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学科：英语
教学内容：Making a difference
【本章重点难点】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用词与常用词组
1．It takes a very usual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious．(P.1)
动词undertake及形容词obvious的用法
2．Each group member represents a branch of science．(P.2)
动词represent及名词branch的用法
3．Scan the text to answer the following questions．(P.3)
动词scan的词义及用法
4．Imagine this：you are twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world．(P.3)
promising在此句中的意思，graduate作动词、名词的用法
5．Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse．(P.3)
动词go by的词义及用法
6．In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jane Wilde．(P.3)
动词engage的词义及用法
7．Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe．(P.3)
动词seek的词义及用法
8．Scientists...know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
动词短语turn out的词义及用法
9．First，they carefully observe what they are interested in．(P.4)
动词observe的词义及用法
10．Finally，the scientists test the theory to see if it matches what they have seen and if it can predict future events．(P.4)
动词match和predict的词义及用法
11．The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was so curious that he invented both a microscope...(P.7)
形容词curious的词义及用法。
12．By asking why，how and what if，curious minds find new ideas and solutions．(P.7)
名词solution的词义与用法
13．We must also believe in what we do even when others don't．(P.7)
动词词组believe in与believe的词义及用法的区别。
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus语言点与语法重点
A．Language points语言点
1．There did not seem much point in working on my PhD—I did not expect to survive that long．(P.3)
句型There be...point in doing sth．的句意；that用作副词的词义及用法
2．Hawking became famous in the early 1970s，when he and American Roger Penrose made new discoveries about the Big Bang black holes．(P.3)
when用作并列连词时的词义及用法
3．Science，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
词组on the other hand的词义及用法
4．People who listen to Hawking's lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him，...(P.4)
代词it用作形式宾语时的各种用法
5．Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference．(P.7)
当only引导状语处于句首时，主句要用倒装的语序
B．Grammar focus语法重点
1．The simple passive form of the infinitives
不定式被动语态的一般形式的内涵及用法
2．Four functions of the infinitives used as attribute，object and adverbial
用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing听、说、读、写四项基本能力的学习技巧
1．Listening：Have a good understanding of a long dialogue by grasping the reason why an event happens
掌握某事发生的原因，很好理解一段较长对话
2．Speaking：Talk about science and scientists
谈论科学与科学家
3．Reading：How to grasp the core of a very long sentence
如何抓住一个长句的核心
4．Writing：How to write a descriptive passage
如何写一篇描述性的短文
【难点解析】
Ⅰ．Hot words and hot phrases常用词与常用词组
1．It takes a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis of the obvious．(P.l)
译文：分析明显存在的事情需要非凡的头脑。
[讲解]undertake(undertook；undertaken)有两个意思。①to take up or start on(or a piece of work esp. one that is difficult or need effect)担任(职位)；着手(艰苦工作等)。后常用名词、代词作其宾语。②to promise or agree答应；同意。后加不定式或that从句作宾语。
[例句]
She undertook responsibility for the accident．
她承担了这次事故的责任。
He undertook to pay back the money within 2 months．／He undertook that he would pay back the money within 2 months．他答应两个月之内还钱。
He undertook to be here by 10 o'clock．／He undertook that he would be here by 10 o'clock...他答应10点前到达。
[讲解]本句中出现的另一个词obvious为形容词，意为“显而易见的；明显的”。obviously adv．显而易见地，这类形容词如用定冠词，表示一类事物或人，又如：the rich富人，the disabled残疾人。
[例句]
It is obvious that mastering the English language is a must in international trade．很显然，在国际贸易中，掌握英语是必要的。
He is obviously mad．=It is obvious that he is mad．很显然他疯了。
2．Each group member represents a branch of science．(P.2)
译文：每组成员代表着一个科学分支。
[讲解]represent vt．意为“代表”，作此义讲时，它的同义词是“stand for”，但stand for不可用于被动语态。
[例句]
She represented president in the conference．在会议上她代表总统。
In Chemistry，O represents Oxygen．在化学中O代表氧元素。
The rose represents England．玫瑰花是英国的象征。
Our company is represented in China by Mr．Smith．
