高三英语学法指导与语法难点 (六)
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北 京 四 中
撰 稿：李俊和 　　编 审：毕 勤　　责 编：隋 瑜
　　一、单项填空题的复习与应试
　　英语的基础知识主要是词汇和语法知识。英语高考的各个题型都渗透着对基础知识的检测，单项填空是较为集中考查如何运用基础知识的题型之一。用考试大纲上的话来说就是"测试考生对英语语法、词汇知识和简单表达形式的掌握情况"。简单表达形式要表达的内涵非常丰富，不仅可考查习语，还可考查如省略、口语中的交际用语等，这就突出了对语言的交际能力的考查。
　　高考的单项填空共15个题，计15分。考察的四项要点是语法知识，词语辨析，口语交际和惯用法。一个小题考查多项知识是很普遍的现象，而且有的题还设两空。高考单选以涉及动词的题为主，辨析题常是短语动词的辨析。每年的题虽以基础题为多数，但总有个别怪题出现。做好单选题的关键是仔细看题干，不要只读带空格的那一句。要瞻前顾后，上挂下连，首尾呼应。含两个空的题，先确定有把握的那一个。要根据平时做题经验，努力找出命题的意图。审题时要注意情感分析，交际原则，不可死扣语法规则。
　　总复习时适量练习单选是对的，因为单选练好了对完型也有好处。但不可花过多时间。要以练中低档题为主，偏难偏怪的题可不做，更不要仔细钻研，因为有的题是无理可讲的。要以记忆句型为主，背句型好处甚多。同时努力记住错题，力争不让同一块石头第二次绊倒。平时练好动词填空和提高观察分析能力也是意义重大的。
　　二、语法知识易错点
　　1. 注意以下几组词组的区别。
　　1) forget to do, forget doing
　　Don't forget to close the door before you leave.
　　2) remember to do, remember doing
　　Remember to hand in your homework after you get to school.
　　3) regret to do, regret doing
　　I regretted telling him the news.
　　4) mean to do, mean doing
　　Difficult homework means staying up late.
　　5) stop to do, stop doing
　　He stopped reading and took a rest.
　　6) try to do, try doing
　　He tried to help me, but failed.
　　误：I regret telling you that you are fired.
　　正：I regret to tell you that you are fired.
　　2. to do和doing做主语的区别。
　　doing表抽象和泛指的动作。
　　to do表具体的一次性行为。
　　Swimming is my hobby.
　　3. 引导时间状语从句的连词。
　　when, whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till, until, ever since, immediately, once, the moment, the second, the instant, directly.
　　误：I will tell him the news when immediately he comes.
　　正：I will tell him the news immediately he comes.
　　4. 引导地点状语从句的连词。
　　where, wherever。如：
　　Where there is water, there is life.
　　5. 引导原因状语从句的连词。
　　because, as, since, now that, for。如：
　　I didn't go to school, for I was ill.
　　Since I was ill, I didn't go to school.
　　As I was ill, I didn't go to school.
　　I didn't go to school because I was ill.
　　Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what you like.
　　6. 引导目的状语从句的连词。
　　so that, in order that, for fear that, in case
　　误：He explained again and again for fear that she misunderstands him.
　　正：He explained again and again for fear that she should misunderstand him.
　　7. 引导结果状语从句的连词。
　　so that, so…that…, such…that…
　　误：I got up early, so that I could catch the bus.
　　正：I got up early, so that I caught the bus.
　　误：There're such many people that I cannot move.
　　正：There're so many people that I cannot move.
　　8. 引导条件状语从句的连词。
　　if, unless, as long as, so long as, in case
　　As long as you help me, I will help you.
　　误：I won't go there if I'm invited.
　　正：I won't go there unless I'm invited.
　　9. 引导比较状语从句的连词。
　　as…as, not so/as…as, than
　　误：I'm as taller as he is.
　　正：I'm as tall as he is.
　　10. 引导让步状语从句的连词。
　　though, although, as, even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter who (what, which, when, where, how), whether.
　　误：Young/Child although he is, he knows a lot.
　　正：Young/Child though/as he is, he knows a lot.
　　误：Don't believe no matter what he says.
　　正：Don't believe whatever he says.
　　　　
　　11. 主语从句。
　　1) 主语从句做主语，谓语动词单数。
　　Whoever found it should return it to the owner.
　　2) 主语从句中的连词that不可省。
　　3) 如果主语从句比较长，可以用it做形式主语。
　　It makes her sad that her hair turns gray.
　　误：He will come is certain.
　　正：That he will come is certain.
　　12. 引导同位语从句的名词和连词。
　　名词有fact, news, hope, truth, idea, suggestion, thought, question, order, problem, belief, doubt, fear等。连词有that, whether,并且that不可省。
　　注意以下两个句子。
　　They asked me the question whether the work was worth doing. (同位语从句)
　　The question he asked me was puzzling. (定语从句)
　　误：The news he won the game made us happy.
　　正：The news that he won the game made us happy.
　　13. 主谓一致需注意以下方面。
　　1) A teacher and writer is waiting for you outside.
　　2) In our country every boy and every girl has the right to education. (类似的还有: each boy and each girl, no boy and no girl, many a boy and many a girl)
　　3) 由以下几个连词连接两个主语谓语动词看前面的主语。这些连词有: as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等。
　　Tom as well as his classmates is going to visit the Forbidden City tomorrow.
　　4) 成双的名词前有a pair of来修饰，谓语动词用单数。否则用复数。
　　My trousers are on the chair.
　　A pair of trousers is on the chair.
　　5) %，分数，half, the rest后面的谓语动词符合就近一致原则。
　　10% of the students are hard-working.
　　6) 表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语做主语时，谓语动词用单数。
　　1 million dollars is a large sum of money.
　　7) 加、减、乘、除运算做主语，谓语动词用单数。
　　Ten plus ten is twenty.
　　8) 集合名词如：family, team, crowd, class, audience, population, class等做主语，如果指整体，用单数；如果指整体中的每个人，用复数。
　　9) one and a half后接复数名词，但是谓语动词用单数。
　　One and a half oranges is on the table.
　　10) 以下情况符合就近一致原则。如：there be, either…or…, or, neither…nor…, whether…or…, not only…but also…, not…but…
　　There is a pen and two pencils in his pencil-box.
　　There are two pencils and a pen in his pencil-box.
　　误：The class is watching TV now.
　　正：The class are watching TV now.
　　误：Not his teacher but his parents is waiting outside.
　　正：Not his teacher but his parents are waiting outside.

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