第24单元重点、难点
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罗玉南



重点词语用法
1．expect的用法 expect[iks'pekt]vt.盼望；料想。其后通常跟不定式、带不定式的复合宾语，还可以接名词、代词以及宾语从句等。例如：
①Both of us expected to see you in Beijing. 我们两个盼望在北京见到你。
②No doubt you are the gentleman whom he was expecting. 你一定就是他所期待的那位先生了。
③We had expected everything to be better. 我们曾经希望事事顺利。
④I did not expect to meet you here. 我没有料到会在这儿见到你。
⑤ Do you expect me to stay after that? 在那之后你希望我呆下去吗？
⑥I expected that you would finish the work in time. 我想到你会及时完成这项工作的。
2．congratulate 1)congratulate是动词，作“祝贺、庆祝”解时，以被祝贺的人作宾语。若要说出祝贺事项，常用on。
①I congratulated my friend on her birthday. 我祝贺我的朋友生日快乐。
②I congratulated them on what they had achieved. 我因他们取得的巨大成就向他们祝贺。
③The scientist is to be congratulated for his valuable contribution to the advancement of scientific knowledge in the countryside. 那位科学家为促进科学知识在农村的普及作出了有益的贡献，应受到祝贺。
2)congratulate oneself的意思是“庆幸，感到幸运”。
①I congratulated myself on having escaped unhurt. 我因自己幸免于难而感到幸运。
②Well, congratulate yourself that you resisted the temptation. 你应该为你自己未受诱惑而庆幸。
3)名词常用复数，congratulations。
①Convey my congratulations to him.代我向他祝贺。
②We offered our congratulations to him on his success. 我们祝贺他成功。
③Please accept my congratulations on your birthday. 请接受我对你的生日祝贺。
④It's your birthday today? Congratulations! 今天是你的生日？祝贺你了。
3．introduce 1)用作及物动词，表示“正式介绍”，向某人介绍用介词to。
①Allow me to introduce you to my friend.允许我将你介绍给我的朋友。
②They introduced themselves to each other. 他们互相介绍。
2)用作及物动词，表示“使认识，使注意”，介词to后加被认识了解的东西。
①A visit to the museum introduced the students to modern art. 参观博物馆使得学生对现代艺术有所了解。
②It was my younger brother who introduced me to jazz. 是我弟弟使我了解了爵士音乐。
4．determine 1)作及物动词，表示“决定”的意思，后接不定式。
①We determined to do this at any cost.我们不惜任何代价，决心做这件事。
2)determine sb.to do sth.意为“使某人决定做某事”。
①The circumstances determined him to give up the study of medicine. 这些情况使他决定放弃学医。
3)determine sb.against sth.意为“使某人决定不做某事”。
①The news determined us against further delay.这消息使我们决心不再拖延。
4)determine和be determined后都可加从句。
①He has determined that nothing(should)prevent him from going. 他决定不顾一切障碍而去。
②We were determined that it(should)be done. 我们下决心要做成这件事。
③Have you determined where you are going to spend the holidays? 你已决定在何处度假了吗？
④He determined that his son(should)have a good education. 他决定让他儿子接受良好教育。
5．run一词的几种用法 1)run用作及物动词，表示“管理”、“经营”、“办”。如：
①My aunt runs a hotel by the seaside.我姑妈在海边开了一家旅馆。
②Who runs his house for him since his wife is ill? 由于他妻子生病了，谁来替他操持家务呢？
③They have the right to run their own affairs. 他们有权管理自己的事务。
④The manager is too young to have much experience in running the hotel. 经理年纪太轻，没有多少管理酒店的经验。 ⑤Are you the man who runs this shop? 你就是开这家商店的人吗？
⑥You should study how to run meetings successfully. 你们应该研究怎样把会议开好。
2)run可以作系动词用，意为“变得”，后面接形容词。如：
①The river was beginning to run dry.河水开始干涸起来。
②His blood ran cold at the news.听到这消息，他血都凉了。
③I asked Mary to lend me fifty yuan because I was running short of money.
我向玛丽借五十元因为我手头没钱了。
④You mustn't let the children run wild and do what they like.
