can gain much time — it is still preferable to be brief and reduce notes to the minimum in number, for too many symbols may confuse interpreter themselves.2 Better to take notes in target language, which can solve problems of transference in the mean time|| When taking notes, interpreters must at the save time open their ears and minds and they have little time at disposal — even though they can gain much time — it is still preferable to be brief and reduce notes to the minimum in number, for too many symbols may confuse interpreter themselves.2 Better to take notes in target language, which can solve problems of transference in the mean time. 3 Be sure the notes are logical legible||Be sure the notes are logical legible||Be sure the notes are logical legible||Be sure the notes are logical legible. An interpreter has much freedom in taking notes according to personal style, for the notes are just for his own rendition||An interpreter has much freedom in taking notes according to personal style, for the notes are just for his own rendition||An interpreter has much freedom in taking notes according to personal style, for the notes are just for his own rendition||An interpreter has much freedom in taking notes according to personal style, for the notes are just for his own rendition. But whatever his style is, one thing that should bear in mind is that taking note is for the sake of HELP, so legibility is quite necessary||But whatever his style is, one thing that should bear in mind is that taking note is for the sake of HELP, so legibility is quite necessary||But whatever his style is, one thing that should bear in mind is that taking note is for the sake of HELP, so legibility is quite necessary||But whatever his style is, one thing that should bear in mind is that taking note is for the sake of HELP, so legibility is quite necessary. Another thing is expected of good memory is exceptionally large vocabulary and a great wealth of relevant important formulation along with corresponding translation in target language so that when need arises, they can be brought into natural use||Another thing is expected of good memory is exceptionally large vocabulary and a great wealth of relevant important formulation along with corresponding translation in target language so that when need arises, they can be brought into natural use||Another thing is expected of good memory is exceptionally large vocabulary and a great wealth of relevant important formulation along with corresponding translation in target language so that when need arises, they can be brought into natural use||Another thing is expected of good memory is exceptionally large vocabulary and a great wealth of relevant important formulation along with corresponding translation in target language so that when need arises, they can be brought into natural use. What contribute most to an ideal interpreting performance is as said earlier, the encyclopedic knowledge, which includes a good command of concerning languages(source language and target language), a fairly good knowledge of politics, economy, history and geography, a proficient identifying, understanding, discriminating, and absorbing of all revelant expressions, terms, and acronyms as well||What contribute most to an ideal interpreting performance is as said earlier, the encyclopedic knowledge, which includes a good command of concerning languages(source language and target language), a fairly good knowledge of politics, economy, history and geography, a proficient identifying, understanding, discriminating, and absorbing of all revelant expressions, terms, and acronyms as well||What contribute most to an ideal interpreting performance is as said earlier, the encyclopedic knowledge, which includes a good command of concerning languages(source language and target language), a fairly good knowledge of politics, economy, history and geography, a proficient identifying, understanding, discriminating, and absorbing of all revelant expressions, terms, and acronyms as well||What contribute most to an ideal interpreting performance is as said earlier, the encyclopedic knowledge, which includes a good command of concerning languages(source language and target language), a fairly good knowledge of politics, economy, history and geography, a proficient identifying, understanding, discriminating, and absorbing of all revelant expressions, terms, and acronyms as well. To be specific, if an interpreter has only a good foundation of either of the concerning culture while he is weak in the other, he will have problem in understanding or in delivering||To be specific, if an interpreter has only a good foundation of either of the concerning culture while he is weak in the other, he will have problem in understanding or in delivering||To be specific, if an interpreter has only a good foundation of either of the concerning culture while he is weak in the other, he will have problem in understanding or in delivering||To be specific, if an interpreter has only a good foundation of either of the concerning culture while he is weak in the other, he will have problem in understanding or in delivering. Many newly-trained interpreters often complain that besides highly professional subjects, another difficulty finds expressions in the rendition of idioms, similarly in Chinese, which are forcible, terse and vivid and therefore are frequently employed||Many newly-trained interpreters often