史密斯先生是我公司在中国的代理。
[讲解]branch名词，原意为“树枝”，引申义为“(河流的)支流；(铁路的)支线；(家族的)分支；(公司的)分店、分公司；(组织的)支部”等。
[例句和例词]
His uncle's branch of the family moved to Shanghai last year．
在他们这个家族中，他叔叔的那一支去年搬到上海了。
The bank has branches in all parts of the country．
该银行在全国各地都有分行。
3．Scan the text to answer the following questions．(P.3)
译文：浏览课文，回答下列问题。
[讲解]scan(scanned；scanned) vt．—glance at(e.g. a document)quickly but not very thoroughly匆匆而粗略地看(文件等)；略读。
[例句]
She scanned the newspaper over breakfast．
她吃着早餐把报纸大致地读了一遍。
She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it．
她扫了一下名单，看自己的名字是否在上面。
4．Imagine this：you are twenty-one years old and a promising graduate student at one of the top universities in the world．(P.3)
译文：想象一下：你21岁，是世界一所顶尖大学的一名很有希望的大学毕业生。
[讲解]promising形容词意为“大有希望的；有出息的；有前途的”。该词是promise的同源词。promise作动词或名词时，除了我们较熟悉的“允诺”“诺言”，还有其他意思。作动词时，promise还有“预示”的意思。作名词时还有“(有)指望；(有)前途”的意思。
[例句]
All of you are promising if you learn English well．
如果你们学好英语，你们非常有前途。
The results of the first experiment are very promising．
第一次试验结果充满了希望。
It's a promising sign．那是一个很好的迹象。
It promises to be warm this afternoon．今天下午有望变暖。
The clear sky promises fine weather．晴朗的天空预示着好天气。
[讲解]①graduate在此句中为名词，意为“毕业生”。当你步入大学校门，一年级时，你被称为freshman；大二时，被称为sophomore；大三时，被称为junior；大四时，被称为senior；当你已基本完成学业，但尚未取得学士学位时，被称为undergraduate；拿到学士学位后，又继续上硕士或博士，那你就被称为postgraduate，graduate作名词时有时也可指硕士或博士研究生。②graduate作动词时，意为“毕业”，后加介词from／at+学校；加介词in+专业；加介词with+学位。
[例句和例词]
a graduate nurse一名护士学校毕业的学生
a graduate student一名研究生
He graduated in law at Oxford．他毕业于牛津大学法学专业。
He graduated from Beijing University with a Doctor's degree in history．
他毕业于北京大学，获得史学博士学位。
5．Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse．(P.3)
译文：然而两年过去了，我的情况却不是那样糟糕。
[讲解]go by有三个词义。①to pass(in place or time)(时光)流逝；经过(某处)。②be guided by依照；遵循，依据……办事。③to judge by根据……作出判断。作上面②、③词义讲时不用被动语态。
[例句]
A car went by．一辆汽车驶过。
As time goes by／passes，all of you have grown into big boys or big girls．=With time going by／passing，all of you have grown into big boys or big girls．随着时光的流逝，你们都长成大小伙子，大姑娘了。
Don't go by that old map；it might be out of date．
别用那张旧地图，它可能过时了。
He always goes by the rules．他总是循规蹈矩。
Going by／Judging by her clothes，she must be very rich．
根据她的衣着判断，她一定有钱。
6．In fact，things were going rather well for me and I had gotten engaged to a very nice girl，Jane Wilde．(P.3)
译文：事实上，事情发展得还挺顺利，我和一位非常好的女孩简•怀尔德订了婚。
[讲解]get engaged to sb．意为“与某人订婚”，注意：①get为瞬间动词，意为“变成”，所以get engaged to sb．不可与表一段时间的时间状语连用。表一段时间时，可用be engaged to sb．get／be married to“与某人结婚”也是如此。②牢记本短语的介词to，不要受汉语影响，误记为with。
[例句]
Tom got engaged to Mary 3 weeks ago．汤姆和玛丽三周前订了婚。
Tom has been engaged to Mary for 3 weeks．
It is 3 weeks since Tom got engaged to Mary．
汤姆和玛丽订婚三周了。
7．Since then，Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions about the nature of the universe．(P.3)
译文：自从那时，霍金就一直探求关于宇宙本质问题的答案。
[讲解]seek(sought，sought，seeking)。seek to do sth(=attempt to do sth．=try to do sth．=do as much as sb．can to do sth．=do as much as possible to do sth．=do what sb．can to do sth．=make an effort to sth．=spare no effort to do sth．)设法(试图)做某事；seek sth．寻找、征求、谋求、追求；seek after追求、企图得到；seek for寻求／寻找；seek one's fortune外出找出路。
[例句]
We should constantly seek advice from the masses。
我们应不断地听取群众的意见和建议。
These books were eagerly sought after．这些书很畅销。
They encouraged her to seek for new ways of doing her experiments．
他们鼓励她寻找新的实验方法。
We sought to change her mind but she refused．
我们试图改变她的主意，但是她拒绝了。
8．Scientists...know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
译文：科学家们……知道他们的工作永远不会结束，甚至认为即使最好的理论也可能被证实是错误的。
[讲解]turn out有三个意思：①produce生产，培养；②prove被证实；③to come out or gather(as if)for a meeting，public events etc．群体出动。作“被证实”讲常用“...turn out(to be)+adj．／noun”或“It turn out that从句”两种句型。
[例句]
This factory can turn out 200 cars a day．
这家工厂一天可生产200辆汽车。
This school has turned out some first-class scholars．
这所学校培养出了一些一流学者。
