高考书面表达解析及写作技巧
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一、 解读书面表达
书面表达是一个综合性题目，要求考生根据所给图画、图表、提纲(或者开放性)等，运用所学知识将提示信息组成句子，句子连成段，段连成篇。它不断要求考生有丰富的语言语法知识，而且有较强的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。它也是一种融形式、文体、交际三位于一体的试题，所考查内容都体现在表达和传递信息的交流能力，因此，书面表达有交流性、实用性、合理性等特点。
近几年来高考书面表达正在一步步地向考试要考语言运用能力这一方向改进，并采用了新的评分标准，因此要求考生语言的准确性和得体性，注重上、下文连贯，注重表达方式多样化。新的评分标准提倡考生使用高级词汇和复杂句式，运用过渡性词汇增强文章连贯性。如果考生在表达中只是运用了简单句，虽然表达了要求的信息，那么得分也不会高。因此，近几年高考要求考生掌握词汇要丰富，句式表达要复杂，适当地使用情感性语言。
二、各种题型的应试对策
1 图画作文 要求考生首先仔细观察，读懂图意，抓住要点，按图片顺序编拟提纲，同时要注意图片所给的时间、背景等相关信息，确定写作的人称、时态和语态。在写作时还要适当地使用一些关联词、过渡句来加工润色，使文章层次清楚、通顺畅达。这种作文的难点在于要求考生能自己编拟出合适的要点，并且表达上要连贯。
2 图表作文 要求考生能分析把握该图表要表达的内容，确定主题，然后从图表中归纳出相应要点来写作。这种作文能有效考查考生的篇章结构组织能力，要求写作具有逻辑性。
3 提纲作文 要求考生首先将所给出的要点进行组织，按照一定的逻辑顺序用明白、恰当、得体的语言来表达；要尽量消除汉语式的英文表达。这种作文切忌逐字逐句汉译英，使得文章支离破碎，不忍卒读。相对来说，这种作文难度相对较小。
4 （半）开放性作文 要求考生能根据相当简短的提示来写作；或者要求续写一段文字，或者写出你的感想等等。这种形式为考生张扬个性提供了空间，答案不唯一，淋漓尽致地考查了考生发散思维和创新思维能力。它还可能包括改写、缩写等其他形式。近年来不少自主命题省（市）的高考试题有向（半）开放性过渡的趋势。
三、书面表达的写作步骤
1 审试题 观察判断要写文章的类型和特点
2 圈要点 要点就是高考评分的给分点或者扣分点。要求在能在图画图表等
提示上用简单词语标出所表达的内容。这样做可以防止要点遗漏或者过分发挥。
3 定基调 即定出时态语态、人称口吻、顺序段落、开头和结尾
4 写全文 选择熟悉短语和句型，一气呵成
5 改病错 看看是否有要点遗漏，字数是否符合要求，人称、时态、主谓一致等方面的错误，以便及时修改
6 重抄写 最后将修改好的文章抄写在考卷上指定地方。要字迹工整。
四、书面表达注意事项
1 英语书面表达和语文命题作文不一样。它是一种指导性作文，不允许考生自行立意，不能漫无边际地发挥。字数（100左右）达不到要求或者超出范围均要扣分。
2 注意正确使用英语标点符号和大小写。
3 文中不要出现汉语式英语，遇到不会的词汇，可以采用相近意思表达即可。
4 在书写时要不勾不画，卷面美观。
附录 1 常见的过渡表达法
附录 2 英语中五种简单句型解析
附录 3 写作常见经典句型（供参考）
附录 4 关于写作中的一般表达和高级表达
附录 5 高考书面表达评分标准
附录 6 高考书面表达常见错误及对策
附录 1 常见的过渡表达法
一 表示时间的过渡词
at first, next, then, after that, soon, soon/shortly after, finally, in the end, eventually, at last, lately, recently, since then, later, in no time, after a while, afterwards, to begin with, immediately, meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time, so far,, suddenly, at the age of, as early as, as soon as, before, the other day, early in the morning, after/before dark, one day, one afternoon/evening
二 表示空间的过渡词
to the left/right, on the left/right, on the opposite side, in the middle of, in front of, in the front of, at the back of, at the bottom of, on the edge of, on top of, opposite to, close to, next to, near to, under, over, below, above, across, around, behind, before, against
三 表示列举和时序的过渡词
first of all, in the first place, next, and then, finally, at the same time, to begin with, lastly
四 表示举例的过渡词
for example, for instance, for one thing…, for another…, such as, like, take …for example
五 表示对比或者比较的过渡词
like, unlike, similarly, in the same way, compared to/with, while, still, on the contrary, different from, on the one hand…on the another (hand), in common (with)
六 表示增补的过渡词
and, both…and, not only…but also, as well as, also=besides=furthermore=moreover,
