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(发表《英语辅导报》高二版2004年第27期)
湖南省隆回县第一中学 罗玉南

在Unit 13 Book2B中有这样一个句子：
It was said that he found in music the peace which was missing in a world full of wars and killings.
As a result, it appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.
这两个句子中的It’s said that …; It appeared (to sb) that…是两个十分常用的句型。在中学英语中，It is ／was．．．that从句的种类较多，与其相关的句型也不少，而且这些句型容易混淆，同时也是历届高考中的重点内容。现将已学过的这类句型及相关句型归纳如下，并配上高考试题，供同学们学习参考。
1．It is ／was ＋过去分词＋that从句。
这一句型中常用的过去分词有said，reported， known，thought，believed，suggested等等。通常译为“据说（报道……）”。同样，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。如：
It is reported that a lot of people lost their jobs in the city last month.
据报道，上个月这个城市的许多人都失业了。
It is known that Taiwan is part of China．众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。
考例1：
It is generally believed that teaching is ____it is a science．（NMET 2001）
A．as art much as B．much an art asC．as an art much as D．as much an art as
考例2:
It is well known that Thomas Edison ____the electric lamp．（MET 1989）
A．inventedB．discovered C．foundD．developed
考例3:
It's believed that ____you work，______result you'll get．（上海1993年高考题）
A．the harder；the betterB．the more hard；the more better
C．the hard；a better D．more hard；more better
2．It＋动词（look，seem ，appear，happen．．．） ＋that从句。
意为“似乎／看起来/碰巧……”。如：
It looks that he has been there before．看起来他好像以前到过那儿。
It seems to me that the maths problem is too easy for her．在我看来，这道数学题对她来说太简单。
It happened that I met my old friend in the street yesterday.= I happened to meet my old friend in the street yesterday.昨天我碰巧在街上遇到我的老朋友。
考例4:
It looked that they_______ their task before．（上海1992年高考试题）
A．finishedB．would finishC．was finishing D．had finished
3．It＋动词＋that ／whether ／what ／ who ／when ／where ／why从句。如：
It was not clear what he meant．他是什么意思不太清楚。
It hasn't been decided whether the project would be given up．是否要放弃这项工程还没决定。
It was not known who would speak at the meeting．谁在大会上发言不清楚。
考例5:
Does ____matter if he can't finish the job on time？（MET1991）
A．thisB．thatC．heD．it
4．It is ／was ＋强调部分＋that从句。
这一句型可以强调除谓语以外的任何成分。如：
I saw her in the post office when I was walking by．→
It is I that ／who saw her in the post office when I was walking by．（强调主语）
It is her that ／who I saw in the post office when I was walking by．（强调宾语）
It is in the post office that I saw her when I was walking by．（强调地点状语）
It is when I was walking by that I saw her in the post office．（强调时间状语从句）
注意：在这一句型中，如果被强调部分是人，可用that，也可用who连接，其余的全用 that。同时这一句型要注意其变换句型，像一般疑问句、否定句、特殊疑问句等。如：
Is it farming that he likes to take up？
Who is it that ／who won first in the long jump？
Why is it that he came late？
考例6:
It is the ability to do the job_____ matters not where you come from or what you are．（NM ET2000）
A．it B．that C．one D．this
考例7:
It was for this reason ____ her uncle moved out of New York and settled down in a small village．
（上海2001年春季高考试题）
A．which B．why C．that D．how
考例8:
Was ____that I saw last night at the concert？（上海1997年高考试题）
A．it you B．not you C．youD．that yourself
考例9:
____ was in 1979 ____ I graduated from the university．（上海1998年高考试题）
A．That；thatB．It；that C．That；whenD．It；when
考例10:
It was about 6，000 years ago ____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．（NMET 1997） A．that B．until C．before D．when
考例11:
It was only when I reread his poems recently ____I began to appreciate their beauty．（NM ET1998） A．until B．that C．then D．so
5．It is（has been）＋一段时间＋since clause。
意为“自……以来已有多长时间了”或“自不……以来已有多长时间了”。例如：
考例12:
—What was the party like？
—Wonderful！It's years ___________ I enjoyed myself so much．（NMET’93）
A．after B．beforeC．when D．since
考例13:
It ___________ ten years since the Whites______ in the village．（90’上海）
A．was；had livedB．has been；have livedC．is；has lived D．will be；lived
注意：在该句型中，若主句的be动词用了is或has been，since-clause的谓语动词要用一般过去时；若主句的be动词用了was，since-clause的谓语动词须用过去完成时。此外，若since-clause的谓语动词是非延续性动词，则表示从句中的动作延续多长时间了；since-clause的谓语动词是延续性动词或状态动词，则表示从句中的动作已结束多长时间了，译成汉语时要特别注意。再如：
It is eight years since they last met each other．他们自从上次相见已有八年的时间了。
It is just a week since we arrived in Beijing．我们到达北京刚好一星期。
It is five years since I last smoked．我戒烟已有五年的时间了。
It is two months since he was ill．他病愈已两个月了。
6.This ／That ／It is ／was ／will be the first ／second ／third．．．time that．．．
该句型意为“这是／那是／这将是某人第某某次干某事了”。当主句的谓语动词用is时，从句谓语动词用现在完成时；当主句的谓语动词用was时，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时；当主句的谓语动词用will be时，从句的谓语动词用一般现在时（表示将来）。例如：
It is the first time that I have spoken to a foreigner．这是我首次和一位外国人交谈。
The couple told us it was the fourth time that they had visited West Lake．
这对夫妇告诉我们那是他们第四次游西湖。
考例14:
—Do you know our town at all？—No，this is the first time I______ here．（NMET 1992）
A．wasB．have been C．cameD．am coming
7.It is ／was ＋形容词／名词＋that从句。
其中，it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。如：
It is quite important that China becomes an official member of WTO．
中国成为世贸组织的正式成员是十分重要的。
It is necessary that you ask your parents for help when you are in trouble.
