被 动 语 态The Passive Voice
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被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词时完全一致。否定式在be后面加not，疑问式把be提前。
一、 被动语态在各种时态中的结构
1．一般现在时 （am,is,are+pp）
I am often asked to do this job.
History is made by the people.
They are respected by everybody in the country.
2．一般过去时 (was,were+pp)
The meeting was held in May.
These machines were made in Harbin.
3．一般将来时 (shall,will+be+pp)
Shall we be invited to attend the party?
You won’t be allowed to take so much food.
4．现在进行时 (am,is,are+being+pp)
A new subway is being built in our city.
Their rooms are being painted now.
5．过去进行时 (was,were+being+pp)
The road was being widened.
6．现在完成时 (have,has+been+pp)
The novel has been translated into many languages.
7．过去完成时 (had+been+pp)
Production had been greatly reduced by the end of last year.
8．将来完成时 (shall,will+have+been+pp)
The work will have been finished next Monday.
(注：被动语态无将来进行或完成进行时态。)
二、被动语态的使用
1．在不知道动作的执行者是谁，难以说出或没有必要说出时。
My wallet was stolen.
When will the road be opened to traffic?
DVD machines are sold in that shop.
2．强调动作的承受者而不是动作的执行者时。
Football is played in most middle schools.
Hu Jintao was elected Chairman of our state.
3．当动作的执行者是无生命的事物时。
The crops were destroyed by the flood.
4．从修辞的角度考虑使用被动语态。
1）为了避免转移陈述的主体。
Many people were wounded in the accident and they were rushed to the nearest hospital.
比较 Many people were wounded in the accident and we rushed them to the nearest hospital.
2）为了避免使用很长的名词短语充当主语而使读者费解。
I was shown round the school by Bill, the son of a very good friend of mine, who had entered the college just a year before.
3）为了表示委婉、礼貌、避免提及自己而使用被动语态。
You are requested to show your pass at the entrance.
5．被动语态常用于报告文章或科技论著中。（略）
三、不能转换为被动句的主动句
1．动词的限制
有些及物动词，如have, become（适合）等，不能用于被动语态。
We have a car. 不可说成：A car is had by us.
The jacket doesn’t become me. 不可说成：I am not become by the jacket.
2．宾语的限制
如果直接宾语是反身代词、相互代词，就不能转换为被动语态。
I saw myself in the mirror. 不可说成：Myself was seen in the mirror by me.
We help each other. 不可说成：Each other is helped by us.
四、短语动词的被动形式
1．v+adv 在主动句中宾语可以位于副词的前面或后面，但在被动句中，这个短语必须作为整体对待，副词必须紧跟在动词后面。
She picked up the book.或She picked the book up.
必须改为：The book was picked up by her.
2．v+prep 不可被其它成分隔开。
The thieves broke into his house last night.
必须改为：The house was broken into by thieves last night.
3．v+adv+prep 同样具有不可分性。
We shouldn’t look down upon the slow pupils.
必须改为：The slow pupils should not be looked down upon by us.
五、可变为被动语态的几种基本句型
1．S+Vt+O
Henry is painting that picture.
→That picture is being painted by Henry.
2．S+Vt+O+Co
We will elect him monitor.
→He will be elected monitor by us.
3．S+Vt+O+Ad
The postman had put the letter there before you came.
→The letter had been put there before you came.
4．S+Vt+Oi+Od
My teacher gave me a book.
→I was given a book by my teacher.
→A book was given (to) me by my teacher.
六、特殊的被动语态结构
1．含情态动词 Your compositions must be handed in after class.
2．带不定式 The whole plan has to be changed.
七、被动结构与系表结构的区别
1．它们的主要区别在于：被动结构表示动作，系表结构表示状态。
被动结构 系表结构
The cup was broken (by him). The cup is broken.
I was encouraged by my teacher. I was rather encouraged.
I was interested by what I heard. I was interested in it.
2．句中有by短语，并且by后的宾语是有生命的人或动物，则该句一定是被动结构，有时不是人或动物也可以判断出是被动结构。
The bird was killed by the boy.
