情态动词、主谓一致、倒装句
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------江苏省海门中学 李俊
一、情态动词
助动词与情态动词最主要的区别之一是，助动词本身没有词义，而情态动词则有自己的词义，能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法，或表示主观设想。例：
What have you been doing since? （构成完成进行体，本身无词义）
I am afraid I must be going. （一定要）
You may have read some account of the matter. （或许已经）
除此之外，情态动词还有如下词法和句法特征：
1) 除ought和used以外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought
to和used to看作是固定词组的话，那么，所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式。例：
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2)情态动词在限定动词词组中总是位居第一。例：
They need not have been punished so severely.
3)情态动词没有人称和数的变化。例：
She dare not say what she thinks.
4)情态动词没有非限定形式，即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式。例：
Still, she needn’t have run away.
5)情态动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合，情态动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间。例：Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it.
6)情态动词之间是相互排斥的，即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态动词，但有时却可以与助动词have和be连用。例：
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn’t be reading a novel.
1. can与could
1） can可用于表示能力、可能性、允许等。例：
She can sing that song in English. /Can the news be true? /Can I smoke here?
2）（用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）表示猜测、怀疑或惊诧。例：
She couldn't / can't be so stupid to do that .
2） can 只有两种时态，过去式为could。
could 不仅用于过去，也可用于现在，表示委婉、客气，常用于疑问句；而be able to 有较多的时态形式。be able to 的过去式表示“设法做某事”，经过努力之后才完成的，而could 没有这个含义。例：
The fire spread through the hotel quickly, but everyone was able to get out.
2.may与 might
1）表示请求、许可、允许、可能性。例：
The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days.
当回答由may 引起的问题时，否定答语要用must not,表示“不许可”、“不应该”、“不行” 。例：---May I come in? ---Yes, please. /--No, you mustn’t.
2)may (might) + have done 表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“想必”、“也许是”的意
思。例：
He might not have settled the question.
3.must与have to
1)must表示必须、必要。例：We must protect people’s rights.
2)“must be + 表语”的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）例：
He must be an honest boy.
“must +have +过去分词”的结构，常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。例：It must have rained last night for it is so wet outside.
3)must 的否定式有两个：当回答由must引起的问题时，否定答复要用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时，就用must not。例：—Must I go tomorrow? —Yes, please./Yes, you must.
—No, you needn’t./No, you don’t have to.
4)have to 比较强调客观需要，must着重说明主观看法。例：
I must clean the room.（主观想法）
I have to clean the room.（客观需要）
have to 能用于更多时态。例：We had to be there at ten .
have to 的否定式don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。
4. ought to与should
1.ought to
1)表示“职责、义务”。例：
Your son is still young. You ought to take care of him.
2)表示推测。
注意与must表示推测时的区别：
He must be at home by now.断定他已到家）
He ought to be home by now.（不十分肯定）
This is where the oil must be.（比较直率）
This is where the oil ought to be.（比较含蓄）
这时，ought to和should可以互相换用。
3)“ought to + have + 过去分词”
a. 表示“本应该做，而实际没有做某事”，相当于should + have+过去分词。例：
You ought to have asked him (but you didn’t).
b. 表示“本不应该做，而实际做了某事”。例：
You oughtn’t to have stopped on the motor way.你本不应该在高速公路上停车的。
c.表示推论或推测某事已经发生，含有说话人不能肯定其说法是否争取的含义。例：
If he had started at nine o’clock, he ought to have been in London by eleven o’clock.
如果她是酒店出发的话，那他十一点中该到达伦敦了。
4）ought to 可用于否定句, 疑问句，其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t to。例：
You oughtn’t to smoke so much.
Ought you to smoke so much?
5）ought to的疑问式及其回答。
---They ought to do it，oughtn’t they？
---Yes，they ought（to）.
---No，they oughtn’t .
在美国英语中，ought to用于否定句和疑问句时，to可以省略。例：
Ought you smoke so much?