当你遇到困难时向你父母请教是必要的。
It is our duty that we serve the people heart and soul.全心全意为人民服务是我们的职责。
考例15:
It is certain that when completing，the 460-metre-tall TV tower in Shanghai will add colour to the city．（指出划线部分中有错的一项并加以改正）（上海1994年高考题）
考例16:
____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language．（NMET 1995）
A．ThereB．This C．That D．It
8.It is ／was ／will be ＋一段时间＋before从句。
这一句型意为“还有多少时间就……”。如：
It won't be long before you reach your goal．你离成功不远了。
It is one year before he finishes middle school．他还有一年就中学毕业了。
考例17:
It won't be too long_______ she finds a suitable job．（上海1991年高考试题）
A．that B．since C．before D．for
9.It is ／was ＋具体时间＋when-clause
该句型意为“当某事发生时，时间是在……”。例如：
考例18:
It was five o'clock in the afternoon ___________ they climbed up to the top of the mountain．（NMET’96）
A．sinceB．whenC．thatD．until
It was twelve o'clock sharp when he returned home last night．昨晚他回家时时间是十二点整。
10．It is up to sb．to do sth．该句型意为“该由某人负责干某事”。例如：
It is up to you to look after the children．应该由你负责照看这些孩子。
考例19:
Who is it up ___________ the first company_______ is run by the state？（2002春季高考）
A．to take charge of；which B．to to take charge of；that
C．for to take charge of；that D．to to taking charge of；which
11．It is no wonder ＋that-clause／No wonder ＋that-clause
该句型意为“难怪某人……”。例如：
考例20:
They are all classmates．___________ is no wonder ___________ they should help each other with their studies．（’98上海）
A．This；whetherB．It；ifC．That；that D．It；that
12.It is（high）time that sb．did sth．
该句型意为“是某人该干某事的时候了”。这是一个虚拟语气句型，表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，因而that从句的谓语动词一般用一般过去时。例如：
It is high time that we went to school．现在是我们该去上学的时候了。
It is time that they got down to doing their work．是他们该开始认真干活的时候了。
13.．It is ＋adj．（＋of／for sb．）＋to do sth．
这是有关形容词的一个复合结构句型。其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式。当该形容词（通常是necessary，important，difficult，hard，easy，impossible等）表示事物的特点或特征时，用for；当该形容词（通常是 kind，nice，good，bad，wise，clever，silly，foolish，careless，rude，brave，cruel，careful，grateful等）表示人的特征或特点时，须用 of。例如：
It is wise of him to make such a decision．他做出那样的决定是明智的。
It is not hard for one to do a good deed．一个人做件好事并不难。
14．It ／This ／That is ／was ／the best （worst／most．．．）＋that-clause
该句型意为“这是／那是某人经历过的……中最……的 了”。
若主句的谓语动词用is，从句的谓语动词要用现在完成时；若主句的谓语动词用 was，从句的谓语动词须用过去完成时。例如：
It was the best novel that I had read before．
这是以前我读过的小说中最好的一部了。
This is the most tiring talk that I have had for years.
这是这些年来我听过的最令人乏味的演讲了。
Keys:考例1-5 DAADD6-10 BCABA11-15 BDAB 把completing 改为completed16-20 DCBBD

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