complain that besides highly professional subjects, another difficulty finds expressions in the rendition of idioms, similarly in Chinese, which are forcible, terse and vivid and therefore are frequently employed||Many newly-trained interpreters often complain that besides highly professional subjects, another difficulty finds expressions in the rendition of idioms, similarly in Chinese, which are forcible, terse and vivid and therefore are frequently employed||Many newly-trained interpreters often complain that besides highly professional subjects, another difficulty finds expressions in the rendition of idioms, similarly in Chinese, which are forcible, terse and vivid and therefore are frequently employed. To a non-native interpreter, some idioms are totally new and have no given renditions||To a non-native interpreter, some idioms are totally new and have no given renditions||To a non-native interpreter, some idioms are totally new and have no given renditions||To a non-native interpreter, some idioms are totally new and have no given renditions. Facing such puzzling idioms, an interpreter firstly is to distinguish exactly whether they are commendatory terms or derogatory ones, then he can render the overall meaning not word-for-word in the light of context||Facing such puzzling idioms, an interpreter firstly is to distinguish exactly whether they are commendatory terms or derogatory ones, then he can render the overall meaning not word-for-word in the light of context||Facing such puzzling idioms, an interpreter firstly is to distinguish exactly whether they are commendatory terms or derogatory ones, then he can render the overall meaning not word-for-word in the light of context||Facing such puzzling idioms, an interpreter firstly is to distinguish exactly whether they are commendatory terms or derogatory ones, then he can render the overall meaning not word-for-word in the light of context. Sometimes it would be better to find an idiom or a proverb that corresponds exactly to that in the source language, because the familiar expressions would be better understood by audience||Sometimes it would be better to find an idiom or a proverb that corresponds exactly to that in the source language, because the familiar expressions would be better understood by audience||Sometimes it would be better to find an idiom or a proverb that corresponds exactly to that in the source language, because the familiar expressions would be better understood by audience||Sometimes it would be better to find an idiom or a proverb that corresponds exactly to that in the source language, because the familiar expressions would be better understood by audience. Here an example can say clearly||Here an example can say clearly||Here an example can say clearly||Here an example can say clearly. An English proverb is “justice has long arms.”||An English proverb is" justice has long arms||An English proverb is" justice has long arms."||An English proverb is" justice has long arms||An English proverb is" justice has long arms||An English proverb is" justice has long arms||An English proverb is" justice has long arms." It originally means justice’s long arms can take any evil||It originally means justice' s long arms can take any evil||It originally means justice' s long arms can take any evil|| It originally means justice' s long arms can take any evil. Coincidentally a Chinese proverb corresponding to it is “法网恢恢,疏而不漏”, which is certainly more understandable than the word-for word translation “正义有很长的胳膊”to Chinese audience||Coincidentally a Chinese proverb corresponding to it is" dragnet of justice large, 疏 but gastight", which is certainly more understandable than the word- for word translation" justice contain very long arm" to Chinese audience||Coincidentally a Chinese proverb corresponding to it is" dragnet of justice large, 疏 but gastight", which is certainly more understandable than the word- for word translation" the justice have the very long arm the " to Chinese audience|| Coincidentally a Chinese proverb corresponding to it is" dragnet of justice large, 疏 but gastight", which is certainly more understandable than the word- for word translation" justice contain very long arm" to Chinese audience. In general, such correspondence is few and will not be used until they correspond closely and exactly to each other, otherwise, it would rather “sound flat” than “elegant but erroneous”||In general, such correspondence is few and will not be used until they correspond closely and exactly to each other, otherwise, it would rather" sound flat" than" elegant but erroneous||In general, such correspondence is few and will not be used until they correspond closely and exactly to each other, otherwise, it would rather" sound flat" than" elegant but erroneous"|| In general, such correspondence is few and will not be used until they correspond closely and exactly to each other, otherwise, it would rather" sound flat" than" elegant but erroneous". Fortunately, linguistic weakness is not the headache to interpreters, others, on the contrary, generally known as trivial language are really touchstones, some experienced ones maybe stumble here||Fortunately, linguistic weakness is not the headache to interpreters, others, on the contrary, generally known as trivial language are really touchstones, some experienced ones maybe stumble here||Fortunately, linguistic weakness is not the headache to interpreters, others, on