in addition, apart from, what’s more, worse still=what’s worse= to make things/matter worse, including
七 表示因果的过渡词
because, since=now that, as, for, therefore, thus, so, as a result, because of=on account of, thanks to, for this reason, if so, if not
八 表示目的的过渡词
for this purpose, in order to do=so as to do, in order that=so that
九 表示让步的过渡词
though=although, in spite of=despite, after all, even if=even though, no matter what/when/where/how… =whatever/whenever/wherever/however
十 表示条件的过渡词
if, unless, so/as long as, provided that=on condition that
十一、 表示强调的过渡词
above all, indeed, in any case, in fact=as a matter of fact, in this case, in particular, obviously, anyway=anyhow, or rather
十二、表示解释的过渡词
that is (to say), in other words, or, namely
十三、表示转换话题的过渡词
by the way, I’m afraid, in my opinion, to tell you the truth, to be honest
十四、表示总结的过渡词
in a/one word, generally speaking, in short=in brief=in a few words, in conclusion, on the whole, as has been mentioned/stated, It is quite clear that--, There is no doubt that--, It is well known that--, as we all know=as is known to us all, as/so far as I
know, to sum up= to summarize= in summary
十五、表示选择或者排除的过渡词
either…or…, or, without, except=but, instead of
十六、表示转折的过渡词
but, however, still, and yet
附录 2 英语中五种简单句型解析
英语基本句型有5种，即（1）主语+ 连系动词+ 表语 （2）主语+ 谓语（+状语） （3）主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 （4） 主语+ 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 （5） 主语+ 谓语 + 宾语+ 宾语补足语 从5种句型来看，一个句子的核心部分是动词。也就是说我们写出来的任何句子总少不了动词。 还有，句子的主语一般是名词，代词，---ing 形式， 不定式， 主语从句或者the + 形容词等等。请看下列句子的主语：
China is a great country.
Swimming is her favorite sport.
To finish that task calls for great skills and patience.
What he said at the meeting surprised us all.
The poor are looked down on by the rich.
句型一：主语+ 连系动词 + 表语
常见的连系动词有：be, look, seem appear, become, turn, get, feel, sound, smell, taste, grow, go (bad/wrong/mad/hungry/), come(true/loose), fall (asleep/ill), stay, remain, keep, stand, lie,etc.表语可以是名词，形容词，介词短语，不定式，-ing 形式，-ed分词，副词等等。
句型二： 主语 + 谓语（+ 状语）
此句型的谓语由不及物动词或者相当于不及物动词的短语来充当。状语可以由副词，形容词，名词，介词短语，不定式，--ing形式或者with的复合结构等来充当。
句型三： 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语
此句型的谓语由及物动词或者相当于及物动词的短语来充当。宾语可以由名词,代词,不定式,--ing形式, 或者从句来充当.
句型四： 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
间接宾语和直接宾语一起称为双宾语。能够带双宾语的动词有如下一些：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, allow, wish, teach, promise, award, owe, refuse, make, buy, do, fetch, get, paint, spare, cook, sing, etc.
句型五： 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
宾语补足语由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语， --ing形式，--ed分词，不定式等充当。
附录 3 写作常见经典句型（供参考）
1 It was + 时间段+before/ It was not long before/ It will (not) be + 时间段+before
2 It is(has been) + 时间段+since+ 过去时
3 be about to do…when
4 ……while……(表示对比)
