| Unit 1 Madame Curie |
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Ⅰ.Words and Phrases go over L.1 Four skills from then on, go by, work hard at L.2 set off, ground floor, post, pay off L.3 madame, disappoint, disappointing, willing, devote, devote to L.1 Three skills overcoat, succeed, succeed in, graduation, ray, endless, bench, false L.2 cure, disadvantage, effect, shock, institute, admire, determination, courage, X-ray, battlefield L.3 Curie, have…to do with L.1 Two skills Marie, radium, Poland, industrial, uranium, radioactive, give off, above all, believe in, mineral, polonium, in honour of, lead (n.) L.2 motherland, gram, Warsaw, heart and soul, debt L.3 Ⅱ.Everyday English Perhaps I'll go to that one. Maybe it was useful for some people. I'm not sure if/whether… I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year. I'm not sure that… I'm sure… Ⅲ.Grammar Review the usage of the Attributive Clause. Ⅳ. Language Use Using the learned language, teachers and students complete the tasks of listening, speaking and writing which the textbook and workbook provide. Reading material the “Madame Curie” should be further understood, and the exercises concerned should be completed. Meanwhile, the teachers should let students know about scientists — the Curies' contributions to mankind in life, and learn their will, courage and spirit of giving their lives for the scientific cause. Ⅴ.Teaching Time: Five periods ●派生法：通过在词根上加前缀(prefix)或后缀(suffix)构成新词。 (1) determine(v.)决心 ［派生］determination(n.)决心 ［规则］后缀-tion接在动词后构成名词。 如：graduate(v.)毕业—graduation(n.)毕业 admire(vt.)钦佩—admiration(n.)钦佩 devote(v.)献身—devotion(n.)献身 celebrate(v.)庆祝—celebration(n.)庆祝 (2)advantage(n.)优点 ［派生］disadvantage(n.)缺点 ［规则］dis-构成否定前缀 如：appear(出现)—disappear(消失) honest(诚实的)—dishonest(不诚实的) agree(同意)—disagree(不同意) courage(勇气)—discourage(使泄气) (3)willing(adj.)甘愿的 ［派生］willingness(n.)心甘情愿 ［规则］后缀—ness构成名词 如：sick(adj.)—sickness(n.)病 rude(adj.)—rudeness(n.)粗鲁 silly(adj.)—silliness(n.)愚蠢 happy(adj.)—happiness(n.)快乐 (4)industry(n.)工业 ［派生］industrial(adj.)工业的 ［规则］后缀-al构成形容词 如：nation—national(国家的) arrive—arrival(到达) biology—biological(生物的) verb—verbal(动词的) (5) end(n./v.)结束 ［派生］endless(adj.)无止境的 ［规则］-less构成否定后缀 wind—windless(无风的) help—helpless(无助的) Lesson 1 词汇辨析： 1. I'm not sure whether to go to the one about accidents. 我还没有决定是否去听那个有关事故的报告。 (1) be sure + whether等连词+不定式 be sure + of/about短语 be sure + that-clause（从句） 这些句型表示主语对所提到的未来或当时的事情有无把握。e．g。 ① She isn't sure whether to stay in New York next month．下个月是否留在纽约，她还不能肯定。(注：不定式的逻辑主语与全句主语一致) ② I wasn't sure about/of the way，so I asked someone．我对于怎么走没有把握，所以我就问人了。 ③I'm sure he'll come．我肯定他会来。 （2）be sure to do sth.表示"一定会...，必定会..."。e.g. It's a really good film-you're sure to like it.它确实是一部好电影，你一定会喜欢 (3)be sure作"有把握"解时，还可用feel sure。e.g. ①I've never felt sure of success．我从来没有像现在这样对胜利有充分的信心。 ②I feel sure we have disturbed you of your work．我确信我们已打扰了你的工作。 (4)be sure 与be certain be certain意思是"确信，有把握"，用法与be sure同，即： be certain + 不定式 be certain + of/about-phrase be certain + that-clause 但sure强调主语的心理状态，指主语心中无疑或十分确信、有把握，着重于人的内心世界，故其主语只能是人，且不能用来形容事件。所以当主语是表示事件的名词、代词或it时，只能用certain. certain 着重说明有肯定的理由和证据使人相信或确信，强调内心世界之外的证据。e.g. ① It is certain to rain．天肯定会下雨。 ② His information was by no means certain．他的消息-点也不可靠。 ③ It's almost certain that the government will lose the next election．几乎可以肯定现政府会在下次选举中输掉。 ④We are sure/certain of victory．我们确信自己会获胜。 (5)make sure表示"查明，弄确实"和"(采取行动)确保"，其用法是： make sure + of-phrase make sure + that-clause ① I think I locked the door，but I'll just go back and make sure of it/that I did． 我想我是锁了门，但我还是回去查看一下吧。 ②They made sure of winning by scoring two goals in the last five minutes． 他们在最后五分钟进了两个球，确保了这场比赛的胜利。 2. Perhaps I'll go to that one。也许我会去听那个报告。 Maybe it was useful for some people．它(指报告)对一些人或许有益。 这两句都不表示可能性的句型。此外还有probably和possibly。注意它们的区别。 （1）maybe"大概，或许"，意思与perhaps很接近，多数地方可以换用，但不及perhaps正式，多用于口语，还可用于礼貌的建议或请求，多用于句首或句末，多用于美国。 (2)perhaps"也许，可能，大概"，可与maybe换用，但比maybe正式。perhaps还可用于建议，清求及温和的命令，英国用法。 (3)probably"大概，很可能"，所表示的可能性虽不是完全肯定，但比maybe，perhaps实现的可能性大多与动词连用。 （4）possibly"可能地，也许，或许"，较probably意味弱，在肯定句里表可能性很小，在否定、疑问句中与can，could连用，表示"无沦如何也不"，肯定句中与can，could连用，以加强语气，表示"设法，竭力地"。e.g. ①Perhaps/Maybe I'll go．我或许会去。 ②This is perhaps his best novel yet．这也许是他迄今为止写得最好的一部小说。 ③Perhaps/Maybe you would like to join us for lunch．也许您愿意和我们一块去吃午饭。（表请求） ④You'd better go now，perhaps．您最好还是现在就走。（表命令） ⑤John probably told his father all about the matter；he usually tells him everything．约翰很可能把这一切都告诉了他的父亲；他通常对父亲是什么都说的。(表可能性很大) ⑥I'll do all I possibly can.我将尽我的所能去做。(与can连用) ⑦I can't possibly drink any more．我无论如何不能再喝了。 4．I doubt if he'll be asked to speak again next year．我怀疑明年是否会再次邀请他发言。 