A garden of poems

中学英语教学资源网英语教案教学设计 手机版


A garden of poems(1)

第四单元 诗歌园
【part 1 Background Knowledge 背景知识】
William Shakespeare(1564-1616)威廉•莎士比亚
The greatest of all English authors,William Shakespeare belongs to those rare geniuses(天才)of mankind who have become landmarks(里程碑)in the history of world culture.The works of William Shakespeare are a great land mark in the history of world literature(文学),for he was one of the first founders of realism,a masterhead at realistic portrayal(描述)of human characters and relations.
No wonder that Shakespeare’s works were so deeply loved by the greatest minds of mankind,and among them by Karl Marx,who regarded Aeschylus(古希腊悲剧诗人爱斯库勒斯)and Shakespeare as “the two greatest dramatic geniuses the world has ever known(世界上迄今为止的两个最伟大的天才戏剧家)”.
Works of Shakespeare 莎士比亚著名作品
历史剧:
Herry Ⅵ《亨利六世》(上、中、下)
Richard Ⅲ《理查三世》
Richard Ⅳ《理查四世》(上、下)
喜剧:
A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》
The merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》
Twelfth Night《第十二夜》
悲剧:
Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
Hamlet《哈姆雷特》
Othello《奥赛罗》
King Lear《李尔王》
Macbeth《麦克白》
传奇剧:
Cymbeline《辛白林》
The Tempest《暴风雨》

【Part 2 Key Language Points 重点难点】
1.board aeroplanes登上飞机
▲board此处作及物动词用,意为“登/乘上汽车/火车/轮船/飞机等交通工具。如:
(1)Please board the plane immediately.
请立即登机。
(2)The Smiths boarded on the train at 3:00.I saw them off at the station.
史密斯一家三点钟上了火车,我为他们到火车站送行。
(3)The passengers boarded the aeroplane at noon.
乘客中午登上飞机。
(4)We’d better board the ship now.
我们最好现在上船。
▲board也可以作不及物动词用。如:
(5)Flight N654 for Kathmandu is now boarding at Gate 16.
去加德满都的N654航班在16号门登机。
(6)These are passengers waiting to board.
这些是等待登机的旅客。
▲board也可以作名词用,多用在on board这个短语中,表示“登上”。如:
(7)He ran until he was on board a city bus.
他一路跑,直到他坐上一辆公共汽车。
(8)There were about eighty passengers on board the aeroplane.
飞机上一共有约八十名乘客。
(9)Tom pushed his way through the crowd and managed to get on board.
汤姆挤过人群,设法坐上船。
(10)Go on board the train.
登上火车。
▲board还有“向……提供收费食宿”之意,如:
(11)Mr Brown boarded his son with that family.
布朗先生让儿子食宿都在那户人家。
(12)She usually boards students during the college term.
她通常在学期进行期间给大学生提供收费食宿。
【注】on board后面可以跟表示交通工具的名词,如例句(7)(8)(10),也可以不跟,如例句(9)。
【注】请注意board与aboard的区别,后者是副词,如:They went aboard.他们上了船(火车或飞机)。All aboard!上船(火车或飞机),也可以作介词用,如:He was already aboard the plane.他已上飞机了。
▲board亦可用作不及物动词,意为“寄食宿”。如:
(13)We have to board elsewhere.
我们得去别处食宿。
(14)I board with the Turners during the week.
在周日我食宿在特纳家。
(15)The students board during the week and go home onweekends.
学生们平时住校周末回家。
2.get through一词的用法
▲get though此处作“通过,即可作“通过”门、桥、走廊,也可作“通过”考试、结案、海关检查等解释。如:
(1)You may wonder how such a large animal could get through such a small hole.你可能会奇怪这样大的动物怎么会通过这样小的洞。
(2)People began to doubt whether the bill would even get through.
人们开始怀疑这项议案究竟能否通过。
(3)It only took us a few minutes to get through the Customs.