The party turned out a success／successful．=It turned out that the party was a success／successful．=The party proved a success／successful．=It proved that the party was a success／successful．=The party work out very well．这台晚会结果开得很成功。
The whole village turned out to welcome him．
整个村庄群体出动来欢迎他。
9．First，they carefully observe what they are interested in．(P.4)
译文：首先，他们对自己感兴趣的事情进行仔细观察。
[讲解]observe vt．①If you observe someone or something，you watch them carefully，especially in order to learn something about them；②If you observe someone or something，you see or notice them；③If you observe something such as a law or custom，you obey it or follow it．
[例句]
Did you observe anything unusual in his behavior？
你注意到他的行为有什么不寻常吗？
I observed that they were late．我注意到他们迟到了。
The police observed him entering／enter the bank with a shotgun．
警察看到他带着猎枪进入了银行。
Do you observe Christmas？你有过圣诞节的习俗吗？
10．Finally，the scientists test the theory to see if it matches what they have seen and if it can predict future events．(P.4)
译文：最后，科学家们对这项理论作了试验，目的在于了解这项理论是否与他们所见一致，以及它是否可以预见未来的事情。
[讲解]match v．意为①“和……相一致；和……相匹配；匹配”；②—be equal to or find an equal for比得过；敌得过。
[例句或例词]
The curtain doesn't match the paint．=The curtain and the paint don't match．这窗帘和油漆不搭配。
a matching skirt and sweater相配衬的裙子和毛衣
well-matched husband and wife十分匹配的夫妻
Why not buy some tapes to match(=go with)your book？
为什么不买些磁带和你的书配套呐？
His latest films don't match his previous ones．
他最近的电影不能与以前的媲美。
[讲解]predict vt．—say in advance that(sth)will happen；forecast预言某事将发生；预报；预告。
[例句]
He predicted that the terrorists would attack the USA．
他预言恐怖分子会袭击美国。
The earthquake had been predicted several months before．
这次地震早在几个月前就发布了预告。
It is impossible to predict who will win．
11．The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was so curious that he invented both a microscope...(P.7)
译文：意大利天文学家伽利略如此好奇，以至于他发明了显微镜和……
[讲解]If you are curious about something，you are interested in it and want to know more about it．If something is curious，it is unusual or difficult to understand．其同源名词是curiosity．
[例句]
I am curious about／as to what happened．我很想知道发生了什么事。
They were curious to know where he had gone．
他们好奇地想知道他去了哪。
It is curious that he left without saying good-bye．
真奇怪，他不辞而别了。
12．By asking why，how and what if，curious minds find new ideas and solutions．(P.7)
译文：通过自问事情出现的原因、方式及如果某事发生结果会如何等问题，这些好奇的哲人发现了一些新的观点和一些新的解决问题的方法。
[讲解]solution可数名词an answer to a difficulty or a problem解决；解答；解法；解决方法。其动词形式为solve。另外solution作不可数名词时还有“溶解”的意思；作“溶液，溶剂”讲时，即可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。
[例句或例词]
It is very difficult to find a solution to the problem．
找出解决此问题的方法太难了。
I have bought another dictionary，which is the solution of all the problems．
我又买了一本字典，这样一切问题解决了。
We must spare no effort to solve the problem．
我们必须全力以赴解决这个问题。
sugar in solution in water溶于水的糖。
13．We must also believe in what we do even when others don't．(P.7)
译文：即使别人不相信，我们自己也要相信自己所做的事情。
[讲解]believe指相信某人说的话或相信某事是真实的，其后可以接名词、宾语从句、名词+不定式。当believe为被动语态时，其后只能跟不定式结构。believe in指相信某人或某物的本质或特性，后常跟真理、宗教一类的词。
[例句]
I believe his words／him／what he said．我相信他的话。
I believe in keeping early hours．我相信早睡早起是好的。
He doesn't believe in God．他不相信上帝的存在。
I don't believe in him．我不信任他的为人／品质。
Ⅱ．Language points and grammar focus语言点与语法重点
A．Language points语言点
1．There did not seem much point in working on my PhD—I did not expect to survive that long．(P.3)
译文：取得博士学位对我来说没有什么意义，我没有期望活那么久。
[讲解]point在此处为不可数名词，意为“purpose，advantage；use目的；好处；用途”后面加in或of+名词／代词／动名词；“No point of doing something=No useful purpose would be served by doing it．”即“做某事没什么用处”。
[例句]
If we have finished our work，there is no point in staying any longer；we may as well go home．如果我们完成了工作，就没有必要再呆下去，我们还不如回家。
I cannot see the point in trying to persuade him—he'll never change his mind．我看劝他没用，他不会改变主意的。
[讲解]that在此处为副词，非正式用语，一般用于疑问句或否定句，意为：so；to such a degree那么；那样；到那种程度。this也有类似的用法。
[例句]
It wasn't that good actually．(=it was quite good but not very good．)
它实际上没那么好。
We haven't see all that much of her recently．
我们最近没有怎么见过她。
Can hard work change a person that much？
