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初中学生学习英语,在初一的时侯,往往兴趣很浓, 成绩也不错, 可是随着词汇量增加及语法项目的增多。渐渐地失去了对英语的兴趣。一个很重要的原因就是过不了词汇关。本文根据笔者多年的教学经验, 就怎样教词汇, 谈些看法。 词汇教学应采用"全方位教学法"(注:这是笔者自己给这一方法取的名), 即在教学一个词时, 应尽可能多地将该词与学生已有的旧知识建立起各种联系。这种方法特别适用于有了一定的词汇量之后的词汇教学及词汇总复习。 词汇教学, 首先, 应从词的拼写即词形着手, 看看该词是有哪些字母或字母组合组成的, 是否跟以前学过的单词有相似之处? 有何特点可帮助记忆, 同时, 应跟音标建立起对应关系, 注意哪些字母及字母组合不发音,如: hour中h不发音, climb中的b不发音等; 有哪些字母及字母组合发音符合读音规则, 哪些比较特殊, 还应注意是否有同音词,在初中英语中同音词有三十多对(见附录1), 当然, 还应区分音似词(见附录2)及形似词(见附录3)。 第二, 应注意一词多义现象, 一个单词用在不同的场合有不同的含义,如:by一词可作"在......旁"、"乘(车、船等)"、"不迟于"、"被,由"等解释。 第三, 应了解词性, 尤其是兼类词, 如: neither一词可作连词、代词、形容词和副词, 因为从词性可以掌握词在句中的功能, 这一点跟汉语有许多相似之处, 如: 动词作谓语, 副词作状语等。 第四, 应跟反义词(见附录4)、同(近)义词(见附录5)联系起来, 应讲清近义词之间的细微差别, 尽可能地用英语解释英语, 其中旧版第五、六册练习中有一百多个, 可借鉴, 平时,老师也应多帮助学生积累英语释义。也可通过查双解词典得到英语释义。 第五, 教词汇时, 应让学生掌握一些与该词有关的常见搭配, 还应教一些重点句型及语言适用的情景。让学生记住。如：had better (not)＋动词原形；There be +主语；Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to...?等。 第六, 教词汇, 还应让学生掌握各类词的词形变化, 关于这一点, 我想分成几点来讲。 1. 教名词时, 首先应注意该词是可数名词还是不可数名词, 特别是一些容易混淆的词，如：bread, paper（纸）等，由于受汉语影响，学生们往往误认为可数名词。若是可数名词则应注意复数形式。若遇到不规则的, 应让学生死记硬背。如下面的内容应让学生记住： 考试频度较高的名词复数形式小结 1. child children 2. man men 3. woman women 4. policeman policemen 5. Englishman Englishmen 6. Frenchman Frenchmen 7. foot feet 8.tooth teeth 9. sheep sheep 10. Japanese Japanese 11. Chinese Chinese 12. knife knives 13. wife wives 14. life lives 15. shelf shelves 16. half halves 17. leaf leaves 18. tomato tomatoes 19. potato potatoes 20. zoo zoos 21. radio radios 22. kilo kilos 2. 教动词,应注意第三人称单数形式, 现在分词, 过去式及过去分词。若遇到不规则动词, 应让学生看看它的变化是否跟其它不规则动词变化有共同之处。如：可以归纳为AAA形、ABB形等。 不规则形容词和副词的比较等级 原级 比较级 最高级 1. good(well) better best 2. bad(badly, ill) worse worst 3. many(much) more most 4. little less least 5. far farther(further) farthest(furthest) 6. old older(elder) oldest(eldest) 4. 教数词, 应注意基数词与序数词的转换。特别应注意 first, second, third, fifth, twelfth, ninth, fortieth等词。 5. 教代词时, 不管遇到下面的哪一种形式, 即, 人称代词的主格、宾格; 形容词性的物主代词、名词性的物主代词; 反身代词, 就应让学生讲出其它各种形式。如下表: 人称代词, 物主代词, 反身代词一览表 I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself we us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourselves they them their theirs themselves 并告诉学生, 形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词虽然汉语意义一样, 但英语中使用时应注意, 在形容词性物主代词后必须加名词才能使用, 而名词性物主代词则单独可以使用。 6. 教国家的名称时，可同时教民族、语言名称。如： country people language 1. China Chinese Chinese 2. Japan Japanese Japanese 3. America American English 4. Australia Australian English 5. France French French 6. England Englishman English 7. Germany German German 8. Russian Russian 9. Canada Canadian 7. 另外, 还应让学生们注意, 该词是否可通过加前缀或后缀的方法变成另一个单词, 如: luck加y变成形容词lucky, 而lucky把y变成i再加ly就变为副词luckily, 又如: happy前面加un变为否定意义。（详见附录6）或者是否能与其它的词合成新词。如：class与 room合成为classroom等。 总之, 我们在教词汇时, 应千方百计地启发学生充分发挥各种联想, 以便在学生脑中建立起多种联系, 达到促进记忆的目的。从本人十多年的运用情况来看, 效果是比较好的。文中难免有不周之处，敬请同行指正。 