你不能让孩子们不受约束，爱干什么就干什么。
6．mix 1)作不及物动词，意思是“相混合，相混淆”。
①Oil and water will not mix.水和油不相溶。
②He mixes well in any company.他和什么人都合得来。
2)mix…with…意为“把……和……混合起来，结合起来，混淆”。
①mix water with wine 将水搀入酒
②mix black with white 混淆黑白
3)mix up意为“搅匀，拌和”，或“搞混，混淆”。
①mix up flour and water 把面粉和水搅匀
②mix up the salad dressing 把色拉调料调好
③You have mixed up all my pencils.你把我们的铅笔全混了。
④His explanation mixed me up even more. 他的解释使我更糊涂了。
⑤I always mix Mary up with Susan.我总是分不清Mary和Susan.
4)be mixed up意为“搞乱了，弄糊涂了”。
①Your ideas are all mixed up.你的想法全乱了。
②We got mixed up in our directions.我们搞不清方向了。
③He felt very mixed up about life.他觉得弄不清人生真谛。
5)be/get mixed up in 意为“卷入、介入、参与”。
① I don't want to get mixed up in the affair. 我不想介入那件事。
②I wonder how he got mixed up in the case. 我不明白他怎么卷入那个案件。
7．owe的用法
1)作及物动词用，意为“欠(债)”。
①They asked him to pay what he owed them. 他们要他偿还欠他们的债务。
②I owe $ 20 to the tailor.我欠裁缝二十美元。
③He still owes for the goods he bought last month. 他仍然欠上个月买东西的帐。
④I have paid all that was owed. 我已经把所有欠债都还清了。
2)owe还有“应把…归功于…”之意。如：
①I owe it to you that I'm still alive. 我现在还活着，应该感谢你。
②We owe a great deal to our parents and teacher. 我们深受父母及师长之恩。
③He owes his success to hard work and practice.
他的成功是努力工作和实践的结果。
④If I have improved in any way, I owe it all to my teacher.
如果说我有一些进步，这应该全部归功于我的老师。
3)owe亦可解释为“应当给予……”。如：
①You owe me an apology.你得向我道歉。
②I owe you many thanks. 我非常感谢你。
③Mr Wang owes himself a holiday.王先生应该好好休个假。
④We should do the duty which we owe to our country.
我们应对国家尽我们应尽的义务。
重点词组用法
1．be tired of(=be no longer interested in) 意为“对……厌烦”。例如：
①Are you tired of living in the city? 你在城里住的厌烦了吗？
②The old couple are not tired of living in the country. 那对老夫妇住在乡下不感到厌烦。
③They are tired of the same food for supper every evening. 每天晚餐吃同样的食物，他们感到厌烦了。
④Don't make so much noise, I am tired of so much of it. 不要制造如此多的噪音，我讨厌这么多的噪音。
2．drop in的用法 drop in意为“顺便来访；到……家来”，常用于非正式文体中。表示“来访某家”时，用“drop in at…”，表示“来访某人”时，用“drop in on…”。例如：
①Please drop in at my office when you happen to be free.
如果你碰巧有空的话，请到我的办公室来。
②I'd like to drop in at Mr Sun on the way to school.
在去学校的路上，我想顺道拜访一下孙先生。
③Xiao Wang often dropped in when he worked at the college.
小王在大学工作时经常到我家来。
④I just dropped in to see if he was at home studying English.
我只是顺便来看看他是否在家学英语。
3．help…out 意为“帮助(做某事；克服困难等)”。例如：
①Nobody helped me out when I lost my job. 在我失业时没有人帮助我。
②The students help out in the factory after school.
同学们放学后到那家工厂帮忙。
③Kate fell ill last week, many of her friends came to help out.
凯特上周生病了，她的很多朋友都来帮忙。
④He often helps us out when we have been in trouble.
当我们有困难时他经常帮我们的忙。
4．“Let's drink to…” 是祝酒的用语，介词to后跟名词，表示“为(某事)干杯”的意思。例如：
①Let's drink to the success of Mr John. 为约翰先生的成功干杯！
②Let's drink to your further achievements. 咱们为你更大的成就干杯！
③Now, let's drink to the friendship between both of us. 现在，为我们两人的友谊，干杯！
【注意】表示“我提议为……干杯”可以使用 “I should like to propose a toast to…”。例如：
①I should like to propose a toast to the health of all the friends present here!