the contrary, generally known as trivial language are really touchstones, some experienced ones maybe stumble here||Fortunately, linguistic weakness is not the headache to interpreters, others, on the contrary, generally known as trivial language are really touchstones, some experienced ones maybe stumble here. On conference, for instance, reporters are required to identify themselves and the agencies they represent before questing||On conference, for instance, reporters are required to identify themselves and the agencies they represent before questing||On conference, for instance, reporters are required to identify themselves and the agencies they represent before questing||On conference, for instance, reporters are required to identify themselves and the agencies they represent before questing. This gives request to interpreters that they should get themselves acquainted with the major agencies in the word, otherwise, such a failure would betray their limit of professional knowledge and hence, let down the audience as well as the speaker: they may infer that the interpreter is incapable||This gives request to interpreters that they should get themselves acquainted with the major agencies in the word, otherwise, such a failure would betray their limit of professional knowledge and hence, let down the audience as well as the speaker: they may infer that the interpreter is incapable||This gives request to interpreters that they should get themselves acquainted with the major agencies in the word, otherwise, such a failure would betray their limit of professional knowledge and hence, let down the audience as well as the speaker: they may infer that the interpreter is incapable||This gives request to interpreters that they should get themselves acquainted with the major agencies in the word, otherwise, such a failure would betray their limit of professional knowledge and hence, let down the audience as well as the speaker: they may infer that the interpreter is incapable. At this respect, bilingual familiarity with the influential figures’ names is definitely to be in the interpreters’ domain A typical example in point is the translation of the name Xiao Wanchang, pronounced this way by vice-premier Qian Qichen, another member of the panel at premier Zhu Rongji’s press conference held in March, 1998.When interpreting, Zhu Tong, assigned interpreter and the vice Director of the Ministry’s Protocol Department, skillfully gave the proper translation of the name, which is “Vincent Xiu” instead of spelling the name in pinyin, which maybe expose her ignorance of the figures in cross straits relations and frustrate the expert’s fault-finding ears||At this respect, bilingual familiarity with the influential figures' names is definitely to be in the interpreters' domain A typical example in point is the translation of the name Xiao Wanchang, pronounced this way by vice- premier Qian Qichen, another member of the panel at premier Zhu Rongji' s press conference held in March,1998.When interpreting, Zhu Tong, assigned interpreter and the vice Director of the Ministry' s Protocol Department, skillfully gave the proper translation of the name, which is" Vincent Xiu" instead of spelling the name in pinyin, which maybe expose her ignorance of the figures in cross straits relations and frustrate the expert' s fault- finding ears||At this respect, bilingual familiarity with the influential figures' names is definitely to be in the interpreters' domain A typical example in point is the translation of the name Xiao Wanchang, pronounced this way by vice- premier Qian Qichen, another member of the panel at premier Zhu Rongji' s press conference held in March,1998.When interpreting, Zhu Tong, assigned interpreter and the vice Director of the Ministry' s Protocol Department, skillfully gave the proper translation of the name, which is" Vincent Xiu" instead of spelling the name in pinyin, which maybe expose her ignorance of the figures in cross straits relations and frustrate the expert' s fault- finding ears|| At this respect, bilingual familiarity with the influential figures' names is definitely to be in the interpreters' domain A typical example in point is the translation of the name Xiao Wanchang, pronounced this way by vice- premier Qian Qichen, another member of the panel at premier Zhu Rongji' s press conference held in March,1998.When interpreting, Zhu Tong, assigned interpreter and the vice Director of the Ministry' s Protocol Department, skillfully gave the proper translation of the name, which is" Vincent Xiu" instead of spelling the name in pinyin, which maybe expose her ignorance of the figures in cross straits relations and frustrate the expert' s fault- finding ears. Perhaps it sounds like alarming talk, but an ambitious interpreter would never afford to ignore such triviality||Perhaps it sounds like alarming talk, but an ambitious interpreter would never afford to ignore such triviality||Perhaps it sounds like alarming talk, but an ambitious interpreter would never afford to ignore such triviality||Perhaps it sounds like alarming talk, but an ambitious interpreter would never afford to ignore such triviality. Believe it or not, it is here that many have met their waterloo||Believe it or not, it is here that many have met their waterloo||Believe it or not, it is here that many have met their waterloo||Believe it or not, it is here that many have met their waterloo. The