附录1 义教版同音词小结 one--won way--weigh I--eye son--sun meat--meet right--write for--four sea--see road--rode father--farther hole--whole no--know here--hear wear--where new--knew our--hour there--their weather--whether past--passed ours--hours ah--are aren't--aunt ate--eight who's--whose blue--blew by-bye--buy hi--high pear-pair knows--nose read--red sew--so to--too--two threw--through wood--would blue-blew weak--week its--it's 附录2 义教版读音易混淆的词小结 1. meat, metre 2. head, hand 3. hard, heart 4. nose, noise, nurse 5. slow, snow 6. show,sure,shall 7. wood, word, world 8. much, March, match 9. work, walk 10. thin, thing 11. think, thank 12. big, pig 13. bed, bad 14. horse, house 15. light, right, night 16. mouth, month 17. great, grade 18. hear, hair 19. full, fall 20. for, fall 21. sing, thing 22. quiet, quite 23. no, now 24. leaf, leave 25. wash, wish 26. then, than 27. what, water 28. crowd, cloud 29. low, row 30. back, bag 31. beat, better 32. bike, back 33. box, books 34. class, glass 35. clothes, closes 36. dead, dad 37. grass, glass 38. lesson, listen 39. parent, present 40. same, some 41. long, wrong 42. since, sings, things 43. forty, fourteen 44. cheap, jeep 45. blown, brown 46. lend, land 47. police, please 48. count, can't 49. living, leaving 50. side, said 51. kite, Kate 52. join, John 53. Mary, merry 54. along, alone 55. ice, eyes 56. wait, white, wet 57. cap, cup 61. ran, rang 62. ship, sheep 63. sang, sung, song 64. slow, throw 65. run, rung 66. lock, rock, luck 67. goal, girl 68. live, leave 附录3 义教版拼写易混词小结 1. whether weather 2. present parent 3. form from 4. month mouth 5. quite quiet 6. ago age 7. watch match 8. father farther 9. shirt skirt 10. strange strong 11. then than 12. tired tried 13. brought bought 14. week weak 15. same some 16. felt fell 17. house horse 18. plant plane 19. clean clear 20. even ever 21. hat hate 22. sand send 附录4 义教版反义词(对应词)小结 1. big---small 2. black---white 3. buy---sell 4. cheap---dear(expensive) 5. close---open 6. closed---open 7. come---go 8. different---same 9. leave---stay 10. early---late 11. easy---hard 12. empty---full 13. give---take 14. heavy---light 15. little---much 16. new---old 17. put on---take off 18. right---wrong 19. sit---stand 20. down---up 21. sit down---stand up 22. here---there 23. this---that 24. these---those 25. from---to 26. few--many 27. after--before 28. always--never 29. at first--at last 30. answer--ask(qestion) 31. back--front 32. bad--good 33. atnight--inthe daytime 34. different--same 35. be out--be in 36. above--below 37. best--worst 38. better--worse 39. bring--take 40. busy--free 41. cold--hot 42. cool--warm 43. cry--laugh 44. dangerous--safe 45. dry--wet 46. far--near 47. fat--thin 48. finish--begin(start) 49. full--hungry(empty) 50. happy--sad 51. ill--well 52. inside--outside 53. into--out of 54. last--first 55. learn--teach 56. less--more 57. left--right 58. long--short 59. no--yes 60. part--all(whole) 