人教版高二同步辅导（含同步练习）Unit 1—Making a difference（二）
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本单元语法复习——动词不定式结构。
知识总结与归纳：
（一）本单元阅读材料内的含不定式结构的句子的总结：
1. It takes a very unusual mind to undertake analysis of the obvious.
2. Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.
3. One day, your doctor tells you that you have an incurable disease and may not have more than twelve months to live.
4. Readers were pleased and surprised to find that a scientist could write about his work in a way that ordinary people could understand.
5. Scientists, on the other hand, Hawking writes, know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong.
6. People who listen to Hawking’s lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him, because his thoughts and ideas often seem as large as the universe he is trying to describe.
7. At that time, the church said that the earth was the center of the universe and Galileo was not allowed to publish or discuss his observations.
8. Perhaps the most important thing if we want to make a difference is to find something that we like to do and that we are good at.
（二）总结：
动词不定式结构在句中可以充当除了谓语以外的主语，表语，宾语，名词后面的定语，目的状语，以及宾语后面的补足语。对于这些内容，重点掌握一些动词不定式常用的句型结构。
1. 不定式结构做主语，宾语时，it做形式主语或形式宾语的句型：如上面第：1，6，8句
It’s +形容词/名词+ to do sth.
…….find/make/think/feel it +形容词/名词 to do sth.
It’s usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .
Both Galileo and Zhang Heng found it difficult to make people believe that their theories were correct.
2. 不定式结构做名词的定语：have something to do / there be something to do：如上面第3句。
Do you have anything to declare ?
Jack is the person for me to turn to in difficult times.
They gave us a week to think the problem over.
Plants need room to spread their roots to get water and to spread their leaves to get sunlight.
Let’s find a more comfortable house to live in.
There are a lot of TV sets to choose from.
There is nothing to worry about.
3. 不定式结构做动词宾语：后面跟to do 做宾语的常见动词有：afford; agree; decide; demand; expect; fail; forget; hate; hope; learn; manage; mean; need; offer; plan; prepare; pretend; promise; refuse; regret; remember; seem; want; threaten; wish 等，以及一些动词短语如：would like to do; would prefer to rather than do; would rather do than do; We can’t afford to lose such an important member of the staff.
She flatly refused to have anything to do with the plan.
4. 不定式结构做动词宾语的补足语（宾补）：在英语中有很多这样的动词结构：动词+宾语+宾语补语。“宾语补语”补充说明宾语“做了什么”；“正在做什么”；“去做什么”；或者“被……”。其中表达“宾语部分”去做某事，可以用do, to do,形式做宾语的补足语。即动词不定式做宾语补语。
动词+宾语+to do sth. 在这种结构中常见的动词有：advise, allow, ask, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn等。
有时候谓语动词和宾语可以变成被动形式，作为宾补的to do短语不变。如单元中例句7
Mr. White persuaded Tom not to smoke any more.
This kind of medicine easily causes people to sleep.
Please remind him to take medicine on time.
The teacher encouraged his students to express what they thought freely.
They were warned not to cross the old bridge.
Residents are not allowed to keep pets in our apartment building.
He is considered to be one of the leading statesmen of our country.
注意：make, let, have, see, hear, 等动词宾语后面的宾语补语应该接动词原形。（do形式），而在这些动词（let除外）的被动形式里，还应该用to do短语做宾语的补足语
例句：
He saw a thief rush out of a shop carrying a bag full of money.
My boss made me redo my report because he wasn’t satisfied with it.
The boy was made to wash the windows before he could go outside to play.
（三）不定式（to do）的时态和被动式：to do结构根据所表达的意义也有不同的时态和被动式表达。
1. 一般式：要去做：to do
2. 正在做：to be doing
3. 已经做了：to have done
4. 被……：to be done
5. 已经被…… to have been done 等
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
The book is said to have been translated into many foreign languages.
He pretended to be working hard when the boss came in.
If you don’t understand something the examiner says, simply ask for it to be repeated.
