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孟宪永 2005-12-20 一、句子结构的省略 1、有些省略结构可省略主语和谓语,若主语与谓语相同,则可以省略后面的主谓成分。 ①、(I'll say )A word about your composition. ②、His advice made me happy, but(his advice made)him angry. 2、有些省略结构可省略主语和系动词。 a、在when,while,whenever,till,as soon as, if,unless,as if,though, as, whether等引导的状语从句中,若谓语有be动词,而主语又跟主句主语相同或是it时,则主句的主语和be常可省略。 ③、Though (he was)tired, he was not disheartened.他虽然累了,但是没有泄气。 ④、(It is)Too bad,we don't have time.真糟糕,我们没有时间。 ⑤、His opinion, whether (it is)right or wrong, would be considered.他的意见,无论对错,都要考虑。 ⑥、When(he was)rescued,he was almost dead.当他被救时,他几乎快死了。 b、there be句中,there be亦可省略。 ⑦、(Is there)Anybody in ? 里面有人吗? c、定语从句关系代词与be动词的省略。 1)、凡是进行时态的定语从句可省略关系代词和be动词。 ⑧、The man (who was)sitting in the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的人是我兄弟。 2)、凡是被动语态的定语从句可省略关系代词与be动词。 ⑨、The goods (which were) ordered last month have not arrived.上个月订购的货物还没到。 ⑩、I saw a girl (who was) dressed in red.我看见一位穿红衣服的女孩。 3、若主语不同,而谓语中的助动词、情态动词相同,则可省略后面的助动词和情态动词。 (11)、I should cook and my husband (should) clean.我做饭,我丈夫打扫卫生。 4、定语从句和名词性从句中的省略。 a、在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词whom,who,which,that可省略。 (12)、The girl (who\whom\that)the teacher spoke to is Liu Ying.老师与其说话的女孩是刘英。 b、在know,think,consider,suppose,find,believe,say,decide等动词后的宾语从句中that可省略;若带有多个宾语从句,只有第一个可省略,其余的不可以省略。 (13)、I think (that)it will clear up this afternoon.我想今天下午天会转晴。 c、由which,when, where, how, why引导的宾语从句可以全部省略或部分省略. (14)、He will come back, but he doesn't when (he will come bake).他要回来,但不知道什么时候。 d、在与suggest\request\ order\advise等词相关的名词性从句中必须用虚拟语气。“should + v”形式,should可省略。 (15)、The officer ordered that his men (should) fire. 5、复合句中的特殊省略现象。 a、主句省略多用于句首,在答语中,主句或一些成分可全部省略。 (16)---Why were you absent from school last Friday? ---(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill. b、省略一个从句或从句的一部分,可用so 或 not代替。常用于此类的动词有believe , think, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell等以及appear, seem, afraid等。 --- I’m afraid not. (not = he feeling better today) 二、句子成分的省略 1、主语的省略 a、祁使句可省去主语 (18)、Sit down please! (19)、Hand me the hammer, will you? 把锤子递给我好吗? b、there be 中的there 亦可作为主语省去。 (20)、(There )Must be somebody waiting for you?一定有人等你? C、在非正式文体中,定语从句在某些句子结构中,也可以省去主语。 (21)、There’s somebody wants to see you. 2、谓语的省略 (22)、Only one of us was injured, and he (was injured) just slightly.我们当中只有一个人受伤,而且只是轻伤。 (23)、We went through the tests on a Monday. Jenny had hers during the day, and I (had) mine after work.有一个星期一,我们进行了检查。詹妮在白天,我在下班后。 ●有时可省去谓语中的主要动词。 (24)、We’ll do the best we can (do).我们将尽力而为。 3、助动词的省略,尤其在口语中 (25)、You (had) better try again.你最好再试一下。 (26)、You (are) doing this on purpose?你故意做这事? (27)、They (have) been coming here a long time.他们很久都想来这里。 4、宾语的省略 (28)、Let’s do the dishes, I’ll wash (dishes) and you dry(dishes). 5、定语的省略 (29)、If you need any of that firewood, I can give you plenty(of that firewood).如果你需要这柴火,我可以给你很多。 6、状语的省略 (30)、He was not hurt, (how) strange!他没受伤,真奇怪! 7、有些结构可以省略整个句子 (31)、----Are you all right? ----No, (I’m not right) 8、表语的省略 (32)---Are these your friends? ---Yes, they are (my friends). 三、动词不定式的省略 1、只保留to的场合 a、不定式作某些动词的定语时,常见动词如:like, love, care, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, manage等。 (33)You can do it this way if you care to.如果你想做你就这么做。 b、不定式在句中作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常见的动词如:ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit等。 (34)、She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to.她想来,但她父母不让她来。 c、不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见的形容词如:happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready等。 (35)、I think she should get a job, but you can’t force her if she’s not ready to.我认为她应该找一份工作,但如果她不愿意,你也不能强迫她。 d、不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如:be able to , be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。但当省略的不定式内容是作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留到原形have或to. (36)、He did not come, but he ought to have (come). 2、动词不定式符号to的省略 a、主语部分有to do, 系动词是is\was时,作表语的不定式通常省略to。 (37)、The only thing you have to do is (to ) press the button.你须做的事是按按钮。 b、作介词but, except, besides的宾语,前面有实义动词do的各种形式时,常省略不定式符号to. (38)、Tom had nothing to do besides answer letters this morning.今天上午汤姆除了复信什么也没做。 c、当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可省略。但有对比关系时不可省。 (39)、It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.制定计划比执行计划容易。 d、在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, leave, observe等词后作宾语补足语时,省略不定式符号to. (40)、Did you notice her enter the room? 你发现她进房间了吗? 四、介词的省略 a、一些常和动词、名词或形容词一起搭配的介词常可省略,而保留其后的动名词。常见的结构有:spend\waste time (in) doing, lose no time (in) doing, have difficulty\trouble(in)doing, be busy (in) doing, stop\prevent sb.(from) doing (41)、The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time.大雨使他没能准时赶到那里。 b、表示时间的介词at、 on、和in用在next\last\this\these\yesterday\tomorrow\one\any\every\each\some\all等词前,一般皆省略;表示一段时间状语的短语之前的for也可省略。 五、其他省略 a、会话中的省略 省略在会话中应用广泛,无论是回答别人的问题,还是在接别人说话时都会发生,否则就觉得累赘。 (43)、----Do you like this shirt? ----Yes, (I like this shirt) very much. b、虚拟条件句中连词if的省略 如果条件句的谓语有were\had\should时,可省略if,把were\had\should移到主语之前。 (44)Were I you, I would do the work better. (45)Should there time, they would certainly come and help us. |
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