You oughtn’t smoke so much.
2.Should
1)should用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。例：
What should we do now?
2）表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
3）“should+be+表语”的结构，表示推测或惊奇。例：
They should be back by now.
4）“should+have+过去分词”的结构，
表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为；其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意，语气较强。例：
I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。（但没想到）
They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。（但已走了）
should表示劝告、建议、命令，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。ought to表示“应该”时和should差不多，只是口气稍重一些, 常可互换用。ought to比should具有更强烈得道义、责任、法律或原则等意味；should指主观上感到有责任或义务去做某事，语气较婉转。例:
You ought to keep your promise.
You should apologize to him.
5. shall 与should
1)shall用于第一人称征求对方的意见。例：What shall I wear on the journey?
2) 用于第二、第三人称时表允诺、命令。例：You shall come to my office immediately .
3)should用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿，但语气较委婉温和，例：
What should we do now?
4)表示应该、必须，常与must 换用。例：
We should (must) master a foreign language at least.
5) should 的其他用法请参阅上条ought to与should 。
6. will与would
1)表示意志，决心或愿望。例：
Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.
If you will go,I shall go with you.
2)will表示经常性、习惯性或倾向性，would表示过去的习惯行为。例：
He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.
3)用于主语是第二人称的疑问句中，表示对对方的请求，would的语气比will委婉。例：
Would/Will you kindly tell me the way to the station?
7. need 与dare
need 与dare作情态动词用时，一般用在否定句和疑问句中，如果用在肯定句中，多
数是实义动词，一般现在时单数第三人称要加s，并有时态变化，后接不定式时须带to。例：
Need you go so soon?
Dare you stay here alone in the night?
Need I explain once more? 需要我再解释一次吗？（情态动词）
The question needs to be discussed. 这个问题需要加以讨论。（实义动词）
She dare not tell the truth to him. 她不敢向他讲真话。（情态动词）
We should dare to think, to speak and to act.　我们应该敢想、敢说、敢干。（实义动词）
错句：She dares not go out at night.
He doesn’t need do that.
Dare she to go there？
8. 注意推测性用法中谓语动词发生的时间　
　 如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后要用完成形式。例：
There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone.
　 如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。例：
They must be talking about something very secret.
　 如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用动词原形。例：He must be badly ill. He looks so pale.
如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用动词原形，这时，情态动词只能是may/might。例：
There may be a terrible storm in the following few days.
肯定的推测一般用may, should,　must,它们的意思分别是“可能”，“应该”，“必定”，口气逐渐加强。
否定的推测常有两种情况：口气较弱，对否定不大有把握时，用may not “可能不”；口气比较强，对否定比较有把握时用cannot，表示“不可能”。推测的疑问句，一般只用can/could, 例：
Who can it be ? / Can it be true?
9.其它几个“情态动词+ 动词的完成形式”并不表示推测，注意意义上的区别：
could have done本来能够，例：
He didn't take part in the competition, he could have won, though.
needn't have done 本来没必要，例：
You needn't have hurried. There was plenty of time.
should/ought to have done 本来应该，例：
You should have told me earlier. I could have helped you.
shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本来不应该，例： 　
You shouldn't have been following him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
二、主谓一致
英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
1.either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing做主语时，谓语动词一般使用单数。例：
Neither of the two words is correct. Everything around us is matter.
2.表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等概念的名词，谓语用单数。例：
Three times five makes fifteen. Four hours is enough to do the experiment.
3. one and a half后面带名词的复数，但谓语动词必须使用单数。例：
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
4.each…and each; every…and every; no…and no; many a…and many a…等结构
由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。例：
Each boy and each girl has got a seat. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while.
5.从句、不定式、动名词作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。例：
To say something is one thing, to do it is another. What he has done is of great use.
6. 用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。例：
The professor and doctor is going to give a lecture. Bread and butter is his usual breakfast.