艰苦工作能使人有如此大的变化吗？
You don't look that old．你看上去没那么老。
2．Hawking became famous in the early 1970s，when he and American Roger Penrose made new discoveries about the Big Bang black holes．(P.3)
译文：霍金是20世纪70年代成名的，他和美国人罗杰•彭罗斯发现了宇宙大爆炸和黑洞的理论。
[讲解]when在此句中不是从属连词“当……的时候”的意思，这里when是并列连词，有人也称之为等立连词，意为“and at this／that time”“就在这／那时”。中学常见的句型有：①be doing sth．when...某人正在做某事，这时……②be about to do sth when...某人刚要做某事，这时……③have just done sth when...某人刚做完某事，这时……
[例句]
We were having dinner when the telephone rang．
我们在吃饭，这时电话响了。
We had just finished our work，when he came in．
我们刚干完活，这时他进来了。
We were about to go，when the telephone rang．
我们刚要走，这时电话响了。
3．Science，on the other hand，Hawking writes，know that their job is never finished and that even the best theory can turn out to be wrong．(P.4)
译文：霍金写道，从另一个方面说，科学家知道他们的工作是永无止境的，即使是最完美的理论也可能是错误的。
[讲解]on the other hand另一方面，用于对比。与on the one hand形成对比。即：on the one hand...，on the other hand...一方面……，另一方面……。(指辩论、考虑、情况等)。
The Government seems to me to be inconsistent．On the one hand they say they wish to reduce the cost of living，and on the other hand they increase the duties on a number of essential articles．政府在我看来反复无常。他们一方面说，要降低生活费，另一方面又提高许多生活必需品的税收。
In this country，food is cheaper than in Britain；clothing on the other hand，is dearer．这个国家的食品比英国便宜，但另一方面，衣着比英国贵。
4．People who listen to Hawking's lectures sometimes find it difficult to understand him，...(P.4)
译文：听过霍金报告的人有时发现理解他的报告太难了，……
[讲解]it除作代词外，还可用作引词(anticipatory)。引词本身无实义，只起一种先行引导的作用。引词it不重读，它可用作形式主语、形式宾语；还可用于强调句型。现在让我们学习一下it作形式宾语的用法。
1)真正宾语是不定式
e.g. I find it easy enough to get on with Pam．
(it指代to get on with Pam)我觉得与Pam相处很容易。
I'd think it useful to learn computers．
(it指代to learn computers)我认为学电脑有用。
2)真正宾语是动名词
e.g. You must find it exciting working here．
(it指代working here)你一定发现在此工作令人激动。
I think it no use advising him to give up his plan．(it指代advising him to give up his plan)我认为建议他放弃计划没用。
3)真正宾语是宾语从句
e.g. I think it best that you should stay here．(it指代that you should stay here)我认为你最好留在这里。
I took it for granted that you would stay with us．(it指代that you would stay with us)我以为你当然会留在我们这里的。
5．Everyone has his or her special skills and interests，and only by discovering what we do best can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference．
译文：每个人都有自己的专长和兴趣，只有发现自己的专长，我们才能期望达到自己的目标，真正与众不同。
[讲解]当only引导状语处于句首时，主句要用倒装的语序。注意：1)当only引导非状语处于句首时，主句不必用倒装的语序；2)当only引导状语处于句中或句末时，主句也不用倒装的语序；3)当only引导状语从句处于句首时，要倒装主句的语序，千万不要倒装从句的语序，而忘了倒装主句！
[例句]
Only in this way can we learn English well．
只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。
Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work．
只有在战争结束后，他才高高兴兴地返回工作。
B．Grammar focus语法重点
1．The simple passive form of the infinitives．
不定式被动态的一般形式的内涵及用法。
2．Four functions of the infinitives used as subject，attribute，object and adverbial．用作主语、定语、宾语和状语的不定式的四种功能的用法。
本单元的语法项目是不定式的被动式，具体讲解如下：
①当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般用被动形式。不定式被动形式在句中可作主语、表语、状语、补语等。如：
To be obeyed was natural to her．她生性让别人听命于她。(作主语)
The problem remained to be solved．这个问题还有待解决。(作表语)
It needs not to be said that they are very happy together．
不必说他们在一起非常幸福。(作宾语)
There were plans to be made at once．要立即制定计划。(作定语)
He has returned only to be sent away again．
他回来以后又被打发走了。(作状语)
The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted．
船长命令升旗。(作宾语补足语)
The book is intended to be read and not to be torn．
这书是供人阅读的而不是供人撕毁的。(作主语补足语)
②在某些句子中，不定式虽表被动，但仍用主动形式。如：
What is to pay？要付多少钱？
The reason is not far to seek．道理很浅显。
He gave me some books to read．他给了我一些书读。
We found the report easy to understand．我们发现这些报告很容易懂。
不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的功能和用法讲解如下：
由于不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特点，所以它在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语、状语、补语等。但由于时间关系，今天我只把不定式作主语、定语、宾语和状语的用法讲解一下。
1)作主语。如：
To see is to believe．眼见为实。
To serve the people is our duty．为人民服务是我们的职责。
在日常英语中，常用it作为语法上的主语，即形式主语，而将真正的主语放在后面。