用doubt表示怀疑的句型： (1)doubt + that-clause。e.g. I doubt that she will get the job．我不相信她会得到那个工作。 (2)doubt + 名词/代词。e．g. (3)doubt + v．-ing form。e.g. We ever doubted being able to finish the work in time． 我们曾经对能否及时完成这工作怀疑过。 (4)doubt + of-phrase。e．g. They have never doubted of success．他们从未对取得成功有什么怀疑。 如果要表示"对……没有怀疑/疑虑"，则用句型 There is no doubt about sth./as to sth./ that-clause。 ①There is no doubt about the truth of the news． =There is no doubt as to the troth of the news．消息的真实性无可怀疑。 ②There is no doubt that the news is true． =No doubt that the news is true. 消息无疑是真实的。 Lesson 2 Background Information: Ⅰ. Madame Curie Marie was born in Poland in 1867. She was given the name Marie Sklodowska by her parents. Her father was a teacher. Everyone soon saw that Marie had a quick mind. Marie's mother died when her youngest daughter was only ten. This made Marie know that she must work hard at her lessons if she wanted to be successful in her life. So she did and won top honors at her school. Marie and her elder sister, Bronya, dreamed of studying in France. But their father did not have enough money to send them there. Then Marie made out a plan: She would teach at home and send her money to Bronya. After her sister finished studying in Paris, she could get work and send Marie the money to study there in return. With tears in their eyes the girls said goodbye to each other, and Marie worked very hard for six years to pay for her sister's studies. At last it was Marie's turn, but by the time she got to France, her sister was married and could not give her much help. Again Marie worked, she studied in a small room without heat or light. She lived on bread and tea most of the time, but what she cared of most was her science—her study and her research work. This was her world, and she liked her experiment most. In Paris she met and married Pierre Curie, a young famous scientist. Together they made their experiments in an old house. The Curies were awarded the Nobel Prize for their great contribution to science. In 1911 Madame Curie received another Nobel Prize. It is the only time in history that two Nobel Prizes have been given to the same person, and this person was a woman. Marie Curie, an extraordinary woman scientist with extraordinary success discovered a hidden power from which the world benefits much. It was this same power, however, that killed her in 1934. Ⅱ. Marie Curie visited the USA By the end of World War I, Marie Curie was probably the most famous woman in the world. She had made a decision, however, not to patent radium or its medical applications. As the price of radium escalated(逐渐上升), she found that she did not have sufficient(足够的) supplies for the radiochemical research that she wanted to undertake at the Institute of Radium in Paris. Thus, in 1921 Marie Curie made her first visit to the United States with her two daughters. One stop was the Radium Refining Plant in Pittsburgh, where Marie Curie toured the chemical extraction facilities used to prepare radium for the US market. A photo of Marie Curie on the tour is shown. On May 20, 1921, Marie Curie visited the White House to receive the gift of a gram of radium from President Harding. The dangerous source itself was not brought to the ceremony. Instead she was presented with a golden key to the coffer, in which the radium tubes were placed. 异域风情 The Nobel Prize A Nobel Prize is considered by most people as one of the highest international honours a person can receive. As you know, the prizes were started by a Swede called Alfred Nobel. Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and lived from 1833 to 1896. Alfred Nobel was a chemist and inventor. He made two important inventions, and so he became very rich. Although he was rich, Nobel was not a happy man. He never married or had children.Also, he was a sick man a large part of his life. Nobel died at the age of sixty-three. When he died, he left a fund of $900 000. The money was to be used in giving prizes to those who made outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and the promotion of world peace. The first Nobel Prizes were given on December 10th, 1901, five years after Nobel's death. Many famous people from all over the world have been given Nobel Prizes for their achievements. Albert Einstein and Madame Curie were two of them. Each Prize has three parts. The first part is a gold medal. Second, a winner of a Nobel Prize is given a diploma saying that he has been given the Prize. The third part of the Prize is a large amount of money—about $40 000. Often a Prize is given to just one person, but not always. Sometimes a Prize is shared. It may be given to two or more people who have worked together. Sometimes a Prize is not given at all if there is no outstanding achievement. In 1972, for example, no Nobel Peace Prize was given. It is the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm that decides whether to give the Prize or not. Lesson 2词语辨析： 2．