人教版 高三16单元语言点教案
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Unit 16. Jobs and careers
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Reading
1. take off 起飞； 脱下，摘下，迅速流行，换下，终止，取消； 休假，休息，剪掉，切除（人体）；模仿
The plane took off an hour late. 飞机起飞晚了一小时。
Her singing career took off after her TV appearance. 她在电视上亮相后歌唱事业迅速起飞。
I’ve decided to take a few days off next week. 我已经决定下周休息几天。
The show was taken off because of poor audience figures. 该剧因不卖座而停演了。
2. accomplish 完成，达到，实现
accomplish finish, complete 区别
1） accomplish经常接task, aim, journey, voyage 等名词。 如：
The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探险队在五周内完成了航程。
The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished. 计划的第一部分已顺利完成。
2) complete比accomplish具体， 可接简化组，工程，书籍等名词。 指“按预期目的把未完成的工作经进一步的努力使之完成”， 主要涵义是“补足缺少的部分”。 如：
The building will be completed by the end of this month. 这座楼将于本月底完成。
3) finish 在许多情况下可与complete 换用， 但不及complete 正式。 常含有“认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶段的精工修饰，使之完美”的意思。 如
I have to finish writing the book by this weekend. 我得在本周末写完这本书。
3. vacant 空着的，未被占用的；（职位）空缺的；（目光，表情等）无神的，呆滞的
When the post finally fell (= became) vacant, they offered it to Fiona.这个职位最终空缺后，他们给了Fiona。
The seat next to him was vacant. 他旁边的座位是空的。
a vacant look呆滞的目光
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
4. offer vt. 提出，提供，愿意做某事 常用搭配（offer sb sth, offer sth to sb offer to do sth）
The young man offered the old man his seat. 年轻人给那个老人让座。
They decided to offer the job to Jo. They decided to offer JO the job. 他们决定给乔那个工作。
They offered to help us. 他们愿意帮我们。
n. 提供，提议
Thank you for your offer of help. 谢谢你提供帮助。
5. Count vi. 有价值；重要；有用
Every second counts.
每一秒钟都很重要。
v. 数, 计算, 数；算; 认为；视为；看作
be counted as 被认为
I count him among my closest friends. 我把他看作我最好的朋友。
For tax purposes that the money counts/ is counted as income. 那笔钱算做收入，需要纳税。
to count from 1 to 100 从1数到100
Count these apples. 清点一下这些苹果。
count it an honor (to do sth.) （把做某事）引以为荣
6. assess 评价，评定（质量，性质）
It’s difficult to assess the effects of these changes. 很难评价这些变化的影响。
The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers. 这些年轻人被评定为安全或不安全的司机。
The committee assesses whether a building is worth preserving. 委员会评估建筑物是否该保留。
7. spot 斑点，点，污点，（皮肤上的）丘疹等。 地点，场所，少量 vt. （不用于进行时）看见，注意到，发现
She was wearing a black skirt with white spots. 她穿着黑色带白点的裙子。
The baby’s whole body was covered in small red spots.婴儿的全身都是小红疙瘩。
He showed me the exact spot where he had asked her to marry him. 他把当时向她求婚的确切地点指给我看。
I felt a few spots of rain. 我感到飘来几滴雨。
on the spot 当场，当下，在下场，在原地He answered the question on the spot. 他当场回答了我的问题。
An ambulance was on the spot within minutes. 几分钟内，一辆救护车赶到了现场。
Running on the spot is good exercise. 原地跑步是很好的运动。
8 salary， income, pay, wages区别
Income 用以指一个人或单位所得得收入， 不仅限于工资。 例如：
A family with two incomes 双份收入的家庭。
DINGKY double incomes, no kids yet.
Pay 一般指顾主定期付给的工资的通用的词。 如pay-day 指每星期或每月领取工资的日子。
He doesn’t like the job, but the pay is good. 他不喜欢那个工作， 但是薪水很高。
Wage 一般指按星期或按日发放的工资，通常为现款，一般按小时，日，星期或按照完成一定的工作量计算。 Wage-earner 通常指体力劳动者。 如：
We expect a fair day’s wage for a fair day’s work. 我们做好一天的工作， 就希望得到一天应得的工资。
Salary 一般按月计算，常指直接拨入领取者的银行帐户内。一般用于专业人士或在办公室工作的人员。 如：
The company is offering a salary of $30,000 per year. 那家公司招聘职员，年薪30000美圆。
Fee 指付给律师，医生等的报酬，如
Pay the lawyer’s fee 付律师费。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
9 from this point on 从那时起 on one point 曾经，一度
I think I even told you that at one point. 我认为我曾经告诉过你那件事。
At one point she was aware of two nurses speaking about an outing they were planning with their boyfriends. 她一度听见两个护士谈起她们计划与男朋友一起出去。
At one point he turned his head, listening for Emily. 一度，他转过头，听Emily的声音。
时刻，关头，瞬间，阶段
The climber was at / on the point of death when they found him. 当他们发现那个登山者的时候，他已奄奄一息。
We were on the point of giving up.我们当时几乎要放弃了。
At this point I don’t care what you decide to do. 在这个时候，我不在意你怎么做了。
Point n. 论点，观点 （point of view ）地方，标点，尖，
She made several interesting points in the article. 她在文章中提出了几个有趣的观点。
I take your point 我赞同你的看法。
重点，要点 （brief and to the point ）
The point is you shouldn’t have to wait so long to see a doctor. 关键是看病不该等那么长时间。
I wish he would get to the point. 我但愿他快点说正题。
目的
What’s the point of all this violence? 这些暴行的意图何在？
There’s no point in getting angry. 发火是没有用的。
具体细节（或事实）
Here are the main points of the news. 以下是新闻摘要。
Can you explain that point again? 你能在解释一下那一点吗？
vi. point at/to, point out
Language study
10。 up to date adj. 直到最近的, 新式的, 现代的
We would like to see qualified people who are technically up to date.我们愿意看到技术上更新的称职的人。
Teachers are asked to ensure that their entries for the new class lists are brought up to date by the end of July. 教师被要求保证在7月前更新他们的新的课程名单目录。
11. essential adj. 本质的, 实质的, 基本的, 提炼的, 精华的
n. 本质, 实质, 要素, 要点
Food is essential to life. 食物是维持生命不可或缺的。
Food is essential for life. 食物是生命所必需的。
Impartiality is essential to a judge. 公平是当法官所必需的。
Her most essential quality is kindness. 她最主要的品质是厚道。
It is essential to keep the two groups separate 将两组分开是完全必要的。
It is essential that you have some experience.你必须得有经验。
The studio had all the essentials like heating and running water. 工作室有基本设施，如暖气装置和水。
the essentials of English grammar 英语语法基础
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Integrating skills
12. addition 加，加法。 增加物，添加物 （常用搭配：addition to , in addition (to)）
children learning addition and subtraction 学习加减发的儿童。
an addition to the family 这家新添的一口人。