61. poor--rich 62. pull--push 63. put on--take off 64. quick--slow 65. short--tall 66. thin--thick 67. tonight--today 68. like--unlike 69. yesterday--tomorrow 70. work--rest 71. move--stay 72. behind--in front of 73. lose--win 74. wake up--go to sleep 75. weak--strong 76. dark--light 附录5 义教版同(近)义词小结 1. almost---nearly 2. aloud---loud 3. true-real 4. anybody----anyone 5. whether-if 6. trouble---worry 7. sure---certain 8. bright---clever 9. space-room 10. difficult---hard 11. enjoy---like 12. maybe---perhaps 13. nobody---none 14. except---but 15. start---begin 16. helpful---useful 17. job---work 18. several---a few 19. shout---cry 20. quick---fast 21. small---little 22. too---also 23. large---big 24. problem---question 25. game---match 26. certainly---of course 27. glad---happy 28. by air---by plane 29. learn---study 30. have to---must 31. high---tall 32. lose---miss 33. ill---sick 34. at once---right now 35. quite---very 36. every---each 37. be good at---do well in 38. at last---in the end 39. have a cold---catch a cold 40. enjoy oneself---have a good time 41. look after---take care of 42. be careful---take care,look out 43. reach---get to,arrive at(in) 附录6 派生词 一、n.---->adj. 1. sun sunny 2. rain rainy 3. cloud cloudy 4. wind windy 5. noise noisy 6. luck lucky 7. health healthy 8. care careful 9. use useful 10. help helpful 11. thank thankful 12. wonder wonderful 13. friend friendly 14. difference different 15. fool foolish 16. sleep asleep 17. danger dangerous 18. south southern 19. north northern 20. wool woolen 21. death dead 二、v.---->adj. 1. interest interesting 2. please pleased(pleasant) 3. worry worried 4. save safe 5. forget forgetful 6. enjoy enjoyable 7. fill full 8. die dead 三、v.---->n. 1. drive driver 2. farm farmer 3. win winner 4. run runner 5. play player 6. sing singer 7. wait waiter 8. work worker 9. teach teacher 10. read reader 11. write writer 12. foreign foreigner 13. village villager 14.speak speaker 15. keep keeper 16. think thinker 17. clean cleaner 18. visit visitor 19. invent inventor 20. travel traveller 21. jump jumper 22. invent invention 23. operate operation 24. live life 25. die death 四、adj.--->adv. 1. angry angrily 2. bad badly 3. beautiful beautifully 4. careful carefully 5. certain certainly 6. easy easily 7. final finally 8.happy happily 9. loud loudly 10. polite politely 11. quick quickly 12. quiet quietly 13. real really 14. slow slowly 15. sudden suddenly 16. true truly 17. usual usually 18. lucky luckily 19. heavy heavily 20. healthy healthily 21. noisy noisily 22. wide widely 23. terrible terribly 24. strong strongly 25. bright brightly 26. clear clearly 27. kind kindly 28. safe safely 29. near nearly 30. possible possibly 31. full fully 五、肯定---否定 1. happy unhappy 2. true untrue 3. usual unusual 4. like unlike (浙江省奉化市溪口中学 吴鹏东) 相关链接：教学论文
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