There was a certain mineral which was even more radioactive than uranium. 此句中的certain 是形容词，做定语，意思是"某，某一，某种，一定的"，用来表达： (1)不具体指明的某个，某些，或 知而不说的某事物，后接名词单复数形式均可。e.g. ① Water can be changed into ice or steam under certain conditions.水在一定的条件下可以变成冰或蒸汽。 ②.He didn't come for a certain reason.由于某种原因，他没来。 (2) 表示一个知之不详的事物。e.g. A certain Ms Jones phoned you today. 有位琼斯女士今天给你来过电话。 certain与some 的区别： certain , some 都可作形容词，作定语，表示"某，某个"，前面说到certain 作定语表示不具体指明的某个，某些或知而不说的事物，或表示一个知之不祥的事物。而some则用来表示不确定的或不能够具体说明的某个人或某物，即不可知的某事物，只修饰单数可数名词，且不与冠词连用。e.g. a. He went to some place in Africa. 他去了非洲的某个地方。 b. b. Some man asked to see you just now. 有个人刚才要求见你。 5. As months went by，the work seemed endless．时间一个月一个月地过去了，而他们的工作似乎并无止境。 (1)此句中go by是动词短语，意思是"(时光)逝去"(不及物性动词短语)。还可作"经过(某处)"(及物或不及物性动词短语)。e．g． ①Two years went by．两年过去了。 ②We waited for the procession to go by。我们等着游行队伍经过。 ③A truck went by us at full speed．一辆卡车从我们身旁全速通过。 ④She let the chance go by．她错过了机会。 (2)go by还可作"依照，遵循，依据……办事"解，及物性动词短语.e.g. He always goes by the rules．他总是按规则办事。 (3)go by还可意为"根据……作出判?quot;。e.g. Going by her clothes，she must be very rich．从她的衣着来判断，她很有钱。 go by 与 pass by，pass的区别： (1)go by和pass by是同义短语，都可指"经过"(某处)，go by是动词+副词结构，意为"从……旁边经过，经过"。pass by意为"经过，通过，从……旁边经过"，指经过人或物的面前或旁边而不停顿，也不注意所经过的人或物是谁。pass意为"经过"，指在人或物的面前或旁边经过，侧重经过的动作。用pass by时，侧重不加注意的意味，但在实际上，pass和pass by常被毫无区别地使用。e.g． ①The bus went by the stop without stopping. 那辆公共汽车停都没停就从汽车站开了过去。 ②A car went by．一辆汽车驶过去。 ③He passed by me without noticing me．他从我身边走过而没注意到我。 ④I pass the church on my way to school．在我上学的路上经过教堂。 ⑤She waved at me as she passed(by)．她经过时向我挥了挥手。 (2)go by，pass by和pass又都可用来指时间"流逝，过去"。e.g. ①Several years went by before they met again．他们过了好几年才再次见面。 ②A year passed by，and still she had not found a suitable job．一年过去了，但她仍然没找到合适的工作。 ③Two years has passed since I entered this school．我进这所学校已两年了。 8．Its rays could go through every mineral except lead．它的射线可以穿透除铝以外的所有其他矿物质。 (1)此句中go through是动词短语，意思是"穿过，贯穿"，后接名词。e.g. The train went through some tunnels．火车通过了若干隧道。 (2)go through还可指"(法律等)被通过"，作不及物或及物性动词短语。e.g． ①The bill has gone through without a vote．该法案未经投票表决就通过了。 ②The plan must go through several stages．这项计划必须经过几个阶段才能通过。 (3)go through还可作"遭受，经历，忍受"解，及物性短语动词。e.g. The country has gone through too many wars．这个国家经历了太多的战争。 (4)go through还可指"用掉，花掉"，及物性动词短语。e．g. Have you gone through all your money already?你已经把所有的钱都花光了吗? (5)go through还可作"仔细检查，审查"，及物性短语动词。e．g. I'm sure it's there-I'll go through the file again． 我确信它就在那儿，我要再次仔细检查一下那文件。 10．She refused to treat these new discoveries as though they belonged to her，and instead shared all her knowledge with the whole scientific world．她不同意把这些新发现看作是属于她自己的东西，而是献出自己的全部知识，与整个科学界共享。 (1)此句中as though = as if意思是"好像，仿佛"，作连词，后接方式状语从句。从句的谓语动词一般要用虚拟语气，即动词用过去时或过去完成时。e．g． ①She always talks to me as though／if she were／was my sister．她总是以我妹妹的口气跟我说话。 ②He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg．他慢慢地走，好像腿受伤的样子。 但as though／if从句在look，seem后，从句的谓语动词可不用虚拟语气。e•g． ①She looks as if she's going to cry．她看起来要哭似的。 ②It seems as though he has been at the scene of the crime．看样子他好像曾在犯罪现场。 (2)句中belong to意为"属于"，及物性短语动词。注意此词组无被动浯态，无进行时态。e．g．That dictionary belongs to me．那本辞典是我的。 注意此词组还可意味"是……的一员，与……有关联"。e．g. I belong to the tennis club．我是这个网球俱乐部的会员。 (3)句中share．．．with意思是"与……共用，分享，分担"。e．g． ① The boy shared his toy with other children．那男孩把他的玩具拿出来，和其他小孩子一起玩。 ②Would you share your newspaper with me?我们-起看报好吗? share．．．with与share．．．between／among 的区别： share．．．with意思是"与……分享，共用，分担"，而share．．．between／among是指"在……之间分配，均分"。如果所分配范围"在……之间"，是几个单数名词，则用between；如果是复数名词，between和among都可以。e．g． ① He shared his property between his wife，his daughter and his son．他把他的财产分给了他的妻子、女儿和儿子。 ② Mother is sharing the cakes among／between the boys to make sure that every boy gets some．妈妈在给孩子们分糕点以确保每个孩子得到一份。 11．Which mineral would you use to protect yourself against radium?你会用哪种矿物来保护自己不受镭的伤害呢? ， 句中protect sb．／sth．against意思是"防御，保护……使不受(伤害)"，这里介词against也可换成from，即protect sb．／sth．from．．。e.g. ①A line of forts was built along the border to protect the country against attack．边界沿线构筑了碉堡，以防敌人进攻该国。 ②He is wearing sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight． 他戴着太阳镜以挡强烈的阳光。 说明：protect against．．．和protect．．．from用法基本相同。防御较为严重的伤害，通常用介词against，一般情况常用from，但区分不是很严格。e.g. Cares should be taken at all times to protect the equipment against／from dust and damp．应当经常注意保护设备，不使其积尘和受潮。 Lesson 3词语辨析： 1．polonium is used to set off a nuclear bomb．钋用来引爆核弹。 (1)本句中set off 意思是"使……爆炸"，及物性短浯动词：e．g． They set off the fireworks as soon as it got dark．天一黑他们就放焰火(烟花)。 (2)set off 还可指"出发，动身"，不及物性短语动词。e．g． They set off in search of the lost child．他们出发去寻找那个丢失的孩子。 (3)set off 还可意为"引起，触发"，及物性短语动词。e．g． ①That strike set off a series of strikes throughout the country．那次罢工引发了全国一系列的罢工。 ②A letter from home set off an attack of homesickness．一封家书触发了他的思乡病的发作。 (4)set off 还可指"使某人突然产生某种活动"，其后往往接v.-ing，即set s.b．off doing sth．e.g. Whatever you say will set her off crying.不管你说什么都会使她哭泣。 (5)set off还可指"衬托，使更明显"。e．g． This gold frame sets off your painting well．这金色的框架把你的画衬托得非常好看。 搭配辨析set off 与setout，set about (1)set out也可意为"出发，动身"，用法与set off同，不及物性短语动词。e.g. They set out／off on a sightseeing tour．他们动身出去观光旅行。 (2)set out还可指"开始着手，做某事"，后接动词不定式。e．g. We set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part．我们为油漆整座房子开始干起来，但只完成了前面部分。 (3)set out可指"陈列，摆出，安排"，及物性短语动词。e．g. ①Set out the chairs for the meeting in rows of ten．摆好开会的坐椅，每排十张。 ②The meal was set out on a long table．饭菜摆在一张长桌子上。 (4)set out还可指"表明，陈述，阐述(事实、理由等)"。e．g. The reasons for my decision are set out in my report．我作出决定的理由在我的报告中作了阐述。 (5)set about意为"开始做或处理，着手"，其后接名词或v.-ing，即set about + sth．／doing sth．e.g. ① The sooner we set about it the sooner we'll finish．我们越早开始就可以越早完成这件工作。 ②We set about cleaning up mess．我们开始把乱七八糟的东西打扫干净。 (6)set about还可指"攻击"，及物性短语动词。e．g. Our dog set about the postman．我们的狗追着要咬邮递员。 (1)be used as与be used for，be used to sth．／doing sth，be used to do sth.的区别： be used as和be used for都意为"用作"，不同的是as后通常接名词，for后多接v．-ing；be used to sth．／doing sth．意为"习惯于某事／做某事"，to在这里是介词；be used to do sth．意为"被用于做某事"；used to do 意为"过去常常做某事"，used to这里是助动词：e.g. ①During the war the castle was used as a prison．战争期间城堡用来作监狱。 ②During the war the castle was used for keeping prisoners in．战争期间城堡用来监禁囚犯。 ③I'm used to the noise．我对这噪音已经习惯了。 ④I'm not used to getting up early．我不习惯于早起。 ⑤Wind can be used to produce electricity•风可以用来发电。 ⑥This river used to be clean．这条河以前是干净的。 (2)a cure for...与cure sb.of...的区别： a cure for...意为"对…的治疗"，cure这里作名词；"cure sb. of"意为"治好或治愈某人的...病"，cure这里作及物动词。e．g. ①This is a certain cure for your laziness．这是治懒惰的特效药 ②Moving to the country cured her of asthma．搬到乡下她的哮喘就好了。 be admired as与be admired for的区别： （1）be admired as意为"被当作……为人们所钦佩"，as是介词，意为"作为"。 （2）be admired for意为"因(某种原因)而为人们所钦佩"，for是介词，表示原因。e．g． He is really admired for his frankness．他以他的坦诚实在为人们所钦佩。 pay off与pay for，pay，pay...for...的区别： pay off + debt指"还清"债款 pay for sth．指"对(某物)的款" pay sb．some money意为．"付给某人(多少)钱"。 pay sb．／money for sth．意为"付给(某人款／钱买某物)"。 e．g. ①She tried to leave the shop without paying for the dress．她企图买衣服不付款就离开商店。 ②He paid the servant 5 dollars to wash his car．他付给佣人五元钱叫他洗车。 ③He paid her for the work．他付给她工钱。 ④I paid ￡200 for the painting.这幅画我花了二百英镑。 ⑤Did you pay him l00 dollars for that old bike你付给他那辆旧自行车了吗? 语法教学： 复习定语从句 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 1) 限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限定作用。 限定性定语从句中关系词的使用列表如下： 在句中的作用关系词说明 主语 关系代词：who/that(指人) which/that(指物 关系代词不能省略 宾语 who／whom／that(指人) which／that(指物) 关系代词在非正式 文体中可以省略 定语 whose 名词前表所有关系 介词+关系代词 whom(指人) which(指物) 关系代词不能用who或that whose(定语) 名词前表所有关系 状语 关系副词：when(时间) where(地点)why(原因) 先行词为表时间、地点等的名词 例: ①Anna was an American writer who／that interviewed Mao Ze dong in Ya'an．(指人作主语) 安娜是一位当年曾在延安采访毛泽东的美国作家。 ②The friends whom／who／that we met in the park were from Egypt．(指人作宾语) 我们在公园里遇见的朋友来自埃及。 ③A taxi is a car (that/which)you can hire．(指物作宾语) 出租车是你可以租用的小汽车。 ④Many forests where the animals lived were destroyed．(作状语) 动物栖息生活的许多森林遭到破坏。 ⑤We ought to help those families whose men are in the army．(作定语) 我们应该帮助那些男人在部队的家庭。 ⑥He looked at the box from which the voice came．(介词+关系代词) 他看着那只传出声音的方箱子。 2)非限定性定语从句：非限定性．定语从句对所修饰的先行词(句子)起补充说明的作用，不起限定作用。从句中使用关系代词who，whom，which，whose和关系副词when，where等，不使用关系代词that，作宾语的whom不能用who代替。 例：They visited the city of Hangzhou，which is famous for its beautiful scene．他们参观了杭州城，它以风景秀丽而闻名。 非限定性从句中关系词指代整个句子时，用关系代词which。试比较： ①Big floods hit some parts of China in the summer of 1998,which caused a great damage to the country．1998年夏中国部分地区遭受特大洪灾，给国家带来了巨大损失。(指代整个句子) ②They got married on July 1，1997，when Hong Kong returned to our motherland．他们于1997年7月1日喜结良缘，香港在这一天回归祖国。(指代时间作状语) 学习中应注意的问题(一) 1)先行词为表示时间或地点的名词在从句中作主语或宾语时关系词的使用。当先行词为表示时间或地点的名词时，在从句中作主语或宾语时，应使用代词which或that，不能用副词when或where． ①a：I'll never forget the days which/that I spent in the country．(which作spent的宾语) b：I'll never forget the days when I worked in the country．(when代替in the days作状语) ②a：They came to the small village，which was hundreds of miles from the city．(which在从句中作主语) 他们来到这个小村，小村与城市相距几百英里。 b：They came to the small village，where not more than l00 villagers lived．(where代替in the village作状语)他们来到这个小村庄，那里的村民不超过一百人。 