我提议，为在座的朋友们的健康，干杯！
②I'd like to propose a toast to the further development of our country.
我提议，为我国的进一步发展，干杯！
5．at the moment, for the moment, for a moment和in a moment
▲at the moment 用于现在时中，意为“此刻”，用于过去时态中意为“那时”。如：
①I am busy at the moment.我此刻很忙。
②Our manager is having an interview with a newspaper reporter at the moment.
我们经理此刻正在接受报社记者采访。
③At the moment he was busy preparing his lessons. 那时，他正忙于准备功课。
④My parents are getting in the wheat at the moment. 我父母亲正在收割小麦。
⑤At the moment Tom was playing hide-and-seek with other boys.
当时，汤姆正与其他孩子玩捉迷藏。
▲for the moment作“暂时”、“目前”解释。如：
①Stop discussing for the moment, please.请暂停讨论。
②Filled for the moment with extraordinary strength, he raised himself completely.
他一下子使出了非凡的力气，自己完全站了起来。
③We have to stay in the inn for the moment as the hotels around are full.
由于周围的旅馆都已满了我们暂时只能待在小客栈里。
▲for a moment 意为“片刻”、“一会儿”。如：
①For a moment I thought of playing truant. 我一时起了逃学的念头。
②I'd like to speak to you for a moment. 我想和你谈一会。
③I had to think for a moment before I remembered his name.
我想了一会儿才记起他的名字。
▲in a moment 意为“立即”、“立刻”。如：
①You go first. I'll come in a moment.你先走我马上就来。
②It was done in a moment.一会儿它便完成了。
③Don't go away, the bus will start in a moment. 别走开，汽车马上就要开了。
6．What a shame! (真遗憾！真不像话！)用来表示“遗憾；愤懑”。可以单独使用，也可以后跟that-clause或不定式短语。例如：
①Li Lei didn't do his homework yesterday.----What a shame!
李雷昨天没做作业。一真不像话！
②What a shame that I failed in the mid-term examinations!
我期中考试不及格，真是遗憾！
③What a shame to spare him so much time!为他浪费那么多的时间，真不值！。
7．thanks to与because of的用法区别 1)because of指原因，意为“因为”，用以指出理由。
①We stayed at home, this is because of rain.我们呆在家里，因为下雨。
②Tom's absence was because of sickness.汤姆因病缺席。
2)thanks to既可表达正面意义(亏得，多亏，幸亏)，又可表达讽刺意义(近乎反语“感谢”)。
①Thanks to your help we were successful. 由于你的帮助，我们成功了。(正面)
②It was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game. 正是由于你的愚蠢，我们比赛才输了。
8．come round/around的用法 1)作“(非正式)来访”、“串门”解释。
①I'd like to come round to your place one of these days.
我很愿意哪一天到你们这儿玩玩。
②How kind of you to come round to see us.
你到这儿来看望我们，真是太好了。
③I'm afraid I can't come round to your place tonight, for I have to finish my work first.
我今晚恐怕不能到你家去，因为我得先完成工作。
④I've been so sorry that you couldn't come round this week.
这星期你不能到这儿来，我非常遗憾。
2)come round可作“又来到”、“再现”解释，主要指隔一段时间会来一次的事情，如节假日、季节等。如： ①The summer holidays have come round again.暑假又到了。
②National Day will soon come round.国庆节即将到来。
③The time for autumn harvest soon came round. 不久又是秋收季节了。
④When Saturday came round, I went to see my brother. 到了星期六，我就去看我兄弟。
3)come round 还有“转变看法”、“转而同意”、“回心转意”之意。如：
①If we talk to him, I'm sure he will come round to our point of view.
如果我们和他谈谈，我肯定他会转而同意我们的观点。
②She is now against our ideas, but soon she'll come round.
她现在反对我们的意见，但很快她会改变看法的。
③Jack came round when he knew the fact. 杰克知道了事实真相后，就改变了原来的看法。
④Don't worry about Mother. She will come round in the end.
别担心母亲的态度，她最终会改变的。
4)come round亦可作“恢复知觉、健康”等解释。如：
①After this rain, my flowers will come round again.
过了这场雨后，我的花儿就会缓过来了。
②They watched by her bed, waiting for her to come round.
