高考写作系列辅导(五) |
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中学英语教学资源网 → 英语教案 → 高考复习指导 手机版 | ||||
英语 Hi,dear friends.前几次讲的内容你们掌握了吗?这次我要给大家说说初中阶段常见的几种文体——记叙文、描写文、说明文的写法。咱们先说说记叙文吧。 记叙文是以写人、叙事为主要内容的一种文体,也是英语作文中最普遍、最基本的文体。它一般包括两种:事实记叙文和想象记叙文。事实记叙文是写真实事情,常用一般过去时;想象记叙文是写虚拟的故事,常用一般现在时。它们的特点都是通过对人物、事件和景物的描写,表现文章的主题和作者的思想感情。 记叙文写作的基本要求是什么呢? ①要有明确的中心思想。②记叙要清楚明白。③线索要清晰。④要有恰当的叙事角度。⑤选材要详略得当。 具体地说,记叙文写作要把握以下几点: 1.记叙文所记叙的事件必须相关连。要有开头(beginning)、中间(middle)和结尾(end)。在必要时加入冲突(conflict),以使情节曲折,跌宕起伏。一般说来,写记叙文应把握好六个要素:who(何人)、what(何事)、 when(何时)、where(何地)、why(何因)、how(怎么)。初中阶段多为叙事短文,一般应包括 where,who,what这三个最基本的东西。 2.写作时观点的掌握非常重要。记叙文常用第一人称或第三人称两种人称记述。用第一人称的角度记叙,使人感到亲切,读者很容易产生身临其境之感,相信真有其事。这种形式常用在写自传、本人的经历或记叙耳闻目睹的事件;用第三人称的角度记叙,使人感到客观。这种形式常用在对重大事件的客观报导,以及记叙他人的经历或事迹。 3.常见的叙述方式有:①顺叙。按事情发展的顺序或时间顺序进行叙述。②倒叙。把事情的结局或某个突出的片段提到前面叙述,然后再按照事情的顺序叙述下去。③插叙。在叙述过程中,由于某种需要,暂时把叙述的线索中断一下,插入有关的另一叙述。④夹叙夹议。一方面叙述事情,一方面对这件事情加以分析或评论。 请看下面的例文。要求:写一篇题为 Planting Trees的文章。 Planting Trees It was fine on March 12,2001.I got up early that day.All the students in our school went to the hill to plant trees. We arrived at the hill at eight o'clock.The teacher asked each of us to plant at least six trees.Then we started digging,planting and watering.We all worked so hard that we could finish our tasks ahead of tim e.Among us,Wang Lin,our monitor set a good example for us.Though he was ill,he worked harder. When he finished his task,he went on to help others without even a little rest.He was wet all over after work.“I must learn from him,”I said to myself.Looking at the lines of the young trees,we smiled happily,forgetting our tiredness. 这是一篇记叙文,记叙了2001年3月12日上山植树的情况。文章主题鲜明,有条有理。when(何时)、where(何地)、who(何人)、 what(何事)等交待的清清楚楚。 描写文是以描写为主要表达方式的文体,所谓描写就是作者用生动、形象的语言对 在写作过程中,作者可以按空间位置顺序,由远及近,由上及下,由外到内,由前到后组织材料,也可以按作者视线转移的顺序组织材料,先看到的先写,后看到的后写。 描写的基本方法按性质可分为主观描写和客观描写两种。所谓主观描写就是在描写过程中掺入作者自己的感受,寄托自己的主观感情,塑造自己的理想的形象;客观描写就是在描写过程中,作者不带或很少带主观的感情色彩,而只对人物或某物的特征客观地、就事论事进行描写。 请看下面的描述文: Sunset In order to see the sunset,I got everything ready before 5in the afternoon.Then I went to the East Hill. At that time,the sun was already in the west but it was still shining.Its light was so bright that I couldn't even open my eyes. When I arrived at the East Hill,the light became a bit yellow.After a short while,it was completely golden,then red.The sun nearly set.It was like a big red ball.The cloud around it was also painted red.Little by little the cloud covered more and more of the sun. At last it disappeared behind the cloud.It was dark and I hurried back. 本文交待了看日落的时间、地点,详细地描写了日落的全过程。文章主要采用了客观描写方法,语言简洁,描写具体、生动。 下面该谈谈说明文了。 说明文是以说明为主要表达方式的文体。