2)the time，the way等为先行词时关系词的使用。 (1)先行词为time／moment等表示时间的名词时，用关系词when，that均可，且可省略。 例：By the time (when／that) they arrived，the house had been destroyed completely．等他们到达时，房子已完全烧毁了。 (2)the way用作先行词，关系代词作介词in的宾语时，通常介词与关系代词可以同时省略；如不使用"in"，则不能用关系代词。 例：He hated the ways(which／that)she talked (in)．他不喜欢她说话的方式。 3)关系代词只使用that，不使用which的情况。 (1) 关系代词前有形容词的最高级修饰时。 This is the funniest drama that I have seen.这是我看过的最滑稽的剧。 (2)先行词为不定代词。如：all，everything，nothing，anything，both．either，much，little，none。 例：①Everything that was taught in class seemed easy for him. 对他来说课堂上教的一切似乎很容易。 (3)先行词为only，very等词修饰肘。 例：①It was the only textbook that could be found．这是能够找到的仅有的一本课本。 ②This is the very dictionary that I want to get．这正是我想得到的词典。 (4)定语从句中固定短语动词和短语中的介词不能前置。 例：It was the maths book that the boy was in search of．这是这个男孩正在寻找的数学书。 5)whose与of which/whom (1)都可表所有关系。 (2)of which/whom还可表示"其中的……"(整体的部分) 例：He told us many stories about Long March，of which this is a good example.他给我们讲了许多关于长征的故事，这是其中一个很好的例子。 as和which引导的非限制性定语从句比较: 下面是近年高考题中关于定语从句的试题 1.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected． (NMET2000，10) 2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，____, of course，made the others unhappy. (NMET2000，17) A.when B.which C.this D.what 3.Carol said the work would be done by October,____ personally I doubt very much．(NMET99，19) A.it B.that C.then D.which 4.The weather turned out to be very good,____ was more than we could expect. (NMET94,39) A.what B.which C.that D.it 它们的答案分别是C、B、D和B，都是用which引导一个非限制性定语从句，which代替逗号前整个主句的内容。 但有时关系代词as也可引导非限制性定语从句，as也是代替整个主句的意思。如: As we all know，he never smokes. The foolish boy made the mistake again，as could be expected. ____ is mentioned above，the number of students in senior high school is increasing．('99上海，4) A.Which B.As C.That D.It 关系代词as和which引导的非限制性定语从句区别究竟在哪里呢? 1．非限制性定语从句位于句末，而且as或which在从句中作主语、宾语或表语时可互换。如: He is a farmer as/which is clear from his manners．(在从句中作主语) This elephant is like a snake，as／which anybody can see．(在从句中作宾语) 2. which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在句末，而as引导的非限制性定语从句可放在句末，也可放在句中、句首。置于句首时，不能用which替换。如： Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad. Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all. As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth. 3.as引导非限制性定语从句时，意为"这一点"、"这件事"，常与see，hope，expect，know，guess等动词搭配；而which引导非限制性定语从句时，与主句有一种因果关系，可译为"所以……"。如： Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean．大家都知道，塞浦路斯在地中海。 Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light。竹子是空的，所以很轻。 4.as引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语时，其后面的谓语动词必须是连系动词。如果从句谓语动词是行为动词，则必须用which。如： He married her，as was natural. She refused to take the medicine，which made her mother angry． It rained hard yesterday，which prevented her from going to Shenyang. 但若从句谓语是usually, happen，be often the case等时，仍用关系代词as，不用which。如：He is absent，as is often the case. 几组正误辨析： 1．误：We visited a factory where makes toys for children． 正：We visited a factory which that makes toys for children. 析：此句错误的原因是把先行词a factory当作从句中的状 语，实际上先行词a factory在从句中充当动词makes的主语。故关系词应使用which或that。 2．误：After living in Paris for 50years，he returned to the small town that he grew up as a child。 正：After living in Paris for 50years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child。 析：此句错误的原因是把先行词the small town当作从句中的宾语，实际上从句中缺少地点状语。因为从句中谓语动词grew up是一个不及物动词短语，其后的as a child已充当了宾语，故从句中缺少状语，应使用关系副词where。 3．误：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows，most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year． 正：He paid the boy $15 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year． 误：This is the boy with him he worked． 正：This is the boy(that／whom) he worked with。 正：This is the boy with whom he worked． 析：在定语从句中，如果介词及介词短语用在从句前，其后必须用关系代词which(指物)、whom(指人)。上面两误句中先行词windows(物)，the boy(人)应分别使用most of which和with whom。如果介词及介词短语用在从句句尾，应按普通定语从句对待。 二、知识归纳 （一）含介词“to”的常见动词短语归纳 （1）look forward to 期望、盼望 e.g.Looking forward to your early reply.盼望你早日回复。 He said that he was looking forward to seeing me soon.他说他期望早日见到我。 （2）devote…to… “把……用于……；致力于……；倾心血于……” e.g.After graduation he started to devote himself to science research. 他毕业后开始致力于科学研究。 He devoted his lifetime to teaching.他把一生献给了教育事业。 （3）pay attention to 注意 e.g.Pay attention to what you are doing.注意你正在做的事。 No attention was paid to my advice.我的劝告没有人注意。 （4）stick to 坚持 e.g.Don't stick to your own opinions.不要固执己见。 No matter what you say,I shall stick to my plan.不管你说什么，我会坚持我的计划。 （5）lead to 导致、通向 e.g.The driver's carelessness led to the traffic accident. 那位司机的粗心大意造成了这起交通事故。 All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马。 （6）listen to 听、留心听 e.g.I listened but heard nothing.我注意听，但什么也没听到。 