2006年高考总复习指导系列:写作部分之“英语常见的修辞格” |
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Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1) Simile:(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country. 2) Metaphor:(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy: (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing. 6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述) It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism: (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away". 8) Metonymy (转喻) It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 9) Synecdoche (提喻) It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks. 10) Antonomasia (换喻)It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor. 12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙) It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配) It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn) 14) Irony: (反语) It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good. 15) Innuendo: (暗讽) It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 16) Sarcasm: (讽刺) It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through. 17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语) It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed. 18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰) It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱). 19) Antithesis: (对照) It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden. 20) Epigram: (警句) It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor. 21) Climax: (渐进) It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered. 22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降)It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat. 24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词) It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project. 25) Alliteration: (头韵) It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声) It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement. Selected from Figures of Speech by Feng Cuihua 常见的英语用as...as表示的明喻形式 as absurd(荒唐) as putting together the pieces of vase as bare as the back of one hand/a picked bone as bald(秃) as a coot as black as coal/ink/jet/midnight/pitch/soot/Styx/ as blind as a bat/beetle/mole as bold as brass/a lion as brave as a lion as bright as a day/noonday/silver as brittle as glass as brown as berry as busy as a bee as changeable as weather/a clock/the moon as cheerful as a lark as clear as a bell/a day/crystal/ daylight/the nose on your face as close as a clam/an oyster as common as dirty as cold as ice/marble/a stone/a cucumber/a key/charity/frog as cool as a cucumber as cross as a bear as cunning(狡猾) as a fox as dark as pitch as dead as a door nail/mutton as deaf as a post/a beetle/an adder as deep as a wall as different as chalk from cheese as distinct as a day and night as dry as dust/a stick/a bone/a biscuit as drunk as a lord/a mouth/a sane as dumb as a statue/an oyster/a fish as dull as sawdust/cold dish water as easy as ABC/lying/milking/shelling peas/my eye/an old shoe/going down the river/chasing a cow out of a meadow/pie/anything as empty as a drum as fair as a rose as far as the eye could see as fat as a pit/butter as fierce as a tiger as firm as rock as fit as a flea/a fiddle as flat as a pancake/a board as free as a bird/air as fleet (swift) as a deer as fresh as a rose/a daisy as gay as a lark as gaudy(华丽) as a butterfly/a peacock as gentle as a lamb as good as gold/a play as graceful as a swan as grave as a judge as greedy as a dog/a wolf/a pig as green as grass as gruff(粗暴) as a bear as happy as a lark/the day is long/a king as hard as flint/marble/a stone/iron/nails as harmless as a dove as heavy as a lead as healthy as the fresh wind as hoarse(嘶哑) as a crow as hot as fire/pepper as hungry as a wolf/a hunter as innocent(天真) as a dove as keen as mustard(芥母) as large as life as light as air/a butterfly/a feather/a cork/thistledown/ as like as two peas/two drops of water/two pees/chalk and cheese as loose as a rope of sand as loud as thunder as mad as a March hare/a hatter(帽商) as mean(卑鄙) as Scrooge as merry as a cricket as motionless as statue as mute as a fish/mice as nimble(灵巧) as a squirrel as noise as a mynah as obstinate as a mule as old as the hills as pale as death/wax/a ghost as patient as an ox as plain as the nose on one's face/a pikestaff as pleased as Punch as playful as a kitten as plentiful as blackberries as plump(胖)as a partridge(鹌鹑) as poor as a church mouse/a beggar as pretty as a picture as proud as a peacock as pure as the world of all as quick as lightning/thought as quiet as a lamb/a mouse as rapid as lightning as red as fire/a rose/a cheery/blood/beetroot as regular as clockwork as rich as Jesus/Croesus as rigid as a stone as ripe as a cherry as round as an apple /a glob/a barrel as salty as a