Pasta’s basic ingredients are flour and water, sometimes with the addition of eggs or oil. 意大利面条的主要成分是面粉和水，有时加鸡蛋和食用油。
in addition (to sb/sth) 除。。以外还。。。
In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight. 除了这些安排之外，另增加救护车值班至午夜。
There is, in addition, one further point to make.12. hold back. 此外，还有一点要说。
13. appealing 有吸引力的，有感染力的，令人感兴趣的
Spending the holidays in Britain wasn’t a prospect that I found particularly appealing. 在英国度假对我并不具有吸引力。
‘Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look. 你真的愿意帮忙吗？他满脸恳求地说。
appealingly adv.: The dog looked up at her appealingly. 狗可怜巴巴地望着他。
Appeal n. 上诉，申诉，感染力，吸引力， 呼吁
an appeal against the 3-match ban 不服禁赛3场令的申诉。
The Beatles have never really lost their appeal. 披头士的感染力经久不衰。
a look of silent appeal默默恳求的目光。
v. appeal to 上诉，申诉； 有吸引力， 引起兴趣；呼吁，
The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 设计要雅俗共赏，老幼皆宜。
Organizers appealed to the crowd not to panic.组织者呼吁人群不要惊慌。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。
二、独立主格结构的形式
独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。
1）名词／代词＋形容词
I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry．我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open．月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。
2）名词／代词＋现在分词
Winter coming，it gets colder and colder．冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk．雨停了，他出去散步。
3）名词／代词＋过去分词
More time given，we should have done it much better．如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。
The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生站在那里，右手高举。
4）名词／代词（主格）＋不定式
Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month．这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。
The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's．两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
5）名词／代词十介词短语
The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand．那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意：这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。
6）名词／代词十副词
Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away．由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。
Lunch over，he left the house．But he was thinking．午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。
7）名词／代词＋名词
He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon．他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
8）with复合结构
它的构成是：“with ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。
Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）
He used to sleep with the door open．他过去常开着门睡觉。（形容词）
With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village．由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）
With the work done，he went home．工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）
With you to help us，we will finish the task in time．由你来帮助，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）
Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night．夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）
从以上例句可以看出：在with复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态时，用现在分词；当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态时，用过去分词；当这种主谓关系表示将来意义时，用不定式；当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。
三、独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1）表示时间
Her work done ，she sat down for a cup of tea．她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2）表示条件
The condition being favourable ，he may succeed．若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3）表示原因
There being no taxis，we had to walk．没有出租车，我们只好步行。
4）表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all．几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
四、形式选择中应该注意的问题
1）现在分词还是过去分词？
在独立主格结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词。如：Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder．一句中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词。如：More money given，we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained．一句中，“money”和“give”是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。
在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词
完成时态表示。如：The snow having stopped，she went out to sweep the snow in the yard．
现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处：现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如：
As her skirt was caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt being caught on a nail，she could not move．
→Her skirt caught on a nail，she could not move．
After his work had been finished，he went home．
→His work having been finished，he went home．
→His work finished，he went home．
2）分词结构还是独立结构？
上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：
Since he was very tired with his walk，he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles．
不可改为：
He being very tired with his walk，he．．．
但可改为：Being very tired with his walk ，he．．．
比较：判断动名词复合结构的方式
　　主语位置上，或动词、介词后的"名词代词 + 非谓语动词"，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是"名词 + 定语。请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left 　　B. being left　　 C. leaving D　　. be left
insist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求"开着窗子睡觉"，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked 　　B. was blocked 　　C. blocking　　 D. being blocked
做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted 　　B. admitted 　　C. having been admitted 　　D. having admitted
消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是"被录取的孩子"，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。

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