He listened to us talking/talk.他听我们谈话。 （7）see to 注意、照顾 e.g.You just stay there.I'll see to everything here.你留在那儿好了。这里的一切由我来照料。 See to the fire.当心。 （8）get used to 习惯于 e.g.You'll get used to the work in a short time.你不久就会习惯这个工作的。 I was used to driving in all kinds of weather.我习惯于在各种天气里开车。 （9）get down to 认真对待，认真考虑 e.g.The committee got down to business after coffee.喝完咖啡后委员们开始讨论正题。 （10）turn to 转到、求助于 e.g.Their talk turned to the change that had taken place in the city. 他们的话题转到城市发生的变化。 He turns to me whenever he has difficulties.他无论什么时候有困难，都向我求助。 （11）object to 反对，不赞成 e.g.I don't object to your talking to him about it.我不反对你去跟他谈这件事。 He objects to being treated as a guest.他反对像客人那样来对待。 （12）come to 到达、谈到 e.g.I came to this school in 2002.2002年我来到这所学校。 When it comes to politics I know nothing.谈到政治，我一无所知。 （13）apply to 申请 e.g.For particulars,apply to the information desk.详情请向咨询台询问。 （14）belong to 属于 e.g.This animal belongs to the cat family.这种动物属于猫科。 （15）reply to 答复、回答 e.g.Please reply to my question.请回答我的问题。 （16）add to 增加，增进 e.g.Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit. 有你们陪同，我们这次访问更加愉快了。 I don't want to add to his difficulties.我不想增加他的困难。 (17)attribute to 归功于 e.g.We attribute all our successes to the wise leadership of the Party. 我们取得的一切成就都归功于党的英明领导。 （18）refer to 提及、提到，查阅、参考 e.g.The lady referred to looks forward to visiting the art exhibition soon. 刚才提到的那位女士期望能很快参观美术展。 Please refer to the map.请查阅地图。 （二）out of常见词组归纳 （1）ou of trouble 摆脱麻烦 （2）out of danger 脱离危险 （3）out of one's mind 精神不正常、失去理智 （4）out of tune (唱歌)跑调 （5）out of work 失业 （6）out of one's reach （某人）力所不及或无能为力 （7）out of sight,out of mind 眼不见，心不烦 （8）out of curiosity 出于好奇 （9）out of gratitude(for sb.) 出于（对某人的）感激 （10）out of concern (for sb.) 出于（对……的）关心 （11）out of Shakespeare 出自莎士比亚 （12）out of hearing 在听不见的地方 （13）out of patience 不耐烦了 （14）out of character 不称、不适当 （15）out of sight 看不见 （16）out of breath 不气不接下气 （17）out of date 过时的 （18）out of order 坏了，出故障 （19）out of doubt 无疑，确实 （20）out of question 毫无疑问 （21）out of the question 不可能 三、词语辨析 1.accident; incident, event (1)accident指意外或偶然发生的事故，特别是不幸的、有损害性的事故。 e.g.He was killed in a traffic accident.他在一次交通事故中丧生。 注：accident为可数名词，前面可加不定冠词an，表示“一个，一次”，习惯用语by accident为“偶然”，相当于by chance。 e.g.I met her in the street by accident,yet she had a bad accident three days ago. 我在大街上偶尔碰见过她，然而三天前她却遭遇了一次严重事故。 （2）incident泛指不重要的事件，还可指政治上有影响的重大事件。 e.g.I remember an incident that took place in Mr Li's class. 我记得发生在李先生课上的一件事。 The Lugouqiao Incident broke out on July 7th，1937. 1937年7月7日爆发了卢沟桥事变。 （3）event指重要事件，特别是有历史意义的重大事件。 e.g.How to develop the western part of China well is an important event. 如何开发好中国的西部是一项重大的活动。 2.cure, treat两者均有“治疗”的意思，但用法不同。 （1）cure强调治好疾病的结果，使病人恢复健康。 e.g.This medicine will cure you of your cough.这药将治好你的咳嗽。 （2）treat强调治疗的动作或医治的过程，不涉及治疗的结果。 e.g.The doctor is treating me for my bad cold.医生在为我治重感冒。 四、能力训练 （一）单句改错 1.I don't doubt if he will pass the final examination. 简析：if改为that。因doubt“怀疑”，在肯定句中常跟whether或if引导的从句，而在否定句、疑问句中常跟由that引导的从句。 2.Being a Christian,he believes Christianity. 简析：believes后加in。因believe sb./a statement为“相信某人的话或相信一种说法”，believe in sb.是“信任某人（的行为），或信仰（宗教、真理、原则）”。 3.The doctor has done what he can to cure the patient with a newly-made medicine. 简析：cure改为treat。因cure强调“治愈”，treat强调“治疗”，两者分别常用于句型cure sb.of disease;treat sb.as…,treat sb.with…,treat sb.for sth.。 4.Every word from the teacher will have a great affect on the students. 简析：affect改为effect。因两者都为“影响”，但affect为动词，effect为名词，常用于have an effect on sb./sth.“对……有影响”。 5.What you asked has something to deal with the matter. 简析：deal改为do。因have sth./nothing to do with…表示“……与……有/没有关系” 6.Several years later,she succeeded finding a job again. 简析：succeeded后加in。因succeed in sth./doing sth.表示“（干……）成功”。 7.There will be a party in the honour of his success. 简析：去掉the，因in honour of表示“为了纪念……；为了向……表示敬意”。 （二）翻译填空 1.我对他所做的事很佩服。 I________him________what he has done. 答案：admire,for 2.他供给子女们衣食。 （1）He________his children________food and clothes. （2）He________food and clothes________his children. 答案：（1）provided, with (2)provided,for 3.如果你真的在这道题上下功夫，你就会解出它。 You will solve the problem if you really________ ________it. 答案：work at 4.牛奶一定是坏了，它散发着一股难闻的气味。 The milk must be bad.It's ________ ________ a terrible smell. 答案：giving off 5.我希望他能成功地解决这个难题。 I hope he will________ ________ ________the problem. 答案：succeed in solving 6.人们将永远铭记白求恩同志毫不利己，专门利人的精神。 Comrade Bethune will always________ ________ ________his devotion to others without any thought of himself. 答案：be remembered of 五、高考真题 1.(上海2000)Although the working mother is very busy,she still____a lot of time to children. A.devotes B.spends C.offers D.provides 简析：选A。