说明：对于不定式的时态和被动式用法则在掌握不定式句型的前提下要根据具体句子的语境来使用。
（四）学习建议：
1. 认真对待单元内的阅读材料（包括workbook中的阅读材料），不要只把他们当成学习某些语言点的来源。通过这些阅读材料可以掌握新词汇，锻炼阅读能力，扩展知识面（用英语）。例如在READING: NO BOUNDARIES中的第6段可以了解科学家进行科学研究的过程。而INTEGRATING SKILLS 中的MAKING A DIFFERENCE，通过阅读可以了解作者的写作思路，学习一些写作结构（文章的布局）。同时对两篇材料中许多语句，语段加以背诵，积累是可以成为今后我们写作文的素材。
2. 除了背诵warming-up中那些著名科学家的名言之外，可以积累阅读材料中的某些句子：
如：
（1）Imagine this:……
（2）Instead of giving up, Hawking went on with his research, got his PhD and married Jane.
（3）If knowledge is power, as Sir Francis Bacon wrote in 1597, then perhaps creativity can be described as the ability to use that power.
（4）We must believe in what we do, even other do not.
（5）Perhaps the most important thing if we want to make a difference is to find something that we like to do and that we are good at…Everyone has his or her special skills and interests, and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference.
3. 阅读指导：以阅读材料MAKING A DIFFERENCE为例，注意论述性的文章的基本结构是作者首先提出论点然后举例加以说明。所以文章的首尾段，每一段的首句都表达的文章的主题。同时注意这些主题句中的连词（转折连词——but等）往往是最重要的内容。例如第一段第一句：It is not necessary to be a great scientist to make a difference, but there are things we can learn from the best minds in this world. 最后一段对make a difference的方法作了总结。
【典型例题】
一. 单项选择：
1.There are five pairs of shoes ______, but I am at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen B. to choose from
C. to choose D. for choosing
分析：本题考察在There be句型中动词不定式（to do形式）修饰名词作定语的用法。意为：有五双鞋可供挑选，从五双鞋中选一双：choose one from five shoes介词from不能丢。
答案：B
2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ____everything.
A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
分析：本题考查了动词不定式完成被动式用法 to have been done 表示已经被……，根据句子意思：妈妈似乎已经被告知了一切。
答案：D
3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ___ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
分析：后半句but it remains ___ whether they will enjoy it.中，whether they will enjoy it.为主语从句，it为形式主语，remain后面接不定式，根据句意see与主语有被动关系。
答案：B
4. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ___.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
分析：根据句意：据说澳大利亚的土地多得超过了政府所能处理的能力。know后面接疑问词+to do 结构
答案：C
5. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving __ their products more competitive.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
分析：strive后面接to do 结构做目的状语：为……而努力。
答案：A
二. 翻译句子：
1. Tom期待着受到邀请参加这次聚会，但很遗憾他没有受到邀请。
2. 我的朋友建议我考虑先买一辆二手车而不是新车。
3. 你还有什么要补充的吗？
4. Only once they’ve got an overview do they have anything that they can hang the specific parts from.
5. If the species is to be saved, we must understand and protect the secret life of pandas in the wild.
答案：
1. Tom expected to be invited to the party, but he was not.
2. My friend advised me to consider a second-hand car first, instead of a new car.
3. Do you have anything to add?
4. 只有得到一个概观后，他们才能有针对性地挑选每一个部分去拼合成整体。
5. 如果要拯救这种稀有动物，我们就必须了解并保护野生大熊猫尚未为人世所知的生活方式。
【模拟试题】
一. 单项选择：
1. I find these problems are easy ____.
A. to be worked out B. to work out
C. to work them out D. to be worked them out
2. ____ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.
A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept
3. —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers ?
—The key ___ the problem is ___ the demand which is made by the customers.
A. to solve; meeting B. to solving; meeting
C. to solve; to meet D. to solving; to meet
4. It seems that he has no pen ____.
A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with
5. The police ___ the suburbs for the missing car .
A. are seeking B. are finding C. are managing D. are trying
6. We had a good many anxious moments, but everything ___ all right in the end.
A. turned down B. turned up C. turned out D. turned into
7. ___ she finds out that you’ve lost her book ?