它主要用来说明事物的特点、发展变化规律、分析前因后果,目的在于使读者获得必要的信息,使人们对事物有个清晰、完整的了解和认识。说明文分为三种类型:实体事物说明文,包括说明书、广告、解说词等;事理说明文,包括理论性概念解释、书文简介、教材等;文艺性说明文,即要把说明的对象拟人化,进而编成一个故事介绍给读者。 写说明文要注意以下几点: 1.要抓准特征。对某一事物予以说明,首先要弄清从哪些方面加以说明才能准确地反映被说明的事物。一般说来,说明事物可以从被说明事物的颜色、形状、形态;性质、性能、习性;原因、原理;作用、用途、功能;危害、影响;结构;操作过程;发生、发展的规律等方面着手。但是,每一事物都有它自己的特征,因而显示出了这一事物与其他一事物的根本区别,因此,在说明事物时,不要面面俱到,要抓住事物的特征,这样才能使读者得到具体而深刻的印象。 2.层次要分明。说明事物要注意条理,否则就不可能说清复杂的事物。例如说明事物的结构,就要按照构造的顺序来说明,或从上到下,或从前到后,或由外到里,或由主到次。又如说明四季的变化,就要按照时间的顺序(spring,summer,autumn,winter)来写。 3.解析要清楚。对各种知识所作的解释,对某种事物所作的说明,都要清楚明白。 4.表现手法要多样。常见的说明文方法有:①下定义。②举例子。③运用比喻、比拟的方法。④做比较。⑤引用数字。⑥分类别。⑦列图表。 5.用词要力求准确。引用的数据要绝对可靠,文字要简明扼要,一目了然。这是写说明文在语言文字上的要求: 请看下面的例文: Hello,friends, You are warmly welcomed to our school. I'm Wu Dong.I'm very glad to be your guide. First,I'd like to tell you something about our school.It was set up in 1957.The number of students is over 1200,and the teachers about 100.There are altogether 20classes.Besides the teaching buildings,we have a library for different kinds of subjects,and a school-run workshop. We have four classes in the morning and two in the afternoon.After classes,we join in various activities,such as ball games,painting, singing and dancing. Now let me show you around our school. This way,please. 本文是一篇说明文,是由学生接待来访的朋友,向人们介绍本校的情况。本文目的明确,材料准确、详实,语言简练,并能按一定的顺序来写,是一篇较好的说明文。 怎么样?会写这几种文体了吗?试着写两篇吧? 1.记述一次郊游活动(outing),包括下列内容: ①时间、地点:上星期六,海边。 ②活动内容:去时花了几个小时,到海边后搭帐蓬,在露天生火做饭,讲故事,唱歌,做游戏。 ③自己感想:尽管很累,大家玩得很痛快。 要求:用第一人称写,词数70左右。 2.向明中学的“英语角”活动开展得有声有色。请你用英语为一家英文报纸写一篇 80—100字的简讯。 ①“英语角”活动开展已经3年。 ②活动时间:每周六下午。 ③活动内容:用英语交谈任何感兴趣的话题。 ④活动地点:校学生会办公室。 ⑤活动效果:长盛不衰,参加者踊跃,学生的口语能力明显提高。 注意:简讯应有标题。 参考范文: 1.Last Saturday,I joined some classmates for an outing to the seaside.It took us several hours to get there.As soon as we got there, we started to put up our tent at once.Then we made a fire in the open air and cooked a meal over it.After a wonderful meal we told stories,sang songs and played games.Though tired,all of us had a good time. 2.English Corner at Xiangming Middle School The English corner attracts more and more students at Xiangming Middle School.Every Saturday afternoon,boys and girls from different grades gather in the office of the Student's Union,practising their spoken English.They talk about everything they are interestedin. The students say:“The more we practise our oral English,the better we like English.” Their English teachers say,“The students have done what they can't do in class.” This corner was set up three years ago.It has more and more participants(参与者) now. |
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