herring as sharp as a needle/razor as silent as a dead/the stars/the grave/sphinx/a morgue as silly as a goose/a sheep as slender as a gossamer(蜘蛛) as slippery as an eel as sly as a fox as slow as a tortoise as smooth as butter/oil/glass/velvet as sober(严肃) as a judge as soft as butter/silk/wax/down(绒毛) as sound as a bell as sour as a crab/vinegar as steady as a rock as stiff as a poke/a post/death/ a grave as tough as leather /nails as straight as an arrow as tricky(聪明) as a monkey as strong as a horse/a lion as true as steel as stubborn(固执) as a mule as stupid as a donkey as sure as death as surely as the night follows the day as sweet as honey/sugar as swift as an arrow/lightning/the wind as tall as a maypole/a steeple/a poplar as tame(驯服) as a cat as tender as chicken as thick as cable/hail/a stone/ porridge/a wall as thin as rake/ water/shipping post/a bag of bones/a lath as timid as a hare/a rabbit/mice as tough as leather/bulls as tricky as a monkey as true as steel as ugly as scare/a crow/a toad as unstable as the very devil as vain as water/a peacock as warm as taost as watchful as a hawk as weak as baby/a cat/kitten as wet as water/a drowned cat as white as snow/sheet/wool/flour as wise as Solomon/a serpent/an owl as yielding(服从) as wax 常见的英语象声词 1)有关动物的象声词 apes: (猿)gibber叽哩咕噜 asses: (驴)bray, heehaw babies: cry bear: growl bees: buzz, hum, murmur, drone beetles(甲虫): drone birds: chatter, chirp, chirrup, flap, peck, sing, squawk, twitter, bulls: bellow, bow camels: grunt cats: miaow, mew, purr cattle: low chicken: cheep, peep, pip chicks: cheep child: chatter cock: crow, cock-a-doodle-do cows: boo, low, moo, moo, crickets(蟋蟀): chirp crows: caw, croak deer: beat dogs: bark, bay, bow-wow, grow, how, whine, yap, yelp donkeys: bray, hee-haw doves: coo, crood, croud, croodle ducks: quack, screech eagle: scream elephants: trumpet flies: buzz, hum, drone foxes: yelp, bark frogs: croak geese: cackle, gabble, gaggle, hiss goats: bleat, baa hawks: scream, hens: cackle, chuckle horse: whiney, nicker, neigh, snort, hounds: bay insects: chirp kittens(小猫): mew larks(百灵): sing, warble lions: roar magpies(喜鹊): chatter man: giggle, hem(哼),ouch, hush, mumble, chatter, bravo, murmur, whisper mice: peep, squeak monkeys: chatter, japer, screech, chatter mosquitoes: buzz, hum, drom night eagles: ner owls: hoot, scream, screech, whop owls: hoot, screech, scream ox: bo, how, moo parrots: talk, quack pigeons: coo, crood, croodle pigs crowd puppies: yelp rabbits: suqeak seagulls(海鸥): scream sheep: bleat, baa snakes: hiss sparrows: chatter, chirp, twitter swallows: twitter swans: cry tigers: roar, groul, gaoll turkeys: gobble vultures(秃鹫): scream whales: blow wide goose(大雁): honk wolves: howl growl 2)有关物体的象声词 abacus(算盘) balls: pit-a-pat, pita pat arrows: whistle, whiz artillery(大炮): booms balls: bounce bank notes: rustle bayonets: clink and clash beats: pit-a-pat, pita pat, thump, thud, patter bellows(风箱): flip-flap bells: clink, clang, jingle, jingle-jangles-jingle, ding dong. bikes: jangle boots(皮靴): crunch bottles: crack, crick-crack, rattle bow string: snap bowels: rumble brakes: screech branches: snap breeze: puffs bullets: whistle, whiz, zip buses: rattle, hoot, and thump cameras: snick candles: splutter cars: crash, toot(horn) carts: rumble, creak cattle: low chains: clank clocks: ding dang, tick, ticktack, tic tak clothes: rustle coins: jingle cooking pots: sizzle cords: pop curtains: flap dishes: ding dang, jingle, clatter doors: creak, rat-tat-tat, rat tattoo, rattle, drums: rub-a-dub, rataplan dry leaves: rustle eating: slurp engines: chug, chum, whistle feet: chatter, tramp fingers snap fire crackers: bang, pup fire snap flags: flap flutter floor: creak glass: crash, clinks, gongs: ding-dang guns pup, boom, click hands: clap, flick high heal shoes: click horns: toot horse's hooves: dip-clop jade: tickle keys: clink knife and fork: clack leather shoes: click-clack leaves: whisper, rustle, locks: snap, click, locomotive(火车头): puff machines: buzz, machines guns: rattle, chatter, tat-rat, tat-tat-tat metal: ting, clash, clink, tinkle, jing dong, ticktack mind: buzz oil: sizzle paper: rustle planes: zoom, crash, radios: squeak rain: patters, pit-pat-pit-pat rifle: crack, pop ropes: crack, snap, pop scissors: clip-clop silk: rustle snow: spatters steam: hoop, hoos, hoot stick: swish stomach: rumble stones: smack, flop tears: plop teeth: chatter telephone: ring, jangle thunder: clap, peal, rumble, tongue: click trains: rattle, clatter, whistle, murmur trumps(号): toot trucks: rumble, grunt type writers: tap, clatter watches: tick, ticktack water: babbles, bubbles, drip-draps, splashes, sizzles, spish-splash, hiss, wheels: rumble, crunch, whir whips(鞭子): flick, smack, snap, swish whistles: whack wind: haot, toot, howl, rattle, sough windows: rattle |
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