The crops were destroyed by the flood.
3．with短语常暗示着某个动作执行者的存在，这样的句子往往是被动结构。
The bird was killed with a stone.
4．系表结构中的表语常是一些以ed结尾的形容词，这些词常可用very, quite, rather, more等修饰。
I was very surprised. He was quite encouged.
They were rather interested. I am more annoyed.
被 动 语 态 练 习
一、单项选择
1.A library with five thousand books ______ to the nation as a gift.
A.have offered B.has offered C.is offered D.are offered
2.Some new oilfields ______ since 1976.
A.were opened up B.has opened up C.have been opened up D.had been opened up
3.The hospital ______ in 1998.
A.has set up B.was set up C.set up D.has been set up
4.—Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet.The rooms ______.
A.are painted B.are painting C.are being painted D.are being painting
5.The war ______ in 1937.
A.was broken out B.had been broken out C.has broken out D.broke out
6.______ Mary.
A.Her name is called B.Her name calls C.She is call D.She is named
7.This car ______ my cousin.
A.is belonged to B.belong to C.is belonging to D.belongs to
8.The story ______ in the city.
A.took place B.was taken place C.was happened D.had been taken place
9.This letter needn’t ______.
A.typed B.to be typed C.type D.be typed
10.Great care ______ of his pet.
A.was taken B.has taken C.took D.had taken
11.I don’t mind him ______.
A.to invite B.being invited C.invited D.to be invited
12.This pen ______ well.
A.isn’t written B.doesn’t write C.write D.were not written
13.I think much attention ______ your pronunciation.
A.must pay to B.ought to be paid C.must be paid to D.should be paid by
14.We ______ to meet at the gate at seven o’clock sharp.
A.supposed B.are supposed C.will suppose D.should be supposed
15.Cars are driven ______ engines.
A.with B.by C.in D.for
16.Good medicine ______ bitter.
A.are tasted B.tastes C.will be tasted D.would be tasted
二、区别下列句子，指出是被动结构还是系表结构。
17.The shop was closed at 6:00 p.m. yesterday.
18.The shop is closed.
19.They were educated by the society, schools and families.
20.They were well educated.
21.He was dressed in blue.
22.The children were dressed every morning by their parents.
三、把下列各句变为被动句。
23.The students must hand in their papers immediately.
24.Who will look after the child?
25.Do they take good care of the sick?
26.We should make good use of every minute.
27.They sent for the doctor right after the accident.
28.They had never dreamed of such success before they made the experiment.
四、把下列各句变为被动句，用原句划线部分作主语。
29.They showed me the room where they lived.
30.They promised Mary a new doll for her birthday.
31.She gave us two classes this morning.
32.I allowed him two days to get ready.
五、把下列句子改为主动句，用括号内所给的词作主语。
33.Spanish is spoken in South America. (people)
34.We are being taught how to operate the new machine. (a man)
35.The door should not have been left open all night. (you)
36.The boy was given a special prize. (the teacher)
37.All these words must be looked up in a dictionary. (you)
38.The room is always kept clean and tidy. (Jordan)
Answers:
一、1—5: CCBCD 6—10: DDADA 11—16: BBCBBB
二、被动：17 19 22 系表：18 20 21
三、23.The students’ papers must be handed in immediately.
24.By whom will the child be looked after?
25.Are the sick taken good care of (by them)?
26.Every minute should be made good use of.
27.The doctor was sent for right after the accident.
28.Such success had never been dreamed of before they made the experiment.
四、29.I was shown the room where they lived (by them).
30.A new doll was promised to Mary for her birthday.
31.Two classes were given (to) us this morning (by her).
32.He was allowed two days to get ready (by me).
五、33.People in South America speak Spanish.
34.A man is teaching us how to operate the new machine.
35.You should not have left the door open all night.
36.The teacher gave the boy a special prize.
37.You must look up all these words in a dictionary.
38.Jordan always keeps the room clean and tidy.

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