因这四个动词的用法为：offer sb. sth./offer sth. to sb.;provide sth.for sb.;spend time(in)doing sth.; devote oneself (time, money, energy)to sth./sb. 2.(上海1999)Washington，a state in the United States, was named________one of the greatest American presidents. A.in honour of B.instead of C.in favour of D.by means of 简析：选A。因本句意为：为纪念美国最伟大的总统之一 ——华盛顿，美国的一个州以华盛顿命名。 3.（2000上海）Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,________was very reasonable. A.which price B.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose 简析：选B。因“the+名词+of which/whom”引导定语从句就相当于“whose+名词”引导的定语从句。 4.(NMET2000)The manager discussed the plan that they would like to see____the next year. A.carry out B.carrying out C.carried out D. to carry out 简析：选C。因that引导定语从句，从句中用了see sth.done句型，that指代the plan,作宾语。 5.(2001年春)John said he'd been working in the office for an hour,________was true. A.he B.this C.which D.who 简析：选C。因which引导非限制性定语从句，其代表前面整个句意。 习题精选 单项填空 1. The girl devoted all her spare time she had ____ others. A. to help B. helped C. to helping D. help 2. ---____ can we do with the coming flood?--- Take ____ measures you consider best. A. How; whichever B. What; whatever C. How; whatever D. What; whichever 3. The country life he was used to ____ greatly since the opening policy. A. change B. has changed C. have changed D. having changed 4. Have you seen film “Titanic”, ____ leading actor is world famous? A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which 5. --- Excuse me, may I ask you some questions? --- Sorry, I’m too busy and haven’t even a time to ____. A. spend B. spare C. share D. stop 6. I know nothing about the young lady ____ she is from Beijing. A. except B. except for C. except that D. besides 7. The person ____ I have always admire ____ his bravery is Huang ji guang. A. x; for B. who; of C. that; x D. whom; x 8. As we had expected, he ____ to work out the problem even if he worked hard at it. A. succeeded B. managed C. failed D. refused 9. The police ____ determined to bring back the missing boy when his family ____ almost give up all hope. A. are; have B. are; has C. is; have D. is; has 10.--- Why was your friend unhappy yesterday? --- A letter from his home ____ an attack of homesickness. A. set off B. set out C. set about D. set up 11. Washington, a state in the United States, was named ____one of the greatest American presidents. A. in honour of B. instead of C. in favour of D. by means of 12. The windows are small and do not ____ enough light and air. A. have B. admit C. hold D. receive 13. I remembered the story ____ it happened only yesterday. A. even if B. even though C. as that D. as though 14. --- Are you familiar with the music? --- Yes. There was a time ____ this kind of music was quite popular. A. that B. when C. with which D. about which 15. We ____ the party but Jim wanted to go home. A. enjoyed B. were enjoying C. have enjoyed D. had enjoyed (Key 1-5 CBBCB 6-10 CACAA 11-15 ABDBB) Ⅰ.单项选择 1.The little girl,______________at the examination result, stood there without saying a word. A.disappointing B.disappointed C.disappoint D.disappointment 2.Though we did our best,all our efforts were of no________________. A.cause B.effect C.result D.value 3.—Why was he unhappy yesterday? —A letter from home________________an attack of homesickness. A.set off B.set out C.set about D.set for 4.________________by his death,his wife was determined________________on working. A.Deeply shocked;to go B.Deeply shocked;on going C.Shocked deeply;to go D.Shocked deeply,on going 5.I don't think it is ________________of any effect.It has some________________. A.cure;disadvantage B.a cure;disadvantage C.cure;disadvantage D.a cure;disadvantages 6.Washington,a state in the United States,was named________________one of the greatest American presidents. A.in honour of B.instead of C.in favour of D.by means of 7.As the boss of the factory，he is _____________success. That is, he is ______________. A./;successful B.a;successful C./;successfully D.a;succeed 8.They________________collecting a lot of money for medical equipment. A.succeeded B.succeeded in C.managed D.attempted 9.They________________food and clothes for the children. A.provided B.supplied C.offered D.gave 10.I don't doubt________________he'll be asked to speak again next week. A.if B.that C.whether D.about 11.The spread of the illness this area______________something to do with water pollution. A.did B.had C.took D.made 12.Teacher's words and deeds______________a great effect_______________the students. A.have;on B.give;to C.make;in D.take;to 13.I can________________him,but I can't________________him. A.believe;believe B.believe in;believe in C.believe;believe in D.believe in;believe 14.He made