分词的悬垂问题分词的悬垂问题
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分词短语在句子中作状语时，其逻辑主语(亦称隐含主语)通常应是整个句子的主语；如果不是，而且其本身也不带自己的主语(如在独立主格结构中)，就被认为是一个语言失误。这个分词就叫做“悬垂分词”(dangling
participle)或“无依附分词 ”(unattached participle)。例如：
(1)Getting down from the bus，my ankle was sprained．
(2)Driving to Chicago that night，a sudden thought struck me．
这样的句子从修辞的角度来看是应该避免的。
一、有人认为，在一定的上下文中，如果分词的逻辑主语不难判断，而且句子意义也不致引起误解，悬垂分词的使用还是可以接受的。如根据上述第(1)例中的主语ankle受my的修饰，第(2)例用me作宾语的情况，我们可以判定分词的逻辑主语是I。又如：
(3)He felt himself gently touched on the shoulder，and looking round，his
father stood before him．
(4)Being the eldest，the responsibility fell particularly on my shoulders．
(5)Searching along the deck，it had taken him some time to find a doctor．
二、在没有上下文的情况下，倘若从该句中无法判断出分词的逻辑主语，并因此而导致句意含混不清，悬垂分词的使用则是完全不可接受的(《英语语法大全》1559)。例如：
(6) Reading the evening newspaper，a dog started barking．
(7)Entering the room，nobody was found in it．
即使可以正确地解释分词的逻辑主语，语言学家们也并不鼓励人们使用悬垂分词。有时候，这种语言失误甚至会使句子的意思显得非常荒唐。例如：
(8)opening the cupboard，a skeleton fell out．
(9)Grilled on charcoal，everyone enjoyed the fish they caught．
三、在某些情况下，尤其是在报刊和科技文体中，悬垂分词的使用并未受到严格的限制。
1．当分词的逻辑主语就是指作者或读者的I，we，you时：
(10)When inquiring about a room it is always a good idea to ask at the
beginning whether laundry and heating are included in the price．(＝When you
inquire…)
(11)Using the electric energy，it is necessary to change its form．(＝When we
use… )
2．当分词的逻辑主语是整个主句时：
(12)Unknown to his closest advisers，he had secretly negotiated with an
enemy emissary．(＝It was unknown to his closest advisers that he had…)
3．当分词的逻辑主语是不定代词one或虚指代词it时：
(13)When dining in the restaurant，a jacket and tie are required．(＝When one
dines…)
(14)Being a very cold day，we did not go to the museum yesterday．(＝Since it
was… )
四、有些常见的固定形式的分词短语的主语并非句子里的主语，但由于沿用已久，早已成为常见的惯用语。这类分词短语常用来修饰整个句子，表示说话人对说话内容所持的态度或作出的评论。
(15)Allowing for the train being late，we should be back by 10:30．
(16)Considering that he has been in China for only a year，he speaks
Chinese well．
(17)Judging from his expression，he’s in a bad mood．
(18)Broadly speaking，dogs are more faithful to man than cats．
(19)Generally speaking，men can run faster than women．
(20)Strictly speaking，it’s not allowed， but we won’t prevent it．
(21)Speaking of firearms，the Kalashnikov has apparently undergone
modifications recently．
(22)Putting it mildly(＝To put it mildly )，you have caused us some
inconvenience．
(23)Simply stated．he’s a fool．
(24)Talking of airplanes，how many do we have in our country？
五、有些分词因为其语义和用法与介词或连接词极为相似，很多词典实际上已把它们列为介词和连接词了。常见的有assuming，barring，concerning，
considering，excepting，given，failing，granted，granting，including，provided，providing，regarding，seeing，supposing等。例如：
(25)Assuming(＝If) the proposal is accepted，when are we going to get the
money？
(26)The whole group was at the party, barring (＝except) John．
(27)Concerning(＝With regard to) your letter，I’m pleased to inform you that
your plans are quite acceptable to us．
(28)O’Rouske answered all the questions excepting(＝except) the last one．
(29)Given(＝Considering) that there was so little time，I think they’ve done
a good job．
(30)Failing(＝Without) instructions，I did what I thought best．
(31)Granted／Granting that(＝Even though) he has enough money to buy the
house，it doesn’t mean he’s going to do so．
(32)There were twelve of us，including me and Tom．
(33)I don’t mind Guy coming，provided／providing(＝so long as)he pays for his
own meals．
(34)Regarding(＝Concerning／About) the future of China，what would your
opinion be？
(35)We would have a joint party，seeing that(＝since) your birthday is the
same as mine．
(36)I won’t stay here long，seeing as(＝seeing that)you’re busy．
(37)Supposing(＝If) you fell in love with your boss，what would you do？
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