通过海关检查只花了我们几分钟。
(4)He got through everything except English.
除了英语他全部及格了。
(5)I cannot imagine how they will get through the time.
我不能想象这段时间他们将怎样度过。
▲get through有“完成”“了结”之意。如
(6)I didn’t get through studying last night until almost twelve o’clock.
昨晚直到将近十二点我才做完功课。
(7)He said he would go with me as soon as he got through the work.
他说他一完成这项工作就和我一起去。
(8)I haven’t got through the book you brought yesterday yet.
昨天你拿来的那本书我还没看完。
(9)Before we got through washing,she had told me all about herself.
我们还没洗完,她已经把她的身世全讲给我听了。
▲get through亦可作“到达”解释。如:
(10)The train failed to get through in time because of the floods.
火车没有及时到达是因为洪水。
(11)If more supplies do not get through,thousands of refugees will die.
如果没有更多的供应品来到的话,就会有成千上万的灾民死去。
▲get through还有“打通,接通电话”之意。如:
(12)The operator finally got me through.
接线员最后给我接通了电话。
(13)I tried to telephone you,but I couldn’t get through.
我设法给你打过电话,但就是打不通。
(14)Several telephone lines were down because of the storm,so we could notgetthrough to Genera.
由于暴风雨,有几条电话线坏了,所以我们不能和日内瓦通电话。
【注】上面我们讲了get through的几种常用意思,要注意get through to是“使……明白,理解”的意思。如:
(15)I can’t get through to him that he must have a good rest.
我无法使他明白,他必须好好休息。
(16)I can’t get through to him at all even when I explained things in very simple English.
即使我用非常简单的英语解释事物,我也无法使他明白。
3.More than any other form of literature,poetry plays with sounds,words and grammar.
▲本句的语序应该是Poetry plays with sounds,words and grammar more than anyother form of literature.言下之意是诗歌对语言、文字、语法的要求比其他的文学形式要高。play with原意是“玩”“玩弄”,此处可引申为对语言文字语法的运用。请看下列例句。
(1)When I got home,my son was playing with his toy train.
我回家时,我儿子在玩他的玩具火车。
(2)I looked out of the window and saw a little cat playing with its tail.
我向窗外看去,看见一只小猫在玩自己的尾巴。
(3)It’s wrong for a man to play with a woman’s affections.
男人玩弄女人的感情是不对的。
(4)It’s dangerous to play with fire.
玩火是危险的。
▲注意any other的用法,是指在同一范围内除了某人或某物以外的其他人或事物,any other后跟单数名词,也可以说any of the other+复数名词。如:
(5)Tom runs faster than any other student(或any of the other students)in his class.
汤姆比他班上的任何人都跑得快。
(6)Shanghai is langer than other city in China.
上海比中国的任何一个城市都大。
【注】但比和被比的人或物不在同一范围或不属同一类别,就不用other。如:
(7)Shanghai is larger than any city in India.
上海比印度的任何城市都大。
(8)Painting leaves more impression on people than any form of literature.
绘画给人们的印象比任何文学形式都要深。
4.call up的用法
▲call up此处作“召唤”“回忆”“汇集”解释。如:
(1)Your letter calls up those pleasant days when we worked together.
你的来信使我回想起往日我们共同工作的快乐日子。
(2)The smell of these flowers calls up my years in the country side.
那些花的芳香使我想起在乡下生活的年代。
(3)The smell of the ink called up happy memories of my school days.
墨水的香味唤起了我对学生时代的回忆。
(4)This picture calls up scenes of my childhood.
这照片使我想起童年时的情景。
▲call up相当于ring up,即“给……打电话”。如:
(5)When he got back to the city he called up the office.
他回到城里时给办公室打了个电话。
(6)Please call me up at 8:00 this evening.
请在今晚八点给我打电话。
(7)All right.I’ll call up again.
好吧,我回头再打电话来。
(8)She called up a friend just for a chat.