up his mind to ________________the research. A.devoting his life to B.devote his to making C.devote himself to making D.devote himself to make 15.An explosion ________________ the ________________ gas. A.was set off by;burning B.was set off by;burnt C.set off;burnt D.is set off with;burning 16.The amount of rain ________________ the growth of crops. A.effects B.affects C.efforts D.affords 17.Children need many things,but ________________ they need love. A.above all B.in all C.first of all D.after all 18.What ________________ watch TV after a day of work. A.fun to B.a fun to C.fun it is to D.a fun it is to 19.It's a wrong way to say “I ________________ that Tom is wrong”. A.promise B.think C.admire D.hope 20.How do you find ________________ to work with him? A.this B.it C.that D.yourself Ⅱ.定语从句专项练习 1.We'll never forget the days ________________ we spent together last year. A.when B.that C.how D.on which 2.The high yellow building over there,__________was set up last year,is our office building. A.it B.that C.where D.which 3.It is the best TV play ________________ I've seen. A.that B.which C.since D.and 4.I often hear from my sister,________________ works as an engineer. A.that B.who C.he D.whom 5.Last month I visited the house ________________ I used to live in my twenties. A.which B.who C.in that D.where 6.The day ________________ I was to start arrived at last. A.that B.which C.on which D.in that 7.The old woman has two sons,________________ are teachers. A.two of whom B.both of whom C.all of them D.neither of them 8.Is that the reason ________________ you don't agree with them? A.what B.which C.why D.that 9.Air,________________ we breathe every day,is necessary to life. A./ B.which C.what D.that 10.I,________________ your friend,will try my best to help you out. A.who is B.that is C.who am D.who are 11.Li Ying is one of the girls ________________ to college in the village. A.who goes B.who go C.which went D.that goes 12.He is the only one of the boys of his class who ________________ the piano well. A.plays B.play C.playing D.are playing 13.Those ________________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A.learn B.who C.that learns D.who learn 14.Is this the factory ________________ you visited the other day? A.in which B.which C.where D.the one 15.He must be from Africa,________________ can be seen from his skin. A.that B.as C.it D.what 16.Washington was father of America,________________ is known to all. A.which B.that C.who D.it 17.I don't think the number of people ________________ this happens is very large. A.whom B.to whom C.on which D.which 18.Mount Blanc,_____________ we visited last summer,is the highest mountain in Europe. A.where B.that C.which D.what 19.The young singer __________ voice sounds _________ is good at singing popular songs. A.who;wide B.whose;sweat C.which;high D.whose;beautiful 20.Tom said the work would be done by October,__________ personally I doubt very much. A.it B.that C.when D.which Ⅰ.单项选择 1.B disappointed 是人感到失望，在句中用作非谓语形式。 2.B (be)of no effect 不起作用。 3.A set off意为“引起”，set out出发，set about doing 着手做。 4.A shocked是人感到震惊，be determined to do 决心做。 5.D cure 在句中用作名词“疗法”，是可数名词。 6.A in honour of 以纪念。 7.B success 意为“成功者”，是可数名词。“成功”是不可数名词。 8.B succeed in doing 相当于manage to do 成功做。 9.A provide sth.for sb.;supply sth.to sb.;offer sth.to sb.本题中有“for”。 10.B doubt用whether/if引导宾语从句用在肯定句中，否定句疑问句用that。 11.B have sth. to do with …与……有关。 12.A have effect on 对……有影响。 13.C believe 指相信某人的话语。believe in 信任某人。 14.C make up one's mind to do 中的to是不定式符号devote oneself to中的to是介词，后面动词用ing形式。 15.A set off 爆炸，用作被动语态，the burning gas表示燃烧的气体。 16.B affect动词“影响”，在句中作谓语，effect是名词。 17.A above all 尤其重要的是。 18.C fun 是不可数名词。 19.C promise/hope/think that 是正确表达句式，故选C。 20.B it作形式宾语。 Ⅱ.定语从句专项练习 1.B that指代the days,在从句中作动词spent的宾语。 2.D which指代the high yellow building,在从句中作主语，引导非限定性定语从句。 3.A that指代the TV play,在从句中作宾语，且先行词中含有最高级。 4.B who指代my sister,在从句中作主语，且本题是非限定性定语从句(因为书写有逗号，that不引导非限定性定语从句。) 5.D where指代the house,在从句中作状语(live是不及物动词)。 6.C on which相当于when,表时间，作状语。 7.B 本题是非限定性定语从句(书写有逗号)，故C、D错误，A应改为the two of whom,故B正确。 8.C why指代the course,在从句中作状语。 9.B which引导非限定性定语从句，指代air,在从句中作动词“breathe”的宾语。 10.C that不引导非限定性定语从句，who指代I,谓语动词应用am。 11.B who指代the girls,在从句中作主语，如果one of…结构变为the(only)one of…应改A。 12.A 先行词是the only one是单数，故选A。若去掉the only则选B。 13.D who指代those,在从句中作主语，谓语动词是learn。 14.B 解题技巧：先将句子转换为陈述句语序。 This is the factory ________________ you visit the other day. which指代the factory,在从句中作动词visit的宾语。 15.B as意为“正如”，在从句中作主语。 16.A which指代上文一句话。 17.B happen…to 18.C which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语。 19.D whose表所属关系 20.D |
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