It is our duty to serve the people．为人民服务是我们的职责。
2)作宾语。如：
I couldn't afford to buy a new car．我买不起汽车。
Have you decided to marry him？你决定嫁给他吗？
有些动词常常跟不定式作宾语，它们是：want，wish，hate，prefer，hope，continue，manage，try，ask，offer，start，forget，remember，begin，decide，agree，choose，learn，pretend，promise，mean，expect，desire等。
另外，在一些复合宾语中，常用it代表不定式作为形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式放在后面。如：
I thought it right to do this test．我认为做这项实验是对的。
3)作定语。通常都置于被修饰名词或代词之后。如：
This is the best way to solve this problem．
这是解决这个问题的最好办法。
I have a lot of work to do．我有许多工作要做。
如果不定式和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且这个不定式是不及物动词，则它后面需有必要的介词。如：
He is a good comrade to work with．他是一个很好共事的同志。
There is nothing to think about．没什么值得考虑的。
4)作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等。如：
He went home to see his parents．他回家看望父母。(表目的)
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you．
我把收音机音量调小，以免打扰你。(表目的)
The problem is too hard to understand．
这问题太难了，理解不了。(表结果)
What have I done to make you unhappy？
我做了什么事使你不高兴？(表结果)
I'm glad to hear the news．听了这消息，我很高兴。(表原因)
I was surprised to see him there．
我真想不到会在那里见到他。(表原因)
Ⅲ．Skills of the four essential abilities：listening，speaking，reading and writing听、说、读、写四项基本能力的学习技巧
1．Listening skills听力技巧
Have a good understanding of a long dialogue by grasping the reason why an event happens．
掌握某事发生的原因，很好理解一段较长对话
在高二的第一学期我们主要学习如何听好较长对话的一系列技巧。
较长对话与简短对话的检测有哪些区别？
简短对话在篇幅上，比起较长对话要短；简短对话只有一个检测点，因此只有一个设问，而较长对话有若干个检测点，因此有若干个设问。简短对话侧重于句子层次理解的考查，而较长对话侧重于话语或语段层次的检测。一般说来，如果一段较长对话有两个设问，那么这段对话涉及的内容至少是两个，所以在审题中，应把在应对简短对话中的那些技巧使用起来，而且还应学会通过审题中得到的信息来把握各个设问之间的内在联系，从而推断出还未听到的较长对话的大致内容，进而确定听音的重点的技巧。听其对话录音时，要尽力把握能正确解决设问的关键词、短语或句子。
以高考试题的实例讲解本节的中心议题。
请看下例(2002年高考试题，全国卷)：
1．why does the man thank the woman？
A．She has helped him with his problems．
B．She has invited him for coffee．
C．She has agreed to see him on Monday．
2．When does the conversation take place？
A．Before class． B．After class． C．During class．
首先你们应仔细审读这两个设问及其选项。看看从审题中能得到哪些信息？
第一个设问是：为什么这位男士要感谢这位女士？这段较长对话的第二个设问是：这段对话发生在什么时间？这两个设问有什么内在联系呢？
孤立地看这两个设问及选项，似乎看不出它们的内在联系，但如果你是个细心的有经验的应试者，应该能确定此段较长对话发生在学校，因为第二题的选项提供的时间，都是发生在学校里的时间现象：A．上课前；B．下课后；C．课程进行的过程中。根据生活常识，我们可以推断出对话的双方最大的可能都是学校中的人士。那么其对话内容很可能与学校生活有关。再有从审读第一个设问的选项的内容，我们得知男士感谢女士的原因有以下三个：A．女士帮助他解决了一些问题；B．女士邀请他喝咖啡；C．女士同意在星期一会见他。带着这些问题我们再听对话录音，就是有备而听。这时我们听到如下这段较长对话的录音：
M：Thank you very much，Miss Times．That helped me a lot．
W：I'm glad I could be of some help，Carolos．Let me know if you still have any more questions later．
M：I will．And thank you for giving up your coffee break to help．I know you need one after teaching three classes．
W：Oh，I don't mind．Teaching is what I love most．
M：Well．Good bye and thanks again．
W：You're very welcome，Carolos．See you in class next Monday．
听完这段较长对话两遍之后，我深刻体会到从正确审题中所获取的信息，进而做到有备而听是解答这类较长对话听力题的基础与前提。在听对话录音时，把握其中的关键词、短语或句子是正确做出判断的关键。我在录音中听到该男士三次向女士致谢，在他第二次致谢时，他解释了他致谢的原因：感谢女士放弃了在教了三节课后喝咖啡的休息给他讲解问题，同时又听到女士乐于给他讲解问题的陈述，由此得出上面两个设问的正确答案应该是稳操胜券的事。
2．Oral practice口语训练
Talk about science and scientists
谈论科学与科学家
我们怎样才能较好地用英语谈论科学与科学家呢？
就科学而言，主要两大类：社会科学与自然科学。
本教学单元一共提及七位科学家：哥德、爱因斯坦、居里夫人、爱迪生、霍金、伽利略与培根。在他们中间哥德与培根属于社会科学家，其余的五位都是自然科学家。
自然科学有很多分支，例如：数学(mathematics or maths)，物理学(physics)，化学(chemistry)，生物学(biology)，天文学(astronomy)与计算机学(computer science)等。
知道这些自然科学的英语表达方式后，我们应如何谈论这些科学及其科学家呢？
要谈论这些科学，首先应掌握这些科学的英语表达方式，然后发表自己认为哪门科学最重要(the most important)，最有兴趣(the most interesting)和最有用(the most useful)，然后讲清你为什么认为它最重要、最有兴趣和最有用。
要谈论这些学科的专家，首先应掌握他们各自的英语表达方式：
数学家mathematician 物理学家physicist
化学家chemist 生物学家biologist
天文学家astronomer 发明家inventor
计算机专家或科学家computer expert／scientist
假定你认为数学是一门最重要、有兴趣和有用的科学，你将如何表述你的见解及你这种看法的理由呢？
我将用如下方式表示我的看法及其理由：
I think mathematics is the most important，interesting and useful science，firstly because it's the basis of each branch of other sciences；secondly because it is closely connected with our daily life；thirdly because one can become cleverer and more rigorous(严谨的)through studying the science of maths...