7.有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。例：
The news is inspiring. The chemical works lies in the north of the city.
8.名词由and 连接或由both…and…连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。例：
Both coffee and beer are on sale in that shop.
9. people, public, police, cattle 做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。例：
People are talking about the news.
The police are after a cheat.
10.表示成双、成套的名词做主语时，谓语动词使用复数。例：
His black trousers are too long.
These shoes fit you quite well.
但当这些名词由a pair of 连接时，则用单数。例：
There is a pair of compasses in his pencil case.
11.不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。例：
Three million tons of coal were exported that year.
12.在or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, There be… 等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数。例：
Either the teacher or the students are to blame.
Not only the students but also their teacher is to blame.
13.下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而与其前面的主语取得一致：as well as, rather than, like, but, except, besides, with, along with, together with, including，such…as…等。例：
The boy with his two dogs is here.
No one but your parents was there then.
Mr. Green besides his daughters likes swimming.
14. some of, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, most of, the rest of, all(of), half(of), 分数或百分
＋of＋名词做主语时，谓语动词的数以名词的单复数为准。例：
A lot of students are waiting outside.
Lots of the money has been wasted.
More than 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water.
15.由a kind of, this kind of, many kinds of和名词＋of this kind等以及与kind意思相近的type, sort等构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词与of 前的名词取得一致。例：
This kind of apple is highly priced. Apples of this kind are highly priced.
16.more than 打头的句子，谓语动词的数看其后面的名词。例：
More than one answer is written on the blackboard.
More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.
17.定语从句中谓语动词的形式应与先行词一致，但one of＋复数名词＋who/that/which
引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式要看one 的前面是否有the (only)等修饰语，有则为单数，无为复数。例：
Tom is one of the students who are from Shanghai.
Tom is the only one of the students who is from Shanghai.
18. population, company, class, team, family, group, nation, world, government等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。例：
Our football team is playing well.
Our football team are having lunch in the dining-hall.
19. “the ＋形容词”表示一类人，谓语动词使用复数，但在有上下文明确表示单数的情况下必须使用单数。例：
The rich are for the plan, but the poor are against it.
三、倒装句
1.全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。例：
There goes the bell.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。up，down，out，
in，away，off 等副词开头的句子里，以表示强调。例：
Down jumped a monkey.
Out rushed a dog from under the bed.
Ahead sat an old woman.
[注意]上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例：
Here he comes.　Away they went. Out they rushed!
2. 部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，例：
not, rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, nowhere, nobody, not only, not until, at no time, in no way, by no means等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
[注意] 如否定词不在句首不倒装。例：
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.　
3. 以否定词开头Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than时部分倒装。例：
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
[注意]只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。例：
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
当so，neither，nor表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。例：　　　　
If you don't go, neither will I.
He works hard，so does she.
[注意] 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。例：
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard.　　　
---So it is.
5. only加状语在句首的倒装。例：
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例：
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed
6. as, though 引导的倒装句
as 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。though也可以用在这种倒装句中。
[注意]1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例：
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
7. 其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
　May you all be happy.
3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。例：
　 Were I you, I would try it again.
经典例析
1. --- The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she
returned. (2005江苏)
---Oh, dear! She _____ a lot of difficulties!