她给朋友打了个电话,不过聊聊天而已。
▲call up有“征召”“应征”之意。如:
(9)When the war broke out,they were at once called up.
战争一爆发,他们立即就被征召入伍了。
(10)In most countries,men are called up at the age of 18.
在大多数的国家,十八岁的男子要应征入伍。
▲call up亦可作“叫醒”“唤醒”解释。如:
(11)Please call me up at 6:00 tomorrow morning.
请在明天早晨六点叫醒我。
(12)The doctor was called up three times during the night to attend urgent cases.
医生夜里三次被叫醒去看急症病人。
5.▲stand out课文中作“突出”“引人注意(目)”解释。如:
(1)David was tall and stood out in the crowd.
大卫长得很高,在人群中显得很突出。
(2)Red always stands out among other colors.
在各种颜色中,红色最显眼。
(3)Elizabeth’s voice really stands out from the rest of the choir.
伊莉莎白的噪音在唱诗班里很突出。
(4)Our classroom building stood out clearly against the blue sky.
蓝天清晰地衬托出我们的教室大楼。
(5)Her talents stand out in comparison with the others.
和其他那些人比起来,她的才能很突出。
▲stand out有“拒不屈服”“坚持(反对或抵抗)”之意,常与介词for或against连用。如:
(6)I’m standing out against his idea.
我坚决反对他的主张。
(7)The workers are standing out for higher pay and better conditions.
工人们坚持要求提高工资改善劳动条件。
(8)He stood out against all persuasion.
他听不进任何劝告。
▲stand out还可作“出列”“站出来”解释。如:
(9)The teacher asked the boy to stand out of line so that she could speak to him later.
老师让那个男孩从队里站出来以便等会和他谈话。
(10)Stand out that man in the back row,the one with the dirty boots!
后排穿脏靴子的那一个,站出来!
6.share既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,意为“分享”“分担”“合用”,常接介词with,between,among。如:
(1)I have to share the bathroom with the other tenants.
我不得不与其他房客共用浴室。
(2)He will share his last dollar with his friend.
他就是剩下最后一块钱也会和朋友共用的。
(3)Share the cake equally among all the children.
把蛋糕平均分给孩子们。
(4)The class duties are shared between the teachers.
课堂上的职责由教师们分担。
▲share还有“具有同样的……”之意,此时share作及物动词用。如:
(5)She is the only person who shares my ideas.
她是唯一和我想法一致的人。
(6)We share common experience and face common task.
我们有共同的遭遇,面临共同的问题。
(7)I’m sorry:I can’t share your faith that everything will be all right.
很抱歉,我不赞同你认为一切都会很好的信念。
(8)I share your opinion in this matter.
对这件事我和你有同样的看法。
▲share in意为“共享”“分担”。如:
(9)He wished we were there to share in his joy.
他希望我们也在那儿共享他的喜悦。
(10)I shall share (in) the cost with you.
费用我和你分担。
(11)Newspapers help us to share in the events of the outside world.
报纸帮助我们了解世界大事。
【注】作为“分享”“分担”解释时,share与share in意义基本相同,但share in不能作“合用”解释。
▲share out意为“分配”“合用”。如:
(12)The money was shared out between them.
这笔钱由他们两个人分。
(13)How shall we share out the money that we have collected?
我们收来的钱怎么个分法?
(14)See that these things are shared out fairly.
设法使这些东西得到公平分配。
7.other than的用法及其他
other than此处意为“除了”“除……之外的其他”。如:
(1)There is nobody here other than me.
这里除了我以外没有别人。
(2)You can’t get there other than by boat.
你除了乘船没有别的办法到那里。
(3)We decided not to stop anywhere other than at his house.
我们决定除了他的房子以外,任何地方都不停留。
(4)Other than mercury all metals are solid.
除水银外,所有的金属都是固态。
【注】上述例句中的other than相当于except或but。other than还有“只有”“只能”之意。如:
(5)They couldn’t do this work other than hurriedly.