要谈论一位科学家，就应对他的身世与他在他的研究领域的建树和功绩有所了解。因此以下这些句式都常用来谈论科学家，请看：
1．What is the name of the man who wrote the best-seller“A Brief History of Time”？
2．What is his greatest contribution to modern science？
3．When and where was he born？
4．Where did he grow up？
5．Where did he receive his advanced education？
6．When did he get his PhD degree？
7．When did he become well-known all over the world？
8．What famous theories of his is usually expressed in his speeches？
9．When did he visit China？
10．What does he think of science and scientists？
很明显这些问题针对本教学单元中NO BOUNDARIES这篇课文设问的，根据课文中对史蒂芬•霍金的介绍的内容给予回答就是对科学家及他研究的理论谈论很好的例证。
3．Reading skills阅读技巧
How to grasp the core of a very long sentence
如何抓住一个长句的核心
在我们现在的阅读中，虽然在文章或句子中没有生词，但我们仍然对短文或句子，尤其是那些长句往往不能很好的理解，这究竟是怎么一回事？
这是你们现在所处的学习阶段里出现的一个通病。
阅读较难的读物时，常遇到很长的句子。这些长句往往对初学者来说是很难正确理解的。如果能抓住句子的核心(the core of a sentence)，困难就会迎刃而解。
1．找出句子的核心
所谓句子的核心，就是指句子最主要的部分，即主语、谓语动词及其宾语或表语。它们是句子最基本的成分。一般地说，长句的核心不过是几个关键词，其他部分都为这几个关键词服务，或是描述修饰它们，或是解释说明那些细节，如原因(why)，方式(how)，时间(when)，地点(where)，何物(what)及结果(what result)。下面我们以1995—1998年高考考题里阅读理解文章的一些句子为例，说明如何找出这些句子中的核心。
Twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung(最高的台阶)out of 4 million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tuesday evening at Jintan，Jiangsu Province．
句子的核心：students...climbed
句子的细节：How many：twenty out of 4 million
现在分词短语taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe。置于此种位置的分词短语起的是解释说明的作用，回答的是：What kind of work does the“dustman”do？如果再细致进行下去，还可对这个分词短语各个成分作分析。这样，全句的意思就清楚了。
2．找出核心词的过程中应注意的三个常见的语言现象
(1)注意倒装句：英语中有时为了保持句子的平衡，或为了取得特别效果，要把谓语动词放在主语前面形成倒装句。例如：
①In the far distance was seen the glittering(闪光的)surface of a lake surrounded by large and tall willow trees．
先找出动词：was seen
用what放在动词前发问what was seen...，找出其主语：surface of a lake，核心词：surface of a lake was seen经过语法分析明确动词was seen之前的介词短语In the far distance为地点状语，而主语surface of a lake之后的过去分词短语surrounded by large and tall willow trees是作修饰lake的定语。这样，准确理解此句就应是理所当然的结果。
②With the last hours of the afternoon went her hopes，her courage and her strength．先找出动词：went
再用what放在动词前提问：what went？找出其主语hopes，courage，strength，其核心词：hopes，courage，strength went
最后作语法分析，得出结论：with the last hours of the afternoon是句子的时间状语，意为：就在那天下午的最后几个小时里，……
(2)注意主从复合句：“剥卷心菜”法是处理主从复合句的有效方法。
在实际的阅读中，会经常遇到主从复合句。在处理主从复合句时，应首先处理主句，然后再解决从句。主句应视为“菜心”，从句则是包在“菜心”外的“菜叶”。处理它们的程序仍是抓住核心及语法分析等方法。下面以高考英语试题的阅读文章中的句子为例，做些实际分析。
①In the 19th century when English ladies went swimming in the sea，they hired a bathing machine，which was used for changing in，and for taking the bathers down to the sea．(1996)(本句为带有2个定语从句的主从复合句。)
主句：they hired a bathing machine
时间状语：in the 19th century...(其后的when English ladies went swimming in the sea为修饰century的定语从句)
定语从句：which was used for changing in，and for taking the bathers down to the sea用来说明machine的。
然后再按上述方法找出主句及从句的核心，最后再对主句及从句的细节做语法分析。用这种方法理解(这样的)较长的难句是很有效的方法。
②Carmakers' research and development laboratories have already proved that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise．(1995)
主句：Carmakers' research and development laboratories have already proved...