request of encyclopedic knowledge also includes that the interpreters must familiarize themselves with the jargons in every field to prepare for the interpretation of the talk shops, that is highly professional conversations concerning with real estate, stock exchange and so on||The request of encyclopedic knowledge also includes that the interpreters must familiarize themselves with the jargons in every field to prepare for the interpretation of the talk shops, that is highly professional conversations concerning with real estate, stock exchange and so on||The request of encyclopedic knowledge also includes that the interpreters must familiarize themselves with the jargons in every field to prepare for the interpretation of the talk shops, that is highly professional conversations concerning with real estate, stock exchange and so on||The request of encyclopedic knowledge also includes that the interpreters must familiarize themselves with the jargons in every field to prepare for the interpretation of the talk shops, that is highly professional conversations concerning with real estate, stock exchange and so on. Good memory and rich knowledge are foundation but far from enough to ensure an excellent performance||Good memory and rich knowledge are foundation but far from enough to ensure an excellent performance||Good memory and rich knowledge are foundation but far from enough to ensure an excellent performance||Good memory and rich knowledge are foundation but far from enough to ensure an excellent performance. A senior interpreter is to be quite conscious that some “tricks” are indispensable and helpful in the process of translating||A senior interpreter is to be quite conscious that some" tricks" are indispensable and helpful in the process of translating||A senior interpreter is to be quite conscious that some" tricks" are indispensable and helpful in the process of translating|| A senior interpreter is to be quite conscious that some" tricks" are indispensable and helpful in the process of translating. A speaker who is giving a prepared speech would not stop for being interpreted until he has finished a paragraph||A speaker who is giving a prepared speech would not stop for being interpreted until he has finished a paragraph||A speaker who is giving a prepared speech would not stop for being interpreted until he has finished a paragraph||A speaker who is giving a prepared speech would not stop for being interpreted until he has finished a paragraph. Under such circumstances, the interpreter must be deft at logically dividing the long paragraph into several sense groups to facilitate his work||Under such circumstances, the interpreter must be deft at logically dividing the long paragraph into several sense groups to facilitate his work||Under such circumstances, the interpreter must be deft at logically dividing the long paragraph into several sense groups to facilitate his work||Under such circumstances, the interpreter must be deft at logically dividing the long paragraph into several sense groups to facilitate his work. Here challenge rises again: he is about to strike a proper balance between listening and thinking so that he can follow the speaker and at the same time analyze the speech, this to some degree requires the ability of analyzing while listening is more an instinct than a skill||Here challenge rises again: he is about to strike a proper balance between listening and thinking so that he can follow the speaker and at the same time analyze the speech, this to some degree requires the ability of analyzing while listening is more an instinct than a skill||Here challenge rises again: he is about to strike a proper balance between listening and thinking so that he can follow the speaker and at the same time analyze the speech, this to some degree requires the ability of analyzing while listening is more an instinct than a skill||Here challenge rises again: he is about to strike a proper balance between listening and thinking so that he can follow the speaker and at the same time analyze the speech, this to some degree requires the ability of analyzing while listening is more an instinct than a skill. As there exists no perfect person, there exists no absolutely perfect interpreter||As there exists no perfect person, there exists no absolutely perfect interpreter||As there exists no perfect person, there exists no absolutely perfect interpreter||As there exists no perfect person, there exists no absolutely perfect interpreter. Even long-standing interpreters may meet unfamiliar words or miss out some familiar words for one reason or another||Even long-standing interpreters may meet unfamiliar words or miss out some familiar words for one reason or another||Even long-standing interpreters may meet unfamiliar words or miss out some familiar words for one reason or another||Even long-standing interpreters may meet unfamiliar words or miss out some familiar words for one reason or another. When trapped in such a dilemma, an experienced interpreter would remain calm and try to supplement his omission without being found nor without damaging the performance||When trapped in such a dilemma, an experienced interpreter would remain calm and try to supplement his omission without being found nor without damaging the performance||When trapped in such a dilemma, an experienced interpreter would remain calm and try to supplement his omission without being found nor