他们只能匆忙地做这项工作。
【注】请注意other than与rather than的区别,other than后的内容是肯定的,如例句(1),只有我,而没有别人,例句(2)只有乘船才能到达,别的交通工具不行;而rather than后的内容是否定的,请注意下面的例句,仔细分析other than和rather than的区别。如:
(6)He is a writer rather than a teacher.
与其说他是老师,不如说他是作家。
(7)He would rather you come tomorrow than today.
他宁愿你昨天来,而不是今天来。
(8)Rather than cause trouble,she left here.
免得引起麻烦,她离开了这里。
(9)This pair of shoes is comfortable rather than pretty.
这双鞋穿起来舒服,但外观不漂亮。
(10)You should help them rather than they should help you.
你们应当帮助他们,而不是他们应当帮助你们。
【注】rather than在意思上相当于instead of,但在具体用法上instead of后接名词、代词或动词。而rather than后接动词原形或从句、或与前面相对应的词类,请仔细阅读下列句子,体会两者的差异:
(11)If you jog rather than walk for 30 minutes,you’ll cover more distance.
如果你慢跑而不是走三十分钟,你跑的距离就远些。(可以用instead of walking…)
(12)He would rather I stayed in the classroom than I went to the library.
他宁愿让我留在教室里,而不愿让我去图书馆。(固定搭配,不能用instead of)
(13)They are engaged in designing an engine rather than repairing the machine.
他们从事发动机的设计工作,而不是修理那台机器。(可用instead of repairing the machine)
(14)I would rather you knew that now,than afterwards.
我愿意你现在知道,而不是将来知道。(不可用instead of)
8.No matter引导的让步状语从句
▲No matter+疑问词,意为“无论……”“不论……”,引导让步状语从句,如no matter who(whom)无论谁,no matter what无论什么,no matter where无论哪里,no matter how无论怎样等。如:
(1)You are always welcome no matter where you are.
无论在何地,您总是受到欢迎的。
(2)No matter what may happen,they’ve decided to leave this evening.
不管发生什么事,他们已决定今晚离开。
(3)No matter where you go,you will always find the same thing.
不论你走到哪里,你总会发现同样的事。
(4)No matter when my motherland needs me,I will go without hesitation.
无论什么时候,只要祖国需要我,我就会毫不犹豫地出发。
(5)No matter who you may be,you have no right to do such a thing.
不论你是谁,你都无权做这样的事。
(6)No matter what happens,we will not change our plan.
不管发生什么事,我们决不改变计划。
▲no matter+疑问词,相当于疑问词+ever,ever本是一个加强语气的词,加在疑问词后面作后缀,不仅使疑问词的语气有所加强,而且变为具有让步意义,用于引出让步状语从句。如:
(7)Whatever happens,we will not change our plan.
不管发生什么事,我们决不改变计划。
(8)Whoever is more or less advanced,he can pass this exam.
不管是谁,多多少少有点进步的,他是能够通过这次考试的。
(9)It is a very nice room,whoever it belongs to.
这是个好房间,不管它是属于谁的。
(10)However often he does,he always makes a mistake.
不论他做多少次,他总是做错。
(11)The peasants have decided to build a reservoir,whatever the difficulties may be.
农民们决心造一个水库,不管有什么困难。
▲虽然no matter+疑问词和疑问词后缀都可用来引导让步状语从句,但后者的用途广得多,这类词(whoever,whatever,whenever,wherever等)还可用来引导主语从句、宾语从句、时间、地点状语从句等。如:
(12)Whoever did it made a mistake.
谁做此事,谁就犯了错误。
(13)Whoever comes late may have enough time to do this experiment.
无论哪个晚来,都可以有足够的时间做这个实验。
(14)You can take whatever book you like best.
你可以拿走你最喜欢的任何一本书。
(15)Whenever we see him,we speak to him.