宾语从句：that mixing in more noise with the help of loudspeakers can reduce the unwanted noise．

主句的主语的定语：carmakers' research and development

宾语从句的宾语：the unwanted noise
(3)注意并列句：“切割”法是处理并列句的有效方法。
并列句或并列复合句也是阅读文章中常见的情况，合理地将它们分而解决之是行之有效的。例如：
The idea of fighting a noise by making more noise sounds strange，but that's exactly what motor engineers are doing in Germany and some other countries．(1995)
这是一个并列复合句，由并列连词but连接两个并列子句。第二个并列子句中有一个表语从句。
第一个并列子句的核心
谓语：sounds strange(系动词+表语)
主语：the idea...
第一个并列子句的细节
修饰主语的定语：...of fighting a noise by making more noise
第二个并列子句的核心
谓语：is what...countries(系动词+表语从句)
主语：that
表语从句的核心
谓语：are doing
主语：motor engineers
表语从句的细节
谓语动词的宾语：what
地点状语：in Germany and some other countries
4．Writing capacities书面表达能力
How to write a descriptive paragraph
如何写一个描述性的段落
怎样写好一篇描述性的短文呢？
本单元学习的是对科学家的介绍，我们应学以致用，写关于介绍科学家的描述性短文。与学习汉语写作一样，首先应确定我们要写的内容，然后根据要写的内容来确定写作的方式。
在介绍一位科学家前，你应该考虑清楚你要写的科学家是哪一位？你为什么最喜欢他／她？他／她生活中有哪些重要和有趣的事？读者需要对他／她了解些什么？考虑好这些问题，就应解决写作方式的问题。
描写文是用生动语言描绘人、事、物、场景或过程，使人物有血有肉，活灵活现，把事情的过程、发生的场景变得具体、形象与生动。描写文与记述文的不同之处在于是对人或事物作概括和交代，而描写文则是具体的描述与刻画。
描述科学家的特征的形容词与名词
curious adj．求知欲强的 careful adj．细心的
patient adj．有耐心的 creativity n．创造力
imagination n．想像力 perseverance n．毅力
discovery n．发现 invention 发明
theory n．理论 success n．成功
因为有成就的科学家都是求知欲旺盛的，细心的与有耐力的，他们都有丰富的想像力，坚忍不拔的毅力与了不起的创造力，他们或是有伟大的发现与发明，他们的理论往往在开始时不被世人理解，或使人大感惊愕。所以他们的人生往往是以伟大的成功划上圆满的句号。
所以你可以上网查寻你认为最了不起的科学家的各方面情况，上面讲述的思路，写作特点与描述科学家的词汇应该对你的写作有所帮助。

【同步达纲练习】
Ⅰ．根据句意，在空白处填入既适合语境又在语法上正确的单词
1)He is a millionaire，so it is ____________that he can afford a car．
2)If you read a paper very quickly for some information，you are____________．
3)When you go abroad，you should ____________the customs there．
4)They haven't got married，but they have got___________．
5)He works on the Bank of China，Gu-an___________．
Ⅱ．单项填空
1)—Nancy is not coming tonight．(NMETl998)
—But she___________！
A．promises B．promised
C．will promise D．had promised
2)I have never sought _____________my view．
A．hiding B．to hide
C．hidden D．to be hidden
3)I observed him _____________his homework when I entered the room．
A．do B．doing
C．did D．done
4)I don't think ______________possible to master a foreign language without much memory work．(NMETl990)
A．this B．that
C．its D．it
5)____________can you expect to get a pay rise．(2001北京春)
A．With work hard B．Although work hard
C．Only with hard work D．Now that he works hard
Ⅲ．阅读技巧
指出下列各句的句子性质及句子的这四个成分，主语(横线_____________)谓语(波浪线 ，其后如有宾语则加箭头 )状语(虚线 )定语(双线 )，并将它们译成汉语(此练习中的句子均选自高一英语(下)的Unit l3～Unit l8)
[例1]Organic vegetables are those that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings or the environment．(Unit 13，P.4)
[例2]Since Kwanzaa is a time for learning as well as joy，people celebrate it by lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa．(Unit 14，P.11)
[例3]Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning，I decided to do an experiment．(Unit 16，P.24)
[例4]On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent．(Unit 17，P.31)
[例5]The common meeting place for Maori is on the marae，an area of land with a meeting house，where all important events take place．(Unit 18，P.41)
Ⅳ．书面表达练习
根据下面的提示，以“居里夫人——一位伟大的女科学家”为题写一篇短文。
玛丽•居里于1867年11月7日生于波兰，年轻时有旺盛的求知欲，对物理学非常感兴趣，读尽其可能得到的书籍。但那时波兰不许女子上大学，她下决心去法国求学，于1881年她抵达巴黎。尽管她十分穷困，她以惊人的毅力坚持刻苦学习，在到巴黎的两年后，获得一级物理学位。大学毕业后嫁给当时巴黎物理化工大学任教的一位名为皮埃尔居里的科学家。共同就贝克勒(Becquerel)在当时首先发现的放射性现象进行研究，由于他们极其细心且有耐心，先后发现钋和镭两种天然放射性元素。1906年居里先生不幸死于车祸之后她继续研究，推动了原子核科学的发展，1903年和居里•贝克勒三人共同获得诺贝尔物理奖，1911年再度获得诺贝尔化学奖。

参考答案
【同步达纲练习】
Ⅰ．
1)obvious 他是百万富翁。因此很显然他买得起汽车。
2)scanning 如果你为寻找某个信息而快速读一份报纸，那你就是在略读。
3)observe 如果你出国，你要遵守那里的风俗。
4)engaged 他们未结婚，但已订婚。
5)Branch 他在中国银行，固安分行工作。
Ⅱ．
