| 2006年高考总复习指导：英语写作部分-人教版 |
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2006年高考总复习指导： 英语写作部分 之一：英语写作的过渡手段归纳 众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把段落中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。 起连贯作用的过渡词语可以用来连接段落中的各个句子，也可以用来连接文章中的各个段落。下面是在段落中连接句子的例子（段中黑体字为过渡词） To many foreigners, the American word family is confusing. Foreigners often hear an American say "My family is coming to visit." In this sentence, family means grandparents and perhaps other relatives. However, at other times, the same American might say, "I'm going to stay home with my family this weekend." In this case, he is talking about his wife and children. This is a much narrower meaning than the first one. Using family in this way makes a foreigner wonder which term really describes an American family. The answer, of course, is that there are two meanings for the word family in the United States -- a narrow one and a broad one. And there is another term ---- immediate family ----- to describe something in between. 这一段中出现的过渡手法有两种：一种是过渡词或词组，如however, in this case, of course； 另一种是起过渡作用的代词，如this, one. 段与段之间也可以用过渡词连接，比如but可以连接两个为转折关系的段落． 2. 过渡词语的分类 常用的过渡词根据意思和作用的不同，可以分为以下十一类： 1) 用以解释的过渡词，比如：now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact 1. The problem, in this case, is hard to solve. 2. Furthermore, several people telephoned the same night. 2) 表示强调的过渡词，如：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important 1. Indeed, a dessert is always enjoyable. 2. Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest. 3) 表示限制的过渡词but, however, although, though, yet, except for 1. Yet there was still a chance that he would win. 2. Except for one girl, all the hikers returned. 4) 用以举例的过渡词for example, for instance, thus, such, next 1. For instance, a telegram often costs more than a telephone call. 2. Thus the trip finally began. 5) 表示递进或补充的过渡词in addition，furthermore，also，moreover，yet 1. In addition, the tour stops in Vancouver. 2. Furthermore, the time for registration has been extended. 6) 表达顺序的过渡词first, second, third, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于） them three personal references. 2. Then you come to a traffic light and turn right. 7) 用以表示比较的过渡词like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too 1. In the same way, we look for a good doctor. 2. Similarly, the Thais enjoy spicy foods. 8) 用以表示对比的过渡词unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead 1. In contrast, the red fluid does not lose its color. 2. The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl. 9) 表示让步的过渡词although, nevertheless, of curse, after all, clearly, still, yet 1. He planned, nevertheless, to ask for a promotion. 2. After all, you learn to cook many foods in this job. 10) 用以表述结果的过渡词therefore, as a result, consequently, then，thereby，therefore，thus，hence，accordingly, so, otherwise 1. As a result, she became the prince's bride. 2. Consequently, we opened an account at the bank. 11) 用以表示总结的过渡词to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in short，in a word，in the long run，in summary 1. To sum up, Christmas is the most important holiday. 2. In conclusion, a consulate offers more services. 上文已经讲过，除了过渡词或词组之外，起过渡作用的还有代词、同义词、连接词和词的重复等。下面分别举例说明。 1. 起过渡作用的代词 例：He asked what that meant. We watched the hikers. They climbed slowly. 以上两句中的深蓝体字分别起句内和句间的过渡作用。 起过渡作用的代词在下面例子中的作用很大，没有它，这段文字就不能成立。 It is the most talked-of subject in town. Every family in the community discusses It half a dozen times a day. You mentioned It to at least one of your friends before you came into the room today. You think about It at least once during every class. Its passage is steady. It touched everyone. What isIt? It is Time. 2. 起过渡作用的同义词 同义词用得好，不仅有助于文章的连贯，也增加了文采。例如下文： Community colleges are like the two-year colleges called junior colleges, or "j.c.'s". Both schools prepare students for four-year colleges. J.c.'s offer all the courses most four-year colleges ask their freshmen and sophomores to take. Community colleges also give such required courses. But community colleges are also like other institutions called trade schools. Both schools offer technical training. Trade schools give courses in such areas as carpentry, nursing, television repairing, or photography. Community colleges have complete technical courses for students who do not plan to go on to a university. 3． 重复词起过渡作用 词的重复是常用的连接手法，它可强调你所要表达的意思。按方式，还可进一步分为绝对重复和相对重复。 Gulls, as they soar, are not always searching for food but merely having fun on the wing. A gull flying along the shore is taking advantages of wind current formed when the sea air strikes the warm land and rises. Gulls also love the lower, weaker air currents that form about three feet above the waves. They ride them for hours, tipping from one current to the next. Most people think that gulls ride behind boats for the food. But garbage is only a small part of what they eat. Clams and fish make up most of their diet. The sea gulls follow boats for the tide on the thermal currents the ships create at sea. 上面文章中的黑体字就是通过重复来起承上启下的作用，与同义词类似。 4. 平行结构起承上启下的作用 My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Don't argue. 之二：英语写作中的常用句型归纳 作文中常用句套： 下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody), 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换. 开头： When it comes to ..., some think ... There is a public debate today that ... A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one? Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus. 提出观点： Now there is a growing awareness that... It is time we explore the truth of ... Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible. 进一步提出观点： ... but that is only part of the history. Another equally important aspect is ... A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are... 提出假想例子的方式： Suppose that... Just imagine what would be like if... It is reasonable to expect... It is not surprising that... 举普通例子： For example(instance),... ... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth) A good case in point is... A particular example for this is... 引用： One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there. 讲故事 （先说故事主体），this story is not rare. ..., such delimma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance. 提出原因： There are many reasons for ... Why .... , for one thing,... The answer to this problem involves many factors. Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ... The first reason can be obiviously seen. Most people would agree that... Some people may neglect that in fact ... Others suggest that... Part of the explanation is ... 进行对比： The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of... Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ... Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned. A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that... 承上启下： To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see... A study of ... will make this point clear 让步： Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as... I do not deny that A has its own merits. 