5 Not until… 的倒装句型/ It was not until…that…(强调句型)
6 as…as(not as/so …as)/ more than/ more and more…/the more…the more
7 It +be+ 过去分词/形容词/名词+to do/that-从句
8 It +不及物动词（seem/appear/happen）+that-从句
9 It takes sb. some time to do sth.
10 There be 句型， 其中be 可以换成stand/live/lie/come…
There is no need to do/There is no point in doing/There is no difficulty in doing/There is no doubt that
11状语从句句型， 比如if/unless/although/though/as long as/no matter +wh- /whether…or…/even if/ in case/so that/ in order that/ so…that/such…that…
12 祈使句（表条件）+and(then)+句子（表肯定结果）
祈使句（表条件）+or/or else/otherwise+句子（表否定结果）
13 so as to do/in order to do
14 too…to do/enough to do/only to do
15 think/find/feel/consider/make +it +宾语补足语（形容词或者名词）+to do
16 with+宾语+宾语补足语（形容词/介词短语/to do/doing/-ed）
17 几种重要倒装句型，比如no sooner… than/ hardly…when/only+状语+…/not only…but also/neither(nor)…/so…

附录 4 关于写作中的一般表达和高级表达
解析新的高考评分细则,我们不难看出,运用高级词汇、复杂句式和适当的过渡连接词语是书面表达得高分的重要手段.这里我们所说的一般表达和高级表达指的是词汇和句式两个方面.
1. 学会使用从句
(1)使用定语从句
The girl is spoken highly of. Her composition was well written. (一般)
The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. (高级)
(2)使用状语从句
① I won’t believe what he says. (一般)
No matter what he says, I won’t believe. (高级)
② If you come back before six o’clock, you can go out. (一般)
You can go out on condition that you come back before six o’clock. (高级)
③ If she doesn’t agree, what shall we do? (一般)
Supposing that she doesn’t agree, what shall we do? (高级)
2. 合理使用复杂的句型
① When he spoke, he felt more and more excited. (一般)
The more he spoke, the more excited he felt. (高级)
② Who will be on duty today? (一般)
Whose turn is it to be on duty today? (高级)
③ She can’t correctly pronounce the word. (一般)
She has trouble in pronouncing the word. (高级)
3. 适度使用高级词汇
(1) As a result the plan was a failure. (一般)
The plan turned out to be a failure. (高级)
(2) She went to Australia in order to study music. (一般)
She went to Australia for the purpose of studying music. (高级)
(3) Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable. (一般)
Thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable. (高级)
(4) When she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow. (一般)
At the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow (高级)
体会下列翻译是属于一般表达还是高级表达?
1 一回到家他发现所有的窗户都是开着的.
On arrival home he found all the windows open.
As soon as he arrived home, he found all the windows open.
The moment he arrived home, he found all the windows open.
No sooner had he arrived home than he found all the windows open.
2 等了大约半个小时车之后,我不耐烦了,决定打的去学校.
After waiting for the bus for about half an hour I became impatient. Then I decided to take a taxi to school.
After waiting for the bus for about half an hour I became so impatient that I decided to take a taxi to school.
3 我们已经有5年没有见面了.
It is five years since we last saw each other.
We haven’t seen each other for five years.
We haven’t seen each other since five years ago.
4 我还没有到家就开始下雨了.
I didn’t arrive home, but it began to rain.
It began to rain before I arrived home.
5 他直到凌晨2点才回家.
He didn’t arrive home until 2 o’clock am.
Not until 2 o’clock am did he arrive home.
It was not until 2 o’clock am that he arrived home.
6 王先生以前住在那间房子里.房子的后面有一个大的花园.
Mr.Wang used to live in a house with a big garden behind it.
Mr. Wang used to live in that house. There was a big garden behind it.
7 现在太晚了.我认为没有必要去看他.
It is very late now. I think it is unnecessary to visit him
It is so late now that I think there is no need to visit him.
8 我准备出门,就在这时邮递员送来特快专递.
I was about to go out when the postman sent an EMS.
I was leaving. Just at that time the postman sent an EMS.