每当我们见到他时,我们都对他说话。
(16)He said it was so,he was mistaken however.
他说情况如此,但他错了。
(17)With the development of science and technology,we can send power to wherever it was needed.
随着现代科学技术的发展,我们能够把电力输送到所需要的任何地方。
【注】上述疑问词+后缀ever的例句都不是让步状语从句,例句(12)(13)是主语从句,(14)是宾语从句,(15)是时间状语从句,(16)是一个插入句,(17)是介词的宾语从句。
如何区分这类词引导的是让步状语从句还是其他从句,主要根据句意和句子结构来判断。从句子结构来看,如去掉从句,句子缺少主语,那么该从句就是主语从句,如(12)(13)。宾语从句一般紧接在及物动词或介词之后,是动词动作的对象,其余则应根据句意来判断到底是什么从句。
【注】no matter whether引导的让步状语从句,可以简化为直接用whether来引导让步从句。如:
(18)No matter whether(or Whether)it is fine or rainy,I’ve decided to leave tomorrow.
不管晴天还是下雨,我已决定明天动身。
9.Greatly loved in China are the English Romantic poets.
英国浪漫主义诗人深受中国人爱戴。
▲为强调表语而引起的倒装,这是一种修辞上的需要,倒装时将连系动词放在主语之前,表语置于句首,不需要增添助动词。如:
(1)On the desk are two English-Chinese dictionaries.
桌子上是两本英汉词典。
(2)Behind the farmhouse was a great pool.
在农舍的后面是一个大池塘。
(3)Around the fire were over thirty students and their teacher.
围火而坐的是三十多位学生和他们的老师。
(4)Inside the pyramid were the kings’ and queens’ burial rooms and the long passages to these rooms.
在金字塔里面是国王和王后们的墓室以及通向这些墓室的长长的通道。
▲在某些以地点状语开头的句子中,也用这种倒装语序。如:
(5)Under the tree was sitting an old farmer.
在那棵大树下,坐着一位老农民。
(6)Near the sea lived an old fisherman.
海边住着一位老渔夫。
(7)Round the corner walked a young policeman.
转弯处有个年轻的警察在走着。
(8)At the foot of the hill lies a small village.
在山脚下有一个小村庄。
▲有时主语部分太长,也采取倒装形式,以保持句子平衡。如:
(9)Spring is coming,and with it come the soft winds that are good for flying kites.
春天来临,随之春风微拂,很适于放风筝。
10.open the door to…
open the door to 愿意为“打开……的门”,可引伸为“为……提供便利”“为……创造条件”“给……以机会”。如:
(1)These discussions may well open the door to the peaceful solutions.
这些讨论很可能为和平解决创造条件。
(2)You are opening the door to trouble by hitchhiking.
你搭车会带来麻烦的。
(3)Copying others’ exercises may open the door to cheating in the exam.
抄别人的作业可能会为考试作弊创造条件。
(4)The country opened the door to imports.
这个国家对外开放进口业务。
【注】在open the door to这个词组中,to是介词,后接名词、代词、动名词,不能看作不定式的符号。
11.Light up的用法
▲ light up原意为“点(火)”“点燃”。如:
(1)Jones lit up a second cigarette as soon as he had finished the first.
琼斯刚抽完第一支烟就点燃第二支。
(2)It’s getting dark—time to light up.天黑了—该开灯了。
▲ light up可作“照亮”“照明”解释。如:
(3)The glare from the fire lit up the sky.
火光照亮了天空。
(4)The lightning lit up the inky blackness.
闪电照亮了一片漆黑。
(5)The searchlight lit up the whole area.
探照灯照亮了整个地区。
(6)For some reason her car was lighted up inside.
不知怎么的,她车内的灯亮着。
▲light up还有“发亮光”“面露喜色”之意。如:
(7)Sue’s face lit up when she heard the good news.
苏听到这个好消息时面露喜色。
(8)Her face lit up with pleasure.