A. What about B. If what C. What if D. That whether
8. Anyone who has spent time with children knows the difference in the way the boys and girls respond to ___ situation.
A. similar B. alike C. same D. likely
9. Don’t be too ___ about things you are not supposed to know.
A. strange B. amusing C. curious D. conscious
10. I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little ___.
A. wait B. time C. patient D. rest
二. 完型填空：
It was the night before the composition was due. As I looked at the list of topics, “ The Art of Eating Spaghetti（意大利面条）” caught my eyes. The word “spaghetti” brought back the ___1__ of an evening at Uncle Allen’s in Belleville ___2__ all of us were seated around the table and Aunt Pat ___3__ spaghetti for supper. Spaghetti was an exotic （外来的）treat in __4___ days. Never I eaten spaghetti, and __5__ of the grown-ups had enough experience to be ___6__ it. What laughing __7__ we had about the __8__ respectable method for moving spaghetti from plate to mouth.. __9_, I wanted to write about that, but I wanted to __10___ it down simply for my own __11__, not for Mr. Fleagle, my composition teacher. __12__, I would write something else.
When I finished it the night was half gone and there was no __13__ left to write a proper composition for Mr. Fleagle. There was no choice next morning but to __14__ my work. Two days passed before Mr. Fleagle returned the __15__ papers. He said, “ Now, class, I want to read you a composition, ‘The Art of Eating Spaghetti’.”
My words! He was reading my words out __16__ to the whole class. __17__ laughed, then the whole class was laughing with open-hearted enjoyment. I did my best not to show ___18__, but what I was feeling was pure happiness, __19__ my words had the power to make people __20__.
1. A. memory B. thought C. knowledge D. experience
2. A. when B. where C. since D. after
3. A. cooked B. served C. got D. made
4. A. their B. past C. last D. those
5. A. none B. one C. some D. neither
6. A. careful about B. good at C. fond of D. interested in
7. A. speeches B. lessons C. sayings D. arguments
8. A. nearly B. naturally C. officially D. socially
9. A. Especially B. Probably C. Suddenly D. Fortunately
10. A. settle B. put C. take D. let
11. A. work B. story C. luck D. joy
12. A. However B. Therefore C. As for him D. Except for that
13. A. time B. excuse C. way D. idea
14. A. give up B. continue C. hand in D. delay
15. A. written B. graded C. collected D. signed
16. A. loud B. fast C. publicly D. calmly
17. A. People B. Nobody C. Somebody D. I
18. A. shock B. wonder C. worry D. pleasure
19. A. if B. for C. while D. although
20. A. excited B. satisfied C. think D. laugh
三. 阅读理解：
Several years ago, my parents, my wife, my son and I ate at one of those restaurants where the menu is written on a blackboard. After a wonderful dinner, the waiter set the check in the middle of the table. That’s when it happened: my father did not reach for the check.
Conversation continued. Finally I realized that I should pick up the check! After hundreds of restaurant meals with my parents, after a lifetime of thinking of my father as the one with dollars, it had all changed. I reached for the check, and my view of myself suddenly changed. I was an adult. I was no longer a kid.
Some people mark off（区分）their lives in years, I measure mine in small events. I didn’t become a young man at a particular age, like 16, but rather when a kid who wandered in the streets called me “mister.” These events in my life are called “milestones”（里程碑）
There have been other milestones. The cops（policemen）of my youth always seemed big, even huge, and of course they were older than I was. Then one day they were suddenly neither. The day came when I suddenly realized that all the football players in the game I was watching were younger than I was. They were just big kids. With that milestone gone was the dream that someday, maybe I, too, could be a football player. Without ever having reached the hill, I was over it.