without damaging the performance||When trapped in such a dilemma, an experienced interpreter would remain calm and try to supplement his omission without being found nor without damaging the performance. While for a green hand, it will be totally different: he would be too nervous about his omission—nervousness is definitely a taboo—and fail to link the thread||While for a green hand, it will be totally different: He would be too nervous about his omission — nervousness is definitely a taboo — and fail to link the thread||While for a green hand, it will be totally different: He would be too nervous about his omission — nervousness is definitely a taboo — and fail to link the thread|| While for a green hand, it will be totally different: He would be too nervous about his omission — nervousness is definitely a taboo — and fail to link the thread. It is really a disaster||It is really a disaster||It is really a disaster||It is really a disaster. Then come to third step, speaking, also called delivery||Then come to third step, speaking, also called delivery||Then come to third step, speaking, also called delivery||Then come to third step, speaking, also called delivery. Last as it is, it is not the least, because any problem in this step will mar, or much worse, futilize the former efforts||Last as it is, it is not the least, because any problem in this step will mar, or much worse, futilize the former efforts||Last as it is, it is not the least, because any problem in this step will mar, or much worse, futilize the former efforts||Last as it is, it is not the least, because any problem in this step will mar, or much worse, futilize the former efforts. No matter how well done, an interpreter is ultimately recognized in light of his delivery||No matter how well done, an interpreter is ultimately recognized in light of his delivery||No matter how well done, an interpreter is ultimately recognized in light of his delivery||No matter how well done, an interpreter is ultimately recognized in light of his delivery. To ensure the impending success, the structure of spoken English, so called by linguists and mainly refers to stressing, pronunciation, rhythm and word order should be kept in an interpreter’s knowledge, and the knowledge can enable him to be better understood by both the audience and the speaker||To ensure the impending success, the structure of spoken English, so called by linguists and mainly refers to stressing, pronunciation, rhythm and word order should be kept in an interpreter' s knowledge, and the knowledge can enable him to be better understood by both the audience and the speaker||To ensure the impending success, the structure of spoken English, so called by linguists and mainly refers to stressing, pronunciation, rhythm and word order should be kept in an interpreter' s knowledge, and the knowledge can enable him to be better understood by both the audience and the speaker|| To ensure the impending success, the structure of spoken English, so called by linguists and mainly refers to stressing, pronunciation, rhythm and word order should be kept in an interpreter' s knowledge, and the knowledge can enable him to be better understood by both the audience and the speaker. Speed control is another necessary consideration||Speed control is another necessary consideration||Speed control is another necessary consideration||Speed control is another necessary consideration. Generally, the delivering speed depends on at least three factors, namely the physical environment of the venue, the style of the speech, and the speed of the original speaker||Generally, the delivering speed depends on at least three factors, namely the physical environment of the venue, the style of the speech, and the speed of the original speaker||Generally, the delivering speed depends on at least three factors, namely the physical environment of the venue, the style of the speech, and the speed of the original speaker||Generally, the delivering speed depends on at least three factors, namely the physical environment of the venue, the style of the speech, and the speed of the original speaker. However, many interpreting personals find it difficult to follow the rules strictly, and on the contrary, they tend to go fast when the material is easy to interpret while slow down considerably when the material is difficult||However, many interpreting personals find it difficult to follow the rules strictly, and on the contrary, they tend to go fast when the material is easy to interpret while slow down considerably when the material is difficult||However, many interpreting personals find it difficult to follow the rules strictly, and on the contrary, they tend to go fast when the material is easy to interpret while slow down considerably when the material is difficult||However, many interpreting personals find it difficult to follow the rules strictly, and on the contrary, they tend to go fast when the material is easy to interpret while slow down considerably when the material is difficult. Both extremes are inappropriate: fast pace will create tension on the concentration for speaker as well as audience, and the slow pace will try on the audience and speaker’s attention and patience span||Both extremes are inappropriate: Fast pace will create tension on the concentration for speaker as well as audience, and the slow pace will try on the audience and speaker' s attention and patience span||Both