她脸上喜气洋洋。
(9)Her big eyes suddenly lighted up at the happy recollection.
这愉快的回忆使她的大眼睛突然亮了起来。
(10)Her advice lit up my mind and gave me strength.
她的忠告照亮了我的心,给了我力量。
【注】动词light的过去分词既可以是lighted,也可以是lit,一般来说lighted多用作前置定语。如:
(11)I saw a lighted window across the street.
在街对面我看到一个窗子里亮着灯。
(12)In the center a table stands with a lighted lamp on it.
在中间有张桌子,上面有盏点燃的灯。
【注】但如果作后置定语,则仍可用lit。如:
(13)I was taken into a room lit by candles.
我被带进一间点着蜡烛的房间。
【注】即使是作前置定语,如前面有副词修饰,则多用lit。如:
(14)a freshly lit cigarette 点燃的香烟
(15)the dimly lit living-room 灯光晦暗的客厅
12.come into being及come into sth.短语
▲come into being意为“出现”“产生”。如:
(1)Do you know when the Great Wall fist came into being?
你知道中国的长城最初是什么时候形成的吗?
(2)The Red Army came into being after the defeat of the first great revolution.
红军是从第一次大革命失败中诞生的。
(3)No one knows when such a custom first came into being.
没有人知道这种风俗是什么时候开始有的。
(4)The Chinese Communist Party came into being in 1921.
中国共产党是一九二一年成立的。
▲come into后接名词的词组很多,多作“开始、进入(某种状态或活动)”之意,如come into contact意为“接触”,come into effect意为“生效”,come into power(office)作“上台执政”解释,come into leaf(flower,bud)意为“长叶子”“开花”“发芽”等。如:
(5)As a doctor he came into contact with all kinds of people.
作为一个医生,他同各种各样的人打交道。
(6)When will the new regulation come into effect?
新规定何时生效?
(7)The new type of bus will come into service next month.
新型公共汽车下月开始使用。
(8)That style of coat came first into fashion when I was a boy.
这种式样的大衣是我做孩子的时候开始时兴的。
(9)The present government came into power a year ago.
现政府是一年前上台的。
(10)As the plane came down through the clouds,green fields and white houses came into sight.
当飞机穿过云层下降时,绿色的田野和白色的房屋映入眼帘。
(11)These trees come into leaf in February.
这些树二月里长叶子。
(12)Electric power has come into wide use in the countryside.
农村已广泛使用电力。
13.leave along和leave后带宾语补足语
▲leave sb./sth. alone意为“别管”“别碰”“别惹”。如:
(1)Leave the box alone.
别碰这箱子。
(2)Leave it alone for a time.Talking about it may do harm.
暂时别谈这事了,谈了可能还有坏处。
(3)I have told you to leave my things alone.
我已经告诉过你别碰我的东西。
(4)Leave me alone,I’m hopeless.
别管我,我没指望了。
【注】在口语中,可以说leave sb./sth. be。如:
(5)“The baby is crying!”“Leave him be,he’ll soon stop.”
“小宝宝哭了!”“别理他,他就会不哭的。”
【注】也可以用let sb./sth. be表示同样的意思。如:
(6)Let the dog be.
别去惹那条狗。
(7)Let him be,he’s doing no harm.
不要去干扰他,他并没有惹事。
▲leave sb. alone还有“让一个人待着”之意。如:
(8)Now she was left alone with her little child.
现在只剩她和她孩子在一起了。
(9)He didn’t want to be left alone.
他不愿意一个人呆着。
(10)He was never left alone because of his illness.
由于生病,他身边总留着人。
▲leave作“让(继续处于某种状态)时,后面可以跟形容词、分词、介词短语的复合结构。如:
(11)You’d better leave the door open.
你最好让门开着。
(12)His illness left him very weak.
他的病使他身体很虚弱。
(13)Who has left the water running?
谁让水流着就走了?
(14)He will never leave a job unfinished.