A. may go through B. might go through
C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through
[为你支招]上文说：那位女生物学家在非洲研究野生动物十三年，下文推测她一定经历了许多艰难困苦。所以用must have gone through表是对过去事实的推测。答案D。
[热点剖析] 本题是考查情态动词。
2. He _____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. （2005北京卷）
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
[为你支招]采用语境法, 从he wouldn’t be enjoying himself中寻找隐含信息。做完了事才玩得开心，这样的推测是合乎情理的。所以用must，表示肯定的推测。答案B。
[热点剖析] 考查表示推测的情态动词。情态动词表示推测的用法中需要特别注意的是：must只能用于肯定句中；can用于疑问和否定句中；may和might用于肯定和否定句中。情态动词+动词原形通常表示对现在或将来的推测；只有情态动词+动词的现在完成时形式才表示对过去发生的事情做出推测。
3. I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ____ at least 150 kilometers an hour.(2005重庆卷)
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
[为你支招]根据语境，说话人对刚发生的事情进行推测，断定车速很快，所以用must have been doing表示肯定的推测。答案B。
[热点剖析] 考查表示推测的情态动词。
4. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up. (2004广西)
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
[为你支招]采用语境法从整个句子中寻找隐含信息。 “怀特先生应当在八点半是来开会的，但他却没来”。表示“过去应该做而没有作”的应该用should have done结构。答案A。
[热点剖析] 考查表示抱怨的情态动词。
5. Tom, you leave all your clothes on the floor like this! (2005全国I卷)
A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t C.needn’t D. may not
[为你支招]根据所给语境以及惊叹号，可以体会到，说话人在责怪Tom，说他不可以这样在地上乱扔衣服。答案B。
[热点剖析] 考查情态动词的用法。
6. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _______visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. （2004北京）
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
[为你支招]首先采用一致法确定句子的主语。with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class是介词短语，将主语和谓语隔开了。但是谓语仍和主语中心词The teacher保持一致。答案A。
[热点剖析] 考查主谓一致。
7. No one in the department but Tom and I ____ that the director is going to resign.（2004上
海）
A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know
[为你支招]首先采用一致法确定句子的主语。主语的结构是名词/代词+介词短语。no one but…做主语时，no one是主语的中心词，谓语动词的人称和数根据no one确定。 答案A。
[热点剖析] 考查主谓一致。
8.In the dark forests ________, some large enough to hold several English towns.（2005辽宁卷）
A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakes C. many lakes lie D. many lakes stand
[为你支招] 地点状语In the dark forests在句首时，主谓语要全部倒装。湖泊作主语，当然不可跟stand搭配。故选B。
[热点剖析] 当表示方位的状语或表语位于句首时，句子采用全部倒装的结构，即把谓语动词全部都移到主语之前。
9. ______ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.(2005江苏卷)
A.so curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple
C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious
[为你支招]考查倒装语序。so+adj.或adv.放在句首时，句子的主谓语部分倒装。答案B
[热点剖析] 在部分倒装句中，如果so在句首有时也有不倒装的情况，即so作“确实如此”解释的时候不用倒装。
10. Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _____such a beautiful palace.
(2004辽宁)
A.can you find 　 B.you could find C.you can find 　　D.could you find
[为你支招]将but后面的句子还原成陈述句为：you can find such a beautiful palace nowhere else. 把否定副词nowhere放在句首，句子的主谓语部分倒装，必然选择A。
[热点剖析] 考查倒装语序。
Weekly Test
1. 单项选择
1. When he was there, he ______go to that coffee shop at the corner after work every day.
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
2. Johnny , you ____play with the knife; you _____hurt yourself.
A. won’t; can’t B. mustn’t ; may C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t
3. ---When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
---They _____be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
4. He _____ you more money, even though he was not rich himself.
A. might have given B. might have C. may have given D. may give
5. — Will you stay for lunch?
— Sorry, _____. My brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t
6. — Are you coming to Jeff’s party?
— I’m not sure. I _____ go to the concert instead.
A. must B. would C. should D. might
7. — Write to me when you get home.
— _____.
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
8. I was really anxious about you, you _____ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
9. — Is John coming by train?
— He should, but he _____ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
10. You say you will not do it ,but I say you ____ do it.
A. would B. will C. shall D. need
11. --- Let me tell you all about it.
--- You_______. I have been informed of it.
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn’t
12. — Who is the girl standing over there?
— Well , if you know , her name is Mabel.
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
13---________ you make so much noise?
—Sorry. I'll take care not to.
A.Can B. May C.Will D. Must
14. -- What do you do?
--- I'm a pilot.
