以近几年高考试题为例 谈非谓语动词的用法种种［本站论坛稿］
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安徽铜陵市三中 唐义龙
一． 不定式
一． 不定式的句法功能
不定式有两种形式，一种是带不定式符号 to的不定式，一种是不带不定式符号 to的不定式。不定式在句中起名词，形容词，副词作用，不定式不能充当谓语，但它具有动词的一种特征，如可以有自己的宾语，可以有自己的状语等。不定式有自己的时态和语态。它在句中可以充当主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。
1．作主语。
不定式作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数。如：
To tell lies is wrong。撒谎是不对的。
To see is to believe。眼见为实。
提示：
A。当不定式作主语时，常可以采用下列句型结构：
It is+adj。+to do something。
It takes /costs/makes+名词+to do something。如：
It is very important to learn English well。学好英语很重要。
It took them two weeks to finish the task。完成这项任务花去他们两周的时间。
B．不定式复合结构作主语，
当不定式结构作主语，且不定式带有主语且形容词作表语，常不定式复合结构作主语，可以采用下列句型结构：
a． 形容词为：easy，hard，difficult，important，possible，impossible，comfortable，necessary，better，too much，not enough，the first/last/next等时常可以采用
It is+adj。+for somebody+to do something。句型结构。如：
It is necessary for us to be on time。对我们而言守时是有必要的。
It is impossible for you to swim across the river。就你而言游过这条河是不可能的。
b． 形容词为：kind，nice，cruel，wise ，bright，clever，foolish，stupid，silly等时常可以采用It is+adj。+of somebody+to do something。如：
It is kind of you to help me。你帮我你真好。
It is bright of him to refuse your gift。 他拒绝接你的礼物是对的。
2．作宾语
A． to do 作宾语。如：
1． I don’t know whether you happen________ , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September. （2004辽宁）〈选D〉
A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard
2. I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. （2005天津）〈选A〉
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
3． China has promised to revise its existing regulations and ___ new policies according to WTO requirements. ( 2006上海春招)〈B〉
A. forming B. to form C. to be forming D. have formed
常见的不定式短语作宾语的动词有：afford，agree，arrange，ask，choose，decide，expect，hope，learn，manage，offer，pretend，refuse，wish等。
B． wh-+to do作宾语。如：
1． I've worked with children before, so I know what___ in my new job. （NMET2000）〈B〉
A. expected 　　B. to expect 　　　　　　C. to be expecting D. expects
2．It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____ （NMET2002）
〈C〉
A. it what to do with 　　　　　　　　　 B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it 　　　　　　　　　 D. to do what with it
常见这类用法的短语有：when to do；where to do，whether to do，what to do，how to do。
C．adj。+ to do作宾语。如：
1．You were silly not ____ your car. （2004湖南）〈B〉
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
2．Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_ if a mirror was broken. （2002上海）〈D〉
A. was sure of striking 　　　　　　B. was sure of having struck
C. was sure to be struck 　　　　　 D. was sure to strike
常见的这类用法的形容词有：glade，sure，afraid，able，sorry，free等。
3．不定式作表语。如：
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult. （NMET1999）〈B〉
A. not make 　　 B. not to make 　　　　 C. not making 　 D. do not make
提示：不定式作表语时，如果主语部分含有to do或 do的某种形式时，不定式符号to可以省略。再如：
What I want to do is have a good rest。
4．不定式作定语。如：
1．I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have（2004上海春）
anything ________ ?〈B〉
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
2．Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ．(2006安徽卷)〈C〉
A．blamed B．blaming C．to blame D．to be blamed
3．Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live. （2003上海春招）〈B〉
A. to have played 　B. to play 　　　C. to be played 　　D. to be playing
4．Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to _____before the party. （2004全国I）〈A〉
A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
提示：不定式作定语时，尽管被修饰名词与不定式之间是动宾关系，但是多数情况下，不定式要用主动式。
5．不定式作宾语补足语。
A．做主语补足语。如：
1． The flu is believed _______ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. （2004上海）〈C〉
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused
2．. —Is bob still performing? （2005江苏）〈A〉
—I’m afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
3．The patient was warned______ oily food after the operation. （NMET1996）〈C〉
　A. to eat not 　　 B. eating not 　　　　 C. not to eat 　D. not eating
. 4。An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings before firing any shots. （2003上海）〈A〉
A. to issue 　　　 B. being issued 　C. to have issued D. to be issued
6． 作宾语补足语。
不定式做宾语补足语时，强调宾语和补足语之间是主谓关系，也就是说不定式动作由宾语来完成，且强调动作全过程。如：
1．While watching television, __________. （2005全国卷三）〈C〉
A．the doorbell rang B．the doorbell rings
C．we heard the doorbell ring D．we heard the doorbell rings
2． The teacher asked us______ so much noise. （NMET2003）〈D〉
A. don't make 　　　B. not make 　　 C. not making 　　D. not to make
3．My advisor encouraged______ a summer course to improve my writing skills. （2004北京）〈D〉
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
提示：下列动词后接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式符号to要省略。这类动词有：
see ，hear，notice，feel，watch，make，let，observe，have等。
7．作状语。
A． 作目的状语。
a。不定式作目的状语时，可以直接用to do 来表示，其中状语可位于主句句首，也可以位于主句末尾。如：
1．Helen had to shout _____ above the sound of the music. （2004广西）〈D〉
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
2. — Can the project be finished as planned? （2005福建）
— Sure, ________it completed in time, we’ll work two more hours a day .〈B〉