I never thought that I would fall asleep in front of the TV set as my father did. Now it’s what I do best. I never thought that I would go to the beach and not swim, yet I spent all of August at the shore and never once went into the ocean. I never thought that I would appreciate opera, but now the combination of voice and orchestra attract me. I never thought that I would prefer to stay home in the evenings, but now I find myself passing up parties. I used to think that people who watched birds were strange, but this summer I fond myself watching them, and maybe I’ll get a book on the subject. I feel a strong desire for a religious belief that I never thought I’d want, feel close to my ancestors (祖先) long gone, and echo my father in arguments with my son. I still lose…
One day I bought a house. One day—what a day!–I became a father, and not too long after that I picked up the check for my own father. I thought then it was a milestone for me. One day, when I was a little older, I realized it was one for him, too, another milestone.
1. The tone established in the passage is one of _______
A. sad regret B. amusement
C. happiness D. deep feeling
2. The author mentions the event in the restaurant because _____.
A. that was one of his milestone
B. he paid the bill but he didn’t want to
C. he became a father with dollars
D. that was the last restaurant meal with his parents
3. “Then they were suddenly neither.” Suggests that ______.
A. suddenly they became older than I was
B. suddenly I knew that they was neither bigger nor older than I was
C. suddenly I realized that I made mistake
D. suddenly I found myself no longer a kid
4. Which of the following best expresses the author’s thinking ?
A. One day is worth two tomorrow
B. To save time is to length life
C. When an opportunity is lost, it never comes back to you
D. Time and tide wait for no man
四. 短文改错：
This is a story told by my father: “When I was boy, 1.________
The most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring 2.________
Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the world 3.________
but could make the most delicious dishes. One time, I just 4.________
couldn’t wait for the Spring Festival dinner. As I was 5. ________
about take a picture from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in 6. ________
the kitchen looking at me. Shake her hand, she said, ‘It 7. ________
isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’ At once I apologize 8. ________
and controlled me at my best till the dinner started. You 9. ________
know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.” 10. ________
五. 书面表达：
以A Ten-minute Break为题，写一篇100词左右的短文。内容必须包括以下要点：
1. 十分钟的课间休息是必要的。
2. 要注意休息的方式。
3. 你自己是如何利用课间十分钟的。

【试题答案】
一. 单项选择：
1. B 句型Something be +adj. to do ：某事作起来很……，
2. A 为了晚点起床，不定式在此做目的状语。
3. D the key to doing sth.：做…的方法/关键。to：是介词。后面的空是不定式做表语。
4. B 不定式结构做定语修饰pen，先行词the pen 做短语to write with 的宾语。
5. A 警察搜索郊区，寻找丢失的汽车。Seek… for…：为寻找……而搜索……
6. C 最终结果还不错。Turn out:结果证明是……；turn up：露面；turn into：变成；turn down：调小音量；拒绝。
7. C 倘使她发现你把她的书丢了会怎样？What if：倘使……会怎样？
8. A 同孩子们呆在一起的任何人都知道男孩和女孩之间对相似情形反映的不同之处。Same 前面要加the
9. C 不要对你不该知道的事太好奇了。Curious：好奇；conscious：有意识的。
10. C 我会尽快调查这件事，请耐心点。
二. 完型填空：
1. A A项是：记忆，回忆， B项：思想，想法，C项：知识；D项：经验。