结尾： >From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short... 在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中， 常见的使用形式如下： One of the greatest early writers said ... "Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ... "......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there. Useful quotations 逆境 by Robert Collier In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time. 努力与成功 by Ann Landers Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them. 坚持 by Ralph Waldo Emerson No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves. Confucius 孔子 Our greatest glory is not in never falling... but in rising every time we fall. 坚持 Mother Teresa To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it. Henry Ford Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs. Winston Churchill Never, never, never, never give up. Albert Einstein In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity. 努力与成功 by Crassus Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly. Thomas Edison There is no substitute for hard work. Leo Tolstoi The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience. Thomas Jefferson I'm a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work... the more I have of it. Robert Collier Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out. Ray A. Croc Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get. 实际经验与间接经验 You'll learn more about a road by traveling it... than by consulting all the maps in the world. 动机与结果 Vince Lombardi Winning isn't everything... but wanting to win is. John F. Kennedy We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard. Thucydides The strong do what they will. The weak do what they must. 为人态度： John Wooden Talent is God given--Be Humble. Fame is man given-- Be Thankful. Conceit is self given --Be Careful. 行动： Theodore Roosevelt Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are. Publilius Syrus Maxim No one knows what he can do till he tries. Terence There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly. Thomas Fuller A wise man turns chance into good fortune. William Hazlitt Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity is a greater. William Penn No pains, no palm; no thorns, no throne; no gall , no glory; no cross, no crown. Will Rogers Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there. Opportunity rarely knocks on your door. Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter. 成功与失败 Vince Lombardi It's not whether you get knocked down. ...It's whether you get up again. Winston Churchill An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity. 热情（年轻/年老） Ralph Waldo Emerson Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. 信心 James Allen The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do. Samuel Johnson Few things are impossible to diligence and skill. Aughey Lost time is never found again. Voltaire No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking. Napoleon Victory belongs to the most persevering. 细心 Euipides Leave no stone unturned. 计划与工作 Norman Vincent Peale Plan your work for today and every day; then work your plan. Henry Ford Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again. Thomas Edison I start where the last man left off. 理想与现实 What the mind of man can conceive and believe, the mind of a man can achieve. 勤奋 Benjamin Franklin Plough deep while sluggards sleep. 目标 Henry David Thoreau In the lone run men hit only what they aim at. 幸运 Emily Dickinson Luck is not chance... It's toil... Fortune's expensive smile is earned. 勤奋 Thomas Edison Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. Useful Quotations 想象力 Albert Einstein Imagination is more important than knowledge. 挑战： Walter Begehot The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do. 机会与准备 Abraham Lincoln I will prepare and some day my chance will come. 信心与事实 Henry Ford Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right. English Proverb Where there's a will there's a way. There is no failure excepting no longer trying. Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity. 之三：英文作文52活用句型 I. 用于文章主题句 1. 不用说¸… It goes without saying that子句 = (It is) needless to say (that)子句 = It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S. + V. 例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. …是不可能的; 无法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving. = There is no possibility of Ving. = It is impossible to V. = It is out of the question to V. = No one can V. = We cannot V. 例︰不可否认的¸成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信… I am greatly convinced (that)子句 = I am greatly assured (that)子句 例︰我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种…之中¸… Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, … 例︰在各种运动中¸我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. …是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved (that)子句 例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. …无论如何强调都不为过 … cannot be overemphasized 例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. 就我的看法¸…；我认为… In my opinion, … = To my mind, …. = As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句 例︰就我的看法¸打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health. 8. (A) 每个人都知道… Everyone knows (that)子句 (B) 就我所知¸… As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知¸下列方法对我帮助很大。 As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me. 9. 毫无疑问地¸… There is no doubt (that)子句 例︰毫无疑问地¸近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。 There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country. 10. 根据我个人经验¸… According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, … 例︰根据我个人经验¸微笑已带给我许多好处。 According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good. 11. 在我认识的人当中¸也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。 Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than … 例︰在我认识的人当中¸也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。 Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher. 12. 在我的求学过程中¸我忘不了… In the course of my schooling. I will never forget … 例︰在我的求学过程中¸我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。 In the course of my schooling. I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English. 13. (A) 随着人口的增加¸… With the increase/growth of the population, … (B) 随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, … 例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展¸许多社会问题产生了。 With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass. 14. (A) 在这信息的年代¸…扮演重要的角色。 In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role. (B) 在今日工业社会中¸…是生命不可或缺的。 In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life. 例︰在这信息的年代¸计算机扮演非常重要的角色。 In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role. 15. 在讨论…¸一个人不得不承认…。 In dealing with …, one cannot but admit (that)子句 例︰在讨论未来的职业¸一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。 In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible. 16. 