--- That __________ exciting.
A. would be B. must be C. might be D. can be
15. He asked me for this book many times. Please tell him that he _____ have it tomorrow.
A. must B. ought to C. shall D. will
16. ---Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.
---It’s 9568442.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
17. Mother _____ us stories when we were children.
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling
18. I got up early that morning, but I _____ so because I had no work to do.
A. mustn’t have done B. didn’t need to do C. needn’t have done D. can’t have done
19. She’s already two hours late. What ______ to her?
A. can have happened B. may have happened C. should have happened D. must happen
20. Since the road is wet this morning, _____ last night.
A. it must rain B. it must be raining C. it must have rained D. it must have been raining
21. You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ____ not like the design of the furniture.
A. must B. shall C. may D. need
22. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _____ be here at any moment.
A. must B. need C. should D. can
23. .—Excuse me. Is this the right way to the Summer Palace?
—Sorry, I am not sure. But it ______be.
A. might B. will　 C. must 　 D. can
24. You ______ be tired --- you've only been working for an hour.
A. must not B. won' t C. can' t D. may not
25. — When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
— They _____ be ready by 12:00.
A. can B. should C. might D. need
26. A computer _____ think for itself, it must be told what to do.
A.can’t B.couldn’t C. may not D. might not
27. — Shall I tell John about it?
— No, you _____. I’ve told him already.
A.needn’t B.wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
28. — Do you know where my address book is?
— It________ be in the hall cupboard. I think I saw it this morning.
A. could　 B. can　 C. will　　 D. must
29. — We want someone to design the new art museum for us.
— ________ the young fellow have a try?
A.May B.Shall C.Will　　 D. Need
30. According to the local regulations, anyone who intends to get a driver’s license ____ take an eye test.
A. can B. must C. would D. may
31. Of the making of good books there is no end; neither ______ any end to their influence on man’s lives.
A. there is B. there are C. is there D. are there
32. ___ of the land in that district ___ covered with trees and grass.）
A. Two fifth … is B. Two fifth … are C. Two fifths … is D. Two fifths … are
33.He is the only one of the students who _____ a winner of scholarship for three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
34.The writer and poet ___ our meeting to everyone’s surprise.
A. were to attend B. are to attend C. is attended D. is to attend
35.Each student ___a dictionary means the students each___ dictionary.
A. has, has B. have, have C. has, have D. have, has
36. Many a man ____come to help us when we are in trouble.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
37. Every possible means _______ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.
A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used
38. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys in her class, _______ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
39. Neither of the young men who had tried to get the job in the company_____.
A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted
40. In Switzerland, six miles west of Geneva,____ a collection of laboratory buildings.
A.lie B. are lying C. lies D.lays
41. --- Who is the man talking to the headmaster?
---- A professor____ a visit to our school.
A.paying B. is paying C.paid D. pays
42. Not only I but also Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another.
A. is　 B. are C. am　　 D. be
43. This is one of the most interesting questions that ____ asked.
A. have　 B. has　 C. have been D. has been
44. Between the two rows of trees _____ the teaching building.
A. stand B. stands　 C. standing　 D. are
45. He said that the twelfth and last lesson _______ rather difficult.
A. were B. was C. will be D. are
46. What he says and what he does ___________ .
A. is not agree B. are not agree C. does not agree D. do not agree
47._____ is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to become white collar workers.
A. It B. Such C. This D. That
48.Scarcely _______ asleep _______ a knock at the door awakened him.
A. she had fallen; when B. she had fallen; than
C. had she fallen; than D. had she fallen; when
49. finish the task better than the others, I think.
A. Only you can B. Only can you C. Only do you D. Only you do
50. yesterday, you would have met him .