2. A 排除B项，因为 Belleville是地点，如用where，则引导定语从句，修饰Belleville没有必要。C，D两项与全句的时态不符。A项与brought back的时态呼应，when 表示就在那时。
3. B 因为大家坐在桌旁是等Aunt Pat端上意大利面条。Serve；服务，上菜。
4. D in those days = in the past A，C两项与原文意思不符。
5. A 本句and之前的一个并列分句是否定句，所以后面也是一个否定分句。排除B，C 答案，neither指“两个人”，与前面的all of us矛盾。
6. B 由于吃意大利面条是一种外来时尚，所以如何吃得体面，文雅涉及到能力问题，在此说：都不擅长。
7. D 在分享又细又长的意大利面条之前大家很友善地争论如何吃得文雅顺利。
8. D A项：几乎；B项：自然地；C项：官方地；D项：社交上地，根据上下文：吃这种面条大家都是第一次，又是在人家做客。当然是社交场合了。
9. C 作者开始从作文交稿日期临近想到要写作文，看到题目又想到过去做客时吃意大利面条时的场景。这时，他又突然想写一些这方面的文字。
10. B 根据上下文，此处是动词“写下，记下”的意思。Settle down：安家；后不接宾语；let it down后面要接动词，与全句矛盾，应排除。
11. D 此处与“幸运”无关，作者是学生，与“工作”无关，作文还未完成，不可能将自己的事，应排除A，B，C三项。for one’s joy 符合作者的心情。
12. C 此处意思是：至于他（布置作文的老师），我将另写文章交上去。这样与前面说的“把吃面条的有趣场景写下来只是处于回想起来觉得有意思。”一致。
13. A B项：借口；C项：方法；D项：主意；都和the night was half gone不相干，A项在句中表示：没有时间在写老师留的作文了。
14. C A项：放弃；B项：继续；D项：推迟；与作者第二天交作文无关，C项：上交，符合句义。
15. B A项：书写；B项；批阅，评分；C项：收集过的；D项：签过字的；老师发下的自然是打了分的作业。
16. A 考查上下文的逻辑性；老师朗读作者的作文，又是在全班面前，当然要read out loud.注意：publicly很有迷惑性,但它不符合英语的语言逻辑.与to the whole class 相重复。
17. C A项的内涵太大，与the whole class不相应，B项与后面的内容矛盾，D项与后面“我尽量克制自己，不表露出我的喜悦之情”矛盾。C项表示：开始有人发笑，后来全班开怀大笑。
18. D 老师表扬自己作文写得好，当然不能当中喜形于色。
19. B for在此有“因为”的意思。
20. D 根据上下文的逻辑性，开始有人发笑，接着全班开怀大笑，作者感到了很纯洁的幸福，因为其文字有魅力使人们发笑。
三. 阅读理解：
1. D 在阅读全文过程中，根据作者对往事的回忆，读者可以感受作者写这片文章是建立在一种深深的感情是的。
2. A 作者在餐馆里付帐时忽然有了新的感受，所以在第三段最后总结出I didn’t become a young man at a particular age, like 16, but rather when a kid who wandered in the streets called me “mister.” These events in my life are called “milestones”（里程碑）。即自己已经长大了，人生发生了转折，自己将要承担一份人生责任了。
3. D 注意这句话Then one day they were suddenly neither.在第四段前后的语境。作者小时候觉得警察都很高大魁梧，而且年龄比他大。现在他已经长大了，成长得和那些警察，足球运动员一样，甚至有时比那些运动员年龄还大。
4. D 从最后一段可以得知作者的感受：岁月不饶人。
四. 短文改错：
This is a story told by my father: “When I was∧boy, 1.a
The most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring 2. 去掉when
Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the world 3.cook
but could make the most delicious dishes. One time, I just 4. and
couldn’t wait for the Spring Festival dinner. As I was 5. √
about∧ take a picture from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in 6. to
the kitchen looking at me. Shake her hand, she said, ‘It 7. Shaking
isn’t a good time to do that, dear.’ At once I apologize 8. apologized
and controlled me at my best till the dinner started. You 9. myself
know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.” 10. months
分析：
1. boy是可数名词，第一次提到，前面必须加a
2. 本句是说：欢渡春节。When在此多余.
3. 用词不当，cooker：炊具。Cook：厨师。
4. 前后两个分句是并列关系。
6. be about to do something 是固定句型。
7. Shake her hand在本句中做伴随状语。应该用ing形式。
8. 全句都在叙述过去的事，用过去时。
9. 本句是说：控制自己。宾语应改为反身代词。
10. several后的名词应是复数形式。
五. 书面表达：
参考范文：
As students, we have classes from early morning till late afternoon. Therefore, to take a ten-minute break between classes is definitely important, even necessary. Otherwise we may feel both physically and mentally tired.
During the ten-minute break we do something to get rid of tiredness. What we need is to have a real rest, instead of getting more tired. So don’t do anything that will make you too excited.
My ten-minute break is always pleasing. I usually do some simple exercises. Sometimes I have a free chat with my classmates or just take a walk during the break. When the new class begins, I feel fresh again.

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