extremes are inappropriate: Fast pace will create tension on the concentration for speaker as well as audience, and the slow pace will try on the audience and speaker' s attention and patience span|| Both extremes are inappropriate: Fast pace will create tension on the concentration for speaker as well as audience, and the slow pace will try on the audience and speaker' s attention and patience span. Experts say the optional speed on a press conference to pursue accuracy and fluency is 2.5-3 words per second||Experts say the optional speed on a press conference to pursue accuracy and fluency is 2.5-3 words per second||Experts say the optional speed on a press conference to pursue accuracy and fluency is 2.5-3 words per second||Experts say the optional speed on a press conference to pursue accuracy and fluency is 2.5-3 words per second. Besides speed control, feeling control is also an indispensable element that should be taken into consideration||Besides speed control, feeling control is also an indispensable element that should be taken into consideration||Besides speed control, feeling control is also an indispensable element that should be taken into consideration||Besides speed control, feeling control is also an indispensable element that should be taken into consideration. If the speech or conversation is serious, formal and important, then the interpreter should be solemn, carry his voice well and be sure his voice is pleasant to ears||If the speech or conversation is serious, formal and important, then the interpreter should be solemn, carry his voice well and be sure his voice is pleasant to ears||If the speech or conversation is serious, formal and important, then the interpreter should be solemn, carry his voice well and be sure his voice is pleasant to ears||If the speech or conversation is serious, formal and important, then the interpreter should be solemn, carry his voice well and be sure his voice is pleasant to ears. In short, to form a habit of speaking intelligibly, naturally and avoid being affected is conductive to comfort the audience||In short, to form a habit of speaking intelligibly, naturally and avoid being affected is conductive to comfort the audience||In short, to form a habit of speaking intelligibly, naturally and avoid being affected is conductive to comfort the audience||In short, to form a habit of speaking intelligibly, naturally and avoid being affected is conductive to comfort the audience. Since interpreting work involves both the interpreter and the speaker, the coordination of the two also more or less influences the quality of the performance||Since interpreting work involves both the interpreter and the speaker, the coordination of the two also more or less influences the quality of the performance||Since interpreting work involves both the interpreter and the speaker, the coordination of the two also more or less influences the quality of the performance||Since interpreting work involves both the interpreter and the speaker, the coordination of the two also more or less influences the quality of the performance. Therefore, efforts should be directed by the interpreter to establish a close, tacit and favourable cooperation with the speaker within the shortest time possible||Therefore, efforts should be directed by the interpreter to establish a close, tacit and favourable cooperation with the speaker within the shortest time possible||Therefore, efforts should be directed by the interpreter to establish a close, tacit and favourable cooperation with the speaker within the shortest time possible||Therefore, efforts should be directed by the interpreter to establish a close, tacit and favourable cooperation with the speaker within the shortest time possible. An understanding speaker will try to use common words and pause opportunely and logically to ease his partner’s work||An understanding speaker will try to use common words and pause opportunely and logically to ease his partner' s work||An understanding speaker will try to use common words and pause opportunely and logically to ease his partner' s work|| An understanding speaker will try to use common words and pause opportunely and logically to ease his partner' s work. Prerequisites for interpretation are usually four—fold, referring to linguistic proficiency, encyclopedic knowledge, mastery of interpretation skills and a strong sense of duty||Prerequisites for interpretation are usually four — fold, referring to linguistic proficiency, encyclopedic knowledge, mastery of interpretation skills and a strong sense of duty||Prerequisites for interpretation are usually four — fold, referring to linguistic proficiency, encyclopedic knowledge, mastery of interpretation skills and a strong sense of duty|| Prerequisites for interpretation are usually four — fold, referring to linguistic proficiency, encyclopedic knowledge, mastery of interpretation skills and a strong sense of duty. Among which the former three have been discussed and as for strong sense of duty, it means full preparation pre-interpretation and strong and constant desire for self-improvement in the process of training and ability by the professional ethics as well||Among which the former three have been discussed and as for strong sense of duty, it means full preparation pre-interpretation and strong and constant desire for self-improvement in the process of training and ability by the professional ethics as well||Among