附录 5 高考书面表达评分标准
各档次的给分范围和要求：
1五档（很好）：（21---25分）
完全完成了试题规定的任务。
——覆所有内容要点。
——-应用了较多的语法结构和词汇。
——语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力。
——有效地使用了词语间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。
完全达到了预期的写作目的。
2四档（好）：（16——20分）
完全完成了试题规定的任务。
——应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。
——虽漏掉1、2个次重点，但覆盖所要主要的内容。
——语法或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要因尝试较复杂的语法结构或词汇所致。
——应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。
达到了预期的写作目的。
3三档（适当）：（11——15分）
基本完成了试题规定的任务。
——虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容。
——应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求。
——有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。
——应用简单的词语间的连接成分，使全文内容连贯。
整体而言，基本达到了预期的目的。
4二档（较差）：（6——10分）
未恰当完成试题规定任务。
——漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容，写了一些无关内容。
——语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。
——有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。
——较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性。信息未能清楚地传达给读者。
5一档（差）：（1——5分）
未完成试题规定任务。
——明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求。
——语法结构单调、词汇项目有限。
——较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解。
——缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯。信息未能传达给读者。

附录 6 高考书面表达常见错误及对策
根据Corder(1967、1971)的理论⑵，语言运用的差错可分为三类，第一类差错(errors)是不符合语法规则的语言形式，反映学习者的语言知识和能力问题；第二类错误(mistakes)是指不符合语境的语言形式，反映学习者的语言运用问题；第三类差误(slips 和lapses)是指口误或笔误，反映学习者的身体、精神以及情感等方面的状态问题。以上三类问题在学生的书面表达中经常存在。具体表现在以下几个方面：
(一)低级错误
是指那些最基本的错误，譬如拼写(大小写)错误；冠词错误；名词单数和复数的错误；主宾格的错误；介词的误用；形容词和副词的误用；时态的错误；主谓一致等等。以上错误在写作中最常见。避免的办法是写完后认真默读一遍，仔细核对，一般可以自己改正。
请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。
1 I haven't see you for several month. Hope you are very good.
2 Suddenly I had a idea.
3 I asked he what happened.
4 I am back in China. Thanks for help me in Australia.
5 I felt sadly, because a few of my classmates laugh to me in class.
6 Both my mother and my sister likes listen to pop music.
7 Collect stamp is my favorite hobby.
8 I have been to England twice two years ago. I hope you to come to China for a visit.
9 I was absent yesterday because I have to look for my sister. She was ill at home
10 I hurt me when playing football yesterday afternoon.
(二)句子结构错误
这种错误常见的有句子结构不完整(如漏掉be动词)；在表达时试图用比较复杂的结构，但往往又事与愿违，丢三落四；2个句子之间缺乏连词或多用连词；写出断句(sentence fragment)等等。对策是学好英语中的复合句(包括定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句)，重点把握连词的用法；还要充分理解句子和句子的逻辑关系。
请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。
1 My home town on the bank of the Changjiang River.
2 Guo Jingjing, who has won two gold medals, she was born in Hebei.
3 This is all what I know about it.
4 I have a good friend, his name is Li Lei.
5 Last week our class went on a trip to a factory, it is a modern plastic factory.
6 I think you should put on more clothes. Because it is very cold.
7 I don’t know that when they left here.
8 One morning it was raining strongly. However, I was late for school.
9 I don’t know where is the nearest post office.
10 English is not easy to learn well is a fact.
(三)中文式英语（Chinglish）
由于受母语的影响，不少学生在写作时往往习惯于用中文构思或把中文直接翻译成英文，造成用词不当或句子成分的缺失，结果经常出现不地道的汉式英语。这种错误的出现在书面表达中最多。避免这种错误的正确做法是：掌握英语句子的基本构成(五种简单句的结构，即主语+谓语+宾语；主语+谓语+状语；主语+连系动词+表语；主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语；主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)；注意英文表达和中文表达在结构（顺序）上的不同；注意英文和中文词汇意义上的差别（尤其遇到难于表达或英语中没有的词汇可以采用解释法）；注意英语中的惯用句型；多读短小精悍的文章，培养语感。
请看下列来自学生习作的错句并加以改正。
1 When you come, give me a telephone. ( 你来的时候给我一个电话。)
2 In the football match, our class won Class 4 ( 在下午的足球比赛中我们班赢了4班。)
3 I very like English. (我非常喜欢英语。)
4 My name is Li HuaI and I in 1985 was born in Dalian. (我的名字叫李华。我1985年出生在大连。)
5 I have 165cm tall. My body is very good. (我有1米65。我的身体很好。)
6 I got No. 1 in the middle exam and then went to a key senior middle school.(我在中考中得了第一，然后上了一所重点高中。)
7 You have no need to look up every word when reading. (阅读时你没有必要查每一个单词。)
8 China’s history is very long, has over 5,000 years. (中国的历史很悠久，有5000多年了。)
9 Outside is very cold. You had better not go out. (外面很冷，你最好别出去。)
10 In wait for a bus, the weather began to rain. (在等车的时候天下雨了。)
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