1)B。本题考查时态，他答应是过去的事情，排除A、C；had promised表示过去的过去。
2)B。seek后接不定式形式。
3)B。当我进屋时，我注意到他正在做他的作业。doing有“未完性”。
4)D。见Language points and grammar focus栏中A．Language points 4。
5)C。见Language points and grammar focus栏中A．Language points 5。
Ⅲ．
[例1]Organic vegetables are those that are grown without chemicals that can be harmful to human beings or the environment．有机蔬菜是指不用对人和环境有害的化学品的那些蔬菜。
a．这是一个主从复合句
b．主句的主语是：organic vegetables
c．主句的谓语部分是：are those(“系动词+表语”结构)
d．修饰代词those的定语从句是：that are grown...直到此句的结束。
e．修饰are grown这个定语从句中谓语动词的状语是：Without chemicals
f．修饰名词chemicals的定语从句是：that can be harmful to human beings or the environment
[例2]Since Kwanzaa is a time for learning as well as joy，people celebrate it by lighting a candle each day and discussing one of the seven principles of Kwanzaa．因为宽扎节不仅是喜庆的时刻，而且又是学习的机会，人们每天点燃一支蜡烛，逐一讨论宽扎节的七条原则。
a．这是一个主从复合句
b．主句的主语是：people
c．主句的谓语是：celebrate
d．主句的谓语celebrate的宾语是：it
e．修饰主句谓语动词celebrate的方式状语是介词by引导其后剩下的部分
f．由从属连词since引导的从句是原因状语从句
g．其主语是Kwanzaa，其谓语部分是is a time这一“系表”结构，其后的for learning...joy是修饰名词time的定语
[例3]Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning，I decided ．因为已经意识到我可以用风筝来吸引闪电，我决定做个实验。
a．主句的主语是：I
b．主句的谓语是：decided
c．decided后的不定式短语是其宾语
d．Having realized是作原因状语的分词短语，其后的that从句是动词realized的宾语从句
e．在宾语从句中I是其主语，could use是其谓语，a kite是use的宾语，不定式短语to attract lightning是“使用风筝”的目的状语
[例4]On the third day I was struggling through stormy weather and during the next week the wind grew stronger and I found myself spending a whole day in my tent．第三天我与暴风雪拼搏了一整天，在接下来的一星期之内，风刮得越发猛烈，我只好整天呆在帐篷里。
a．这是一个由三个简单句组成的并列句
b．第一个简单句是：on the third day...stormy weather
c．第二个简单句是：during the next...grew stronger
d．第三个简单句是：I found...in my tent
[例5]The common meeting place for Maori is on the marae，an area of land with a meeting house，where all important events take place．毛利人聚会的地点通常是在麦利会场，这是一块有会议堂馆的开阔地，重要的事件都在这里举行。
a．这是一个主从复合句
b．主句的主语是：the place，common meeting与for Maori都是修饰the place的定语
c．主句的谓语部分是：is on the marae(“系动词+表语”结构)
d．an area of land with a meeting house是the marae的同位语，解释说明marae的功能与特点
e．由where引导的是个非限制性定语从句，修饰其先行词house
Ⅳ．
由于在“难点掌握”中已经讲解过描写科学家的短文的写作方法和注意事项，现将示范短文展示如下：
Madame Curie—a Great Woman Scientist Marie Curie was born in Poland，on Nov．7th，1867.As a child，she was very curious to learn anything new to her．She was interested in the science of physics and read as many books as she could find on the subject．At that time women were not allowed to study at universities in Poland，so Marie was determined to go to France and study there．She arrived in Paris in l891．Though she was very poor，she studied very hard with such great perseverance that she managed to take a first-class degree in physics two years after arriving in Paris．Soon after her graduation Marie married Pierre Curie，a very eminent scientist who was teaching at the school of physics and Industrial Chemistry at Paris．They both began to do research on the phenomenon of radioactivity which another scientist named Becquerel discovered．As they had great patience and were very careful，they discovered two kinds of radioactive elements：polonium and radium．Unfortunately，Mr Curie was killed in an accident in 1906．After that she went on with the research though she suffered a lot from the loss of her husband．As a result of her research，she greatly promoted the development of science nuclear．In 1903 a Nobel Prize for physics was given to the Curies and the scientist named Becquerel，and in 1911，Madame Curie won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry for a second time，and she will always be remembered as a great woman scientist．

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