which the former three have been discussed and as for strong sense of duty, it means full preparation pre-interpretation and strong and constant desire for self-improvement in the process of training and ability by the professional ethics as well||Among which the former three have been discussed and as for strong sense of duty, it means full preparation pre-interpretation and strong and constant desire for self-improvement in the process of training and ability by the professional ethics as well. The career of interpreting doesn’t go easy, interpreters are frequently put into different cultures and various professional spheres ranging from ancient history to modern science||The career of interpreting doesn' t go easy, interpreters are frequently put into different cultures and various professional spheres ranging from ancient history to modern science||The career of interpreting doesn' t go easy, interpreters are frequently put into different cultures and various professional spheres ranging from ancient history to modern science|| The career of interpreting doesn' t go easy, interpreters are frequently put into different cultures and various professional spheres ranging from ancient history to modern science. Due to such characteristics of his job, an ambitious and conscientious interpreter should keep on improving and modernizing himself||Due to such characteristics of his job, an ambitious and conscientious interpreter should keep on improving and modernizing himself||Due to such characteristics of his job, an ambitious and conscientious interpreter should keep on improving and modernizing himself||Due to such characteristics of his job, an ambitious and conscientious interpreter should keep on improving and modernizing himself. The fact that such a broad knowledge and series of techniques and skills are needed in oral interpretation simultaneously gives birth to a brief view held by experts in this field that a prefect interpreter is NOT born, but trained, trained by honest and persistent practice||The fact that such a broad knowledge and series of techniques and skills are needed in oral interpretation simultaneously gives birth to a brief view held by experts in this field that a prefect interpreter is NOT born, but trained, trained by honest and persistent practice||The fact that such a broad knowledge and series of techniques and skills are needed in oral interpretation simultaneously gives birth to a brief view held by experts in this field that a prefect interpreter is NOT born, but trained, trained by honest and persistent practice||The fact that such a broad knowledge and series of techniques and skills are needed in oral interpretation simultaneously gives birth to a brief view held by experts in this field that a prefect interpreter is NOT born, but trained, trained by honest and persistent practice. No matter what strategies are employed to train an interpreter, there exists no crash course, no shortcut, no secret—and even there does exist so-called secret, they hold that that undoubtedly is practice, practice, and practice, because genuine knowledge comes from practice, and practice makes perfect||No matter what strategies are employed to train an interpreter, there exists no crash course, no shortcut, no secret — and even there does exist so- called secret, they hold that that undoubtedly is practice, practice, and practice, because genuine knowledge comes from practice, and practice makes perfect||No matter what strategies are employed to train an interpreter, there exists no crash course, no shortcut, no secret — and even there does exist so- called secret, they hold that that undoubtedly is practice, practice, and practice, because genuine knowledge comes from practice, and practice makes perfect|| No matter what strategies are employed to train an interpreter, there exists no crash course, no shortcut, no secret — and even there does exist so- called secret, they hold that that undoubtedly is practice, practice, and practice, because genuine knowledge comes from practice, and practice makes perfect. Bibliography||Bibliography||Bibliography||Bibliography: .A Practical Handbook of Interpretation Zhong Kongshu, China External Translating Press||A Practical Handbook of Interpretation Zhong Kongshu, China External Translating Press||A Practical Handbook of Interpretation Zhong Kongshu, China External Translating Press||A Practical Handbook of Interpretation Zhong Kongshu, China External Translating Press,1991 .An Intermediate Course of English-Chinese Interpretation, Mei Deming, Shanghai Teaching and Education Press||An Intermediate Course of English-Chinese Interpretation, Mei Deming, Shanghai Teaching and Education Press||An Intermediate Course of English-Chinese Interpretation, Mei Deming, Shanghai Teaching and Education Press||An Intermediate Course of English-Chinese Interpretation, Mei Deming, Shanghai Teaching and Education Press .Zhu Tong—The interpreter, Hong Zhilin, Crazy English||Zhu Tong — The interpreter, Hong Zhilin, Crazy English||Zhu Tong — The interpreter, Hong Zhilin, Crazy English|| Zhu Tong — The interpreter, Hong Zhilin, Crazy English,1998 .What Makes a Good Interpreter, Xiao Jie, Crazy English||What Makes a Good Interpreter, Xiao Jie, Crazy English||What Makes a Good Interpreter, Xiao Jie, Crazy English||What Makes a Good Interpreter, Xiao Jie, Crazy English,1998 相关链接：教学论文
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