A. Did you come B. You came C. If had you come D. Had you come
51. Only when the war was over ________ to his hometown.
A. did the young soldier return B. the young soldier returned
C. returned the young soldier D. the young soldier did return
52. Only in this way ____to make improvement in the operating system.
A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope
53. Only one of these books _________.
A.worth is to read B. is worth being read C. worth is of reading D. is worth reading
54.Not until all the fish died in the river___ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize B. the village realize
Ｃthe villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize
55. Only then _______ what he really meant when he said “ You left something here.”
A. did I understand B. I understood C. understood I D. did understand I
56. ______ can you expect to get a rise.
A. With hard work B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
57. _____ she wondered if she had made a mistake.
A. Not until long afterwards that B. It was not until long afterwards that
C. Not long until afterwards D. It was long afterwards until
58. The naughty boy has cried wolf many times. Scarcely ____ him before he says that he is in trouble.
A. anybody believes B.had anybody believes
C. does anybody believe D.will anybody believe
59. ________ sat down for a rest______ the door bell rang.
A. Hardly I had; when B. Hardly I had; than C. Hardly had I; than D. Hardly had I; when
60. — Were you worried about him last night?
— Yes. It was ________.
A. until he returned that I went to bed B. until be returned that l slept well
C. not until he returned that I went to bed D. not until did he return that I went to sleep

2. 单句改错
1. Everyone is here. Should we start the meeting?　　　　　　　　　
2. I parked my car right here but now it's gone. It must have stolen　　　
3. He must have finished the work yesterday, but he didn't.
4. He did not pass the examination. As a good student, he may not have failed.　
5.　May it be true that Albert passed the test in geography?　　　
6. You may lead a horse to the water but you dare not make it drink. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
7. ─Must we finish the composition in class?
─No, you mustn't.　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
8. Her eyes were red. She must have been cried.　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
9. Mary has received his letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
10. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ought to write it out for her.
11.Only one percent of the students in the college is Party members.
12.Tom as well as two of his friends were to the concert.
13.There is a plate on the table. The knife and fork are beside it.
14.The number of the girl students in that school are smaller than that of the boy students.
15.The doctor and scientist were invited to the meeting last week.
16. Strange so was his appearance that no one could recognize him.
17. Up the cat jumped and caught the mouse.
18. Such is the results of the experiments.
19. Among the films being shown are a popular film directed by Hanson Lee.
20. ---You forgot your purse when you went out.
---Good heavens, so did I.
3. 根据汉语翻译下列句子
1.她一定把钥匙丢了。
2.他们一定走了,可是应当给我留一个条子呀!
3.你本不必要把整个课文都译成汉语。
4.我是可能早一些来的,可是我在路上碰到一个朋友。
5.下一次你应该更小心些。
6.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。
7.只有不断地练习,我们才能学好英语口语。
8.虽然这个问题很复杂，(complicated)但是用计算机只要五秒钟就能解决。
9.如果没有计算机,就不会有人造卫星和火箭。
10.我没有去过那儿，他也没去过。
参考答案：
单项选择
1-20ABBAB DCBDC DCDBD ACCAC
21-40 CCACB AAABB CACCA BCBBD
41-60 CCDDC BBDAB ACDAA CBC DC
单句改错
1.Should--Shall 2.have-- have been 　3.must-- should　4.may-- should 5.May--Could
6.dare-- can7.mustn't-- needn't 8. cried--crying 9.has-- couldn't have 10.write --have written
11.is are 12. were--was 13.are--is 14.are--is 15.were- was16.Strange so --So strange 17.Up the cat jumped-- Up jumped the cat 18.is-- are 9.are-- is 20. so I did
根据汉语翻译下列句子
1. She must have lost her key.
2. The must have left, but they should have left us a note.
3. You needn't have translated the whole text into Chinese.
4. I could have arrived a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.
5. You should be more careful next time.
6.Never shall I forget the day when I joined the League.
7.Only by practising continuously can we learn oral English well.
8.Complicated as the problem is, it can be solved in only five seconds with a computer.
9.Had there been no computers, there would have been no man-made satellites or rockets.
10.I have never been there, neither has he.

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