世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。 Nothing in the world can delight me so much as … 例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。 Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants. 17. … 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V … 是适当的 It is proper that S (should) V … 是紧急的 It is urgent that S (should) V 例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。 It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean. 18. 每当我听到…¸我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited. 每当我做…¸ 我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad. 每当我想到…¸我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous. 每当我遭遇…¸我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened. 每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised. 例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪¸我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad. = Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad. 19. 据说… It is said (that)子句 一般认为… It is thought (that)子句 大家都知道… It is known (that)子句 据报导… It is reported (that)子句 一般预料… It is expected (that)子句 一般估计… It is estimated (that)子句 一般相信… It is believed (that)子句 例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。 It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind. 20. …的主要理由是… The main reason why ….. is (that)子句 例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。 The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse. 21. 俗语说得好：「…」。 Well goes an old saying, "…" = As an old saying goes(runs, says), "…" = An old saying goes, "…" = It's an old saying (that)子句 例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。 As an old saying goes, "Honesty is the best policy." 22. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways. (B) …有三个主要理由。 … for three major reasons. (C) 要…¸至少我们可做三件事。 To …, there are at least three things we can do. 例︰(A) 我用下列方法增加信心。 I increase my confidence in the following ways. (B) 人们学外语有三个理由。 People learn a foreign language for three major reasons. (C) 为了维护健康¸我们每天至少可做三件事。 To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day. II. 用于文章承转句 23. 那就是(说)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, … 例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说¸早睡早起¸戒除烟酒。 We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities. 24. (A) 基于这个理由¸… For this reason, … (B) 为了这个目的¸… For this purpose, … 例︰基于这个理由¸我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。 For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career. 25. 我们有理由相信… We have reasons to believe (that)子句 例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。 We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited. 26. 事实上¸… As a matter of fact, … = In fact, … 例︰事实上¸健康才是最重要。 As a matter of fact, it is health that counts. 27. (A) 例如¸… For example, … (B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example. 例︰例如¸我们盲目地提高生活水准¸却降低生活品质。 For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life. 28. 此外¸我们不应忽视… Besides (In addition), we should not neglect … 例︰此外¸我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。 In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society. 29. 相反地¸… on the contrary, … = by contrast, … 例︰相反地¸少数学生似乎还在鬼混。 On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around. 30. 另一方面¸… on the other hand, … 例︰政府应严格执法¸另一方面¸大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。 The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution. 31. 然而¸很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句 例︰然而¸很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。 However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour. 32. 换言之¸… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰换言之¸我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。 In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal. 33. 别人可能认为这是事实¸但我不是。我认为… It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that子句 例︰别人可能认为这是事实¸但我不是。我认为… It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end. 34. 从此之后¸我已发现… Ever since then, I have found that子句 例︰从此之后¸我已发现… Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives. 35. 这样说来¸假如...¸当然毫无疑问地…。 In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句 例︰这样说来¸假如我们能善用时间¸当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。 In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere. 36. 更严重的是¸…。 What is more serious is (that)子句 例︰更严重的是¸我们不珍惜野生动物。 What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife. 37. 鉴于社会的实际需要¸…。 In view of the practical need of society, …. 例︰鉴于社会的实际需要¸愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。 In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English. III. 用于文章结论句 38. 如果能实践这三点¸…。 If one can really put the three points into action (practice), … 例︰如果能实践这三点¸…。 If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life. 39. 做这些简单之事¸我们一定可以…。 By doing these simple things, we surely can …. 例︰做这些简单之事¸我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。 By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day. 40. 如此¸我相信…。 In this way, I believe (that)子句 例︰如此¸我相信大家能够像我一样¸享受乘坐公车的乐趣。 In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me. 41. 实践这些¸…。 By putting them (the above) into practice, …. 例︰实践这些¸在智育方面我一直能不断进步。 By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education. 42. (A) 唯有符合此三项要求¸我们才能…。 Only by living up to the three requirements, can we …. (B) 唯有通力合作¸我们才能…。 Only with combined efforts, can we …. 例︰唯有通力合作¸我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。 Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course. 43. 最后¸但并非最不重要¸…。 Last but no least, …. 例︰最后¸但并非最不重要¸教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。 Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency. 44. 这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized. 例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。 This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 45. 由于这些理由¸我…。 For these reasons, I …. 例︰由于这些理由¸我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。 For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise. 46. 总而言之¸…。 In conclusion, … = To sum up, … 例︰总而言之¸好国民应该遵守交通规则。 In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations. 47. 因此¸我们能下个结论¸那就是…。 We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句 例︰因此¸我们能下个结论¸那就是世上自由罪珍贵。 We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world. 48. 如果我们能做到如上所述¸毫无疑问地¸…。 If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句 例︰如果我们能做到如上所述¸毫无疑问地¸我们就能精通英语。 If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49. 因此¸这就是…的原因。 Thus, this is the reason why …. 例︰因此¸这就是我重感冒的原因。 Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold. 50. 所以¸我们应该了解…。 Therefore, we should realize (that)子句 例︰所以¸我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。 Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary. 51. 因此¸由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句 例︰因此¸由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty. 52. 