他干什么事从来没有干不完的。
(15)She left in a hurry leaving the child crying at home.
她匆忙离去,把孩子留在家里哭。
(16)I’m sorry I’ve left some of your questions unanswered.
很抱歉,有些问题我没回答。
(17)They covered the boy’s boby with a national flag,leaving only his face exposed.
他们把一面国旗盖在男孩的身上,只露出他的脸。
(18)The result left him speechless.
结果使他哑口无言。
14.shade和shadow
▲shade和shadow都有“荫”之意,但shade一般指“阴凉处”“避光或遮阳的东西”;而shadow则指“影子”“阴影”。如:
(1)He slept in the shade of the trees.
他在树阴处睡觉。
(2)Let’s go and sit in the shade.
咱们到阴凉处去坐坐。
(3)There are no trees or bushes to give shade.
没有树木和灌木遮荫。
(4)I’m too hot in the sun;Let’s get into the shade.
我在太阳底下太热了,咱们到阴凉处去吧!
▲请在下面shadow在句中的意思。
(5)The grey evening light cast strange shadows on the floor.
灰色的夜光在地上投下奇怪的阴影。
(6)As the sun set,the shadows grew longer.
随着太阳的下山,影子变长了。
(7)By six o’clock in the evening,this part of the garden is in shadow.
到下午六点时,花园的这一部分就在影子里了。
(8)They watched the wavering shadows of the trees.
他们注视着摇曳的树影。
【注】用作比喻中的“阴影”时,用shadow。如:
(9)He had to live in his famous father’s shadow.
他不得不生活在他了不起的父亲的影子里。
(10)Today,the shadow of war still hangs heavily over the people of Iraq.
如今,战争的阴影仍然笼罩在伊拉克人民的头上。
15.动词avoid的用法
avoid意为“避免”“避开”,其后只能跟名词、代词或动名词。如:
(1)I avoid crossing the street here if I’m in a hurry.
急的时候,我避免在这里穿越这条街。
(2)She managed to avoid being punished.
她设法免受惩罚。
(3)Tom avoided his aunt by leaving by the back door.
汤姆从后门出去,以避免碰上他姑妈。
(4)This difficulty can be avoided in several ways.
有几种方法可以避免这一困难。
(5)Be careful to avoid breaking the glass.
当心不要打碎玻璃。
(6)You’d beter avoid taking a trip in August.
你最好避免在八月出门旅行。
【注】avoid后不能接不定式,也不能接宾语从句。
16.aloud,loud和loudly
▲aloud是副词,意为“出声”。表示真的把话说出来,而不是在脑子里默默地说,通常与动词read,think连用。如:
(1)Can you read the text aloud?
你能朗读课文吗?
(2)She has a very good prononciation when she reads aloud.
她朗读的时候,发音很好。
(3)“What did you say?”“Oh ,nothing,I was just thinking aloud.”
“你说什么?”“噢,没说什么,我把想的事说出来了。”
▲loud作副词时,意为“大声地”“响亮地”。如:
(4)She read the story loud to the others.
她给其他人大声读那故事。
(5)He said,“Good-bye”loud.
他高声地说“再见”。
(6)Don’t talk so loud,you may be overheard.
别那么大声讲话,别人会听见的。
(7)Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
(8)If you’ve got something to say,say it out loud.
如果你有什么话要说,大声地说出来。
【注】loud还可作形容词用,而aloud和loudly则不可以,如:
(9)That music is too loud.
那音乐太吵人。
(10)The more Tom drank,the louder he became.
汤姆酒喝得越多,就吵得越厉害。
▲loudly是副词,意为“大声地”,有时可以与loud替换,作含有“闹声”“喧闹”的意味。如:
(11)Don’t talk so loudly.
不要大声喧哗。
(12)Suddenly,the bell on the wall rang loudly.
突然墙上铃声大作。
17.start with意为“从……着手”“以……开始”“先做……”。如:
(1)His illness started with a slight cough.