A．having got B．to get C．getting D．get
3． _________more about university courses, call(920)746-3789. 2005浙江）〈A〉
A. To find out B. Finding out Ｃ．Find out　 　D. Having find out
4. ___ the employees' working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break. ( 2006上海春招)〈B〉
A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved
b。不定式作目的状语时，还可以用in order to do 来表示，其中状语可位于主句句首，也可以位于主句末尾。又可以用so as to do来表示，其中状语只能位于主句末尾如：
1． All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. （2005辽宁）〈C〉
A．in order to have received B．in order to receive
C．so as to be received D．so as to be receiving
c。不定式作目的状语时，还可以用only/just to do 来表示，其中状语只能位于主句末尾如：
It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ________ a look at the sports stars. （2005上海）〈C〉
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
B． 结果状语
表示结果的不定式短语有：
to do
too+adj。/adv。+to do
enough to do
so/such+adj。/adv+to do
，never/only to do
如：
1. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only__ the film stars had left. （2004福建）〈B〉
A．to tell B．to be told C．telling D．told
2. He hurried to the station only ________that the train had left. （2005广东）〈A〉
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
3. He hurried to the booking office only _________that all the tickets had been sold out. （2006陕西卷）〈B〉
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
二．不定式的时态和语态
1． 不定式的时态
不定式与句子主要谓语动词的动作在时间上的先后关系，决定了不定式的时态的不同形式。
A．一般式
不定式的一般式通常用来表示不定式的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其之后发生。如：
1．In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving______ their products more competitive. （2002上海）〈A〉
A. to make 　　　　B. making 　　　 C. to have made 　D. having made
2．The teacher asked us______ so much noise. （NMET2003）〈D〉
A. don't make 　　　B. not make 　　 C. not making 　　D. not to make
3． The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction. （2003北京春招）〈D〉
A. seeing 　　　　 B. having seen 　 C. to have seen 　D. to see
4． I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have
anything ________ ? （2004上海春）〈B〉
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
5．I send you 100 dollars today, the rest_________ in a year . （2005湖南）〈C〉
A．follows B．followed C．to follow D．being followed
B．完成式
不定式的完成式表示不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：
1．AIDS is said ______ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. （2006湖北卷）〈D〉
A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been
. 2。I would love______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. （NMET1997）〈B〉
A. to go 　　　　　B. to have gone 　　　 C. going 　　　D. having gone
3．Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. （NMET1999）〈A〉
A. to have studied 　　　　　　　　　　　 B. to study
C. to be studying 　　　　　　　　　　　　D. to have been studying
4．You were silly not ____ your car. （2004湖南）〈B〉
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
5．I don’t know whether you happen________ , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A. this September. （2004辽宁）〈D〉
A．to be heard B．to be hearing C．to hear D．to have heard
6．—Is bob still performing? （2005江苏）
—I’m afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official.〈A〉
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
7．The storm left, a lot of damage to this area. （2005全国卷一二）〈D〉
A．caused B．to have caused C．to cause D．having caused
C．进行式
不定式进行式表示谓语动词动作发生时不定式动作正在进行。如：
1．Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ____ since the flood hit the area last Friday. （2006山东卷）〈A〉
A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost
2．不定式被动语态
表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者，二者之间是动宾关系。如：
1．As the twentieth century came to a close , the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting___________.（2006湖南）〈B〉
A. to use B. to be used C. to have used D. to be using
2. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness______ . （2006江西卷）〈B〉
A．to make B．to be made C．making D．being made
. 3。It remains ________ whether Jim’ll be fit enough to play in the finals. ( 2006浙江卷)〈B〉
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
. 4。The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games--- in Beijing in 2008. ( 2006四川卷)〈D〉
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
提示：
A． 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动式。如：
1． I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job. （NMET2000）〈B〉
A. expected 　　B. to expect 　　　　　　C. to be expecting D. expects
2． Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live. （2003上海春招）〈B〉
A. to have played 　B. to play 　　　C. to be played 　　D. to be playing
3．I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________ ? （2004上海春）〈B〉
A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought
B．不定式用在某表语形容词如：hard，easy，difficult，interesting，dull，heavy，light等之后，且和句子中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式用主动式。如：
The text is very hard to recite。
The box is too heavy to carry。
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