1. 从～观点来看¸…。 From the ～ point of view, …. 2. 根据～的看法¸…。 According to ～ point of view, …. 例︰从政治的观点来看¸这是一个很复杂的问题。 From the political point 之四：英语写作常用句式菁华荟萃 以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。 1．表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this． 2）The reasons for this are as follows． 3）The reason for this is obvious． 4）The reason for this is not far to seek． 5）The reason for this is that．．． 6）We have good reason to believe that．．． 例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 2．表示好处 1）It has the following advantages． 2）It does us a lot of good． 3）It benefits us quite a lot． 4）It is beneficial to us． 5）It is of great benefit to us． 例如： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us． 3．表示坏处 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmfulto us． 例如： However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion． 4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth． 2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life． 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age． 5．表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures． 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties． 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth． 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with． 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it． 6．表示变化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years． 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications． 3）The computer has brought about many changes in education． 例如： Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins． 7．表示事实、现状 1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．． 2）No one can deny the fact that．．． 3）There is no denying the fact that．．． 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in． 5）However，that’s not the case． 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment． 8．表示比较 1）Compared with A，B．．． 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV． 3）There is a striking contrast between them． 例如： Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise． 9．表示数量 1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．． 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000． 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January． 例如： With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased． 再如： From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000． 注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET －4、6短文写作的第一段。 10．表示看法 1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth． 2）People have different opinions on this problem． 3）People take different views of（on）the question． 4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．． 例如： People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success． Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers． 再如： Do“lucky numbersreally bring good luck？Different people have different views on it． 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 11．表示结论 1）In short，it can be said that ．．． 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows． 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．． 例如： From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved． 注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。 12．套语 1）It’s well known to us that ．．． 2）As is known to us，．．． 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about． 4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．． 5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如： As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus． The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate． 再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it. 之五：英语写作11类常见错误分析 一． 不一致（Disagreements） 所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等． 例１． When one have money ,he can do what he want to . (人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．) 剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致． 改为： Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 二． 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers） 英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１． I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus. 剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末． 三． 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments） 在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生． 例１． There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on . 剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句． 改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper. 四． 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers） 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了． 改为： When I was ten, my grandfather died. 例１． To do well in college, good grades are essential. 剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚． 改为： To do well in college, a student needs good grades. 五． 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech) “词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等． 例１． None can negative the importance of money. 剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。 改为： None can deny the importance of money. 六． 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句： Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. (玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。) 读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为： Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid. 例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为： We can also know society by serving it ourselves. 七． 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences) 什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。 例１． There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 改为： There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或： There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world 八． 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction) Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 例１． The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution. (农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。) 剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。 改为： The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. 九． 累赘(Redundancy) 言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如： In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. 本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him. 例１． For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。 改为： Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. 十． 不连贯(Incoherence) 不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 例１． The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth. 剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。 改为： Fresh water is the most important thing in the world. 十一． 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage) 所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。 例1．Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc. |
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