他的病开始时只有轻微的咳嗽。
(2)Now let’s hear the students read their poems,starting with Tom.
现在让我们听学生们朗读诗歌,从汤姆开始。
(3)Westerners start the meal with soup.
西方人吃饭先喝汤。
(4)Let’s start with the first paragraph.
我们从第一段开始吧!
(5)This book starts with a tale of country life.
这本书从农村生活故事开始。
▲to start with常用作插入语。如:
(6)Our difficulties are many,to start with,we haven’t get enough workers.
我们的困难很多,首先,我们还没有足够的工人。
(7)To start with,the day fine,but then it began to rain.
开始时天气很好,可是后来下起雨来了。
(8)You have no right to raise this question,to start with.
首先,你们无权提这个问题。
▲start with在句中还可以作状语用,意为“开始时”。如:
(9)The school bought a big basket of seeds for us to start with.
学校先给我们买了一大篮种子。
(10)The boss paid him only five dollars a week to start with.
开始时,老板每周只给他五美元工资。
18.动词recommend的用法
▲recommend意为“推荐”“介绍”,后面跟介词as,for,to。如:
(1)They recommended him as a good manager.
他们把他作为一个好经理来推荐。
(2)The teacher recommended the book for spare-time reading.
老师推荐这本书作为业余时间的读物。
(3)You can recommend some books to the students.
你可以向学生们推荐一些书。
(4)Can you recommend me a good hotel?
你能否给我推荐一家好的旅馆。
▲recommend可作“建议”“劝告”解释,后面通常接名词,代词或动名词作宾语,可以接不定式作宾语补足语,但不能接不定式作宾语,也可以接宾语从句。如:
(5)He recommended Spain for our next holiday.
他建议我们下次度假去西班牙。
(6)The doctor may recommend limiting the amount of fat in your diet.
医生可能会建议限制你饮食中的脂肪量。
(7)I recommend you to think very carefully before you do anything foolish.
我劝你在做出任何蠢事之前先仔细地思考一下。
(8)I recommend that everyone (should) buy the dictionary.
我建议大家都买这本词典。
(9)The doctor recommended that I (should) stay a few more days in hospital.
医生建议我在医院再呆几天。
【注】recommend后接宾语从句时,常用虚拟语气,即用should+动词原形,或直接用动词原形,如例句(8)(9)。
▲recommend亦可用于被动语态。如:
(10)I have been recommended this magazine.
有人向我推荐这本杂志。
(11)It is highly recommended for liver trouble.
人们都说这药治肝炎很好。
19.动词contribute及用法
▲contribute的意思是“捐献(赠、钱)”,后接介词to或toward或for。如:
(1)Benjamin contributed a large sum to the hospital.
本杰明向医院捐赠了一笔巨款。
(2)They have contributed much time and effort to founding the nursery.
他们为建立托儿所花了不少时间和精力。
(3)All the girls in the office contributed toward a wedding present for her.
办公室里所有的女孩都出了钱,要为她买一件结婚礼物。
(4)We contributed food and clothing for the flood refugees.
我们为水灾难民捐献了食品和衣服。
▲contribute可作“提供(帮助、建议、意见等)”解释,后面也跟介词to,toward或for。如:
(5)Everyone was asked to contribute suggestions for the party.
人人都被要求对聚会献计献策。
(6)He felt he wanted to contribute something to the community that had given so much to him.
他觉得他必须为帮了他那么多忙的社区做些什么。
【注】有时可指给报刊投稿。如:
(7)He contributed an article to the People’s Daily.
他给《人民日报》写了一篇稿。
▲contribute还有“有助于”“促成”“起作用”之意。如:
(8)Some people hold that air pollution contributes to this disease.
有些人认为这种疾病是空气污染造成的。
(9)His carelessness contributed to the accident.
他的粗心大意是造成这项事故的原因之一。
(10)Her experience contributed towards overcoming difficulties.
她的经验有助于克服困难。

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