他们守在她床边，等待她苏醒过来。
常用句型结构
1．I wish you every success in the future. “I wish you+名词”用来表示“祝愿”，常用于正式场合。如：
①I wish you success.祝你成功。
②I wish you a happy birthday.祝你生日快乐。另外，“I wish you + adj.”也表示“祝愿”。如：
①I wish you lucky.祝你走运。
②I wish you safe in the journey.祝你一路平安。表示祝愿的形式，常见的有：
a)用原形动词。如： Long live China.中国万岁！
b)用May+动词原形构成。如：
May you be happy all your life.祝你一生幸福。
c)用“I hope + that clause”句型。如：
I hope(that) you'll get well soon.祝你早日康复。
I hope(that)you have a good time.祝你玩得高兴。
<注>“I wish + that clause”句型不是表示祝愿，而是表示“但愿”、“希望”之意。从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的情况。如：
I wish (that)you had read the book.真希望你已读过这本书了(事实是没读过)。
I wish I could fly to the moon in a spaceship one day.
但愿有朝一日我能坐宇宙飞船到月亮上去(事实上不可能)。
2．I insist on telling him how great you were. 我一定要告诉他你是多么了不起。
“insist on sth./doing sth.”结构，其意思为“一定要……；坚持要求”。例：
①I insist on an early reply.我坚决要求早日答复。
②She insisted on seeing the manager as soon as possible. 她坚持要尽快见到经理。
③He insisted on lending me the money I needed. 他一定要把我需用的钱借给我。当insist作及物动词时，后跟that----clause, 从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气，即用“should+动词原形”，其中should常可省略。例：
①I insisted that he(should) go.我一定要他去。
②He insisted that the work should be finished at the end of this month.
他坚决要求这项工作在月底完成。
语法基础知识附加疑问句
1)陈述部分是nobody, no one, none, everyone, everybody, some one, somebody, anyone, anybody作主语，附加句中主语用they。
①Nobody has opened the cupboard during my absence, have they?
【注】若nobody, no one指“世界上没有任何人”这一概念时须用he。
②No one likes to be given short change, does he?
2)陈述部分主语为everything时，附加主语用it。
①Everything has gone wrong, hasn't it?
3)us, this, that, these, those作主语的句子，附加主语用it或they。
①This/That is a desk, isn't it?
②These/Those are pencils, aren't they?
4)陈述部分主语是不定式、动名词、词组、从句，附加主语均用it。
①Fishing is interesting, isn't it?
②To master English is not easy, is it?
5)there be结构中，附加主语用there。
①There is some salt left, isn't there?
6)陈述部分主语为one，正式场合用one，非正式场合也可用you，美语中还用he。
①One can't work all the time, can one?
7)复合主句中主语为第一人称，谓语为think, believe, expect时，附加主语与从句一致。
①I don't believe she is a liar, is she?
8)一般现在时中，陈述主语为第一人称单数，附加谓语be用are.
①I am strong, aren't I?
9)陈述部分为must be表示对现在猜测，附加主语用be的相应形式。
①He must be an engineer, isn't he?
10)若为否定猜测can't，则用can。
①He can't be a lawyer, can he?
11)陈述部分为must have done依情况用did, has, have。
①She must have attended the meeting yesterday, didn't she?
12)陈述部分为can't have done, 依情况用did, has, have。
①The workers can't have finished their work yet, have they?
13)注意以Let's, Let us和Let me开头的结构。
①Let's go and have a look at it, shall we?
②Let us know when you get married, will you?
③Let me do it, will you?
14)have作实义动词时，附加部分最好用do, did, does。
①Jack has two sisters, doesn't he?
15)have sth. done出现在陈述部分，后用did。
①They had the door repaired, didn't they?
16)出现need时，要与陈述部分保持一致。
①I need to buy a dictionary, don't I?
17)ought to出现时，用oughtn't或shouldn't。
①I ought to complain, shouldn't(oughtn't) I ?
18)used to出现时，用did或used。
①There used to be some trees, usedn't (didn't) there?
19)Let开头的句子，前后都为肯定。
①Let her do it, will you?
20)由否定前缀构成的动词不视为否定。
①He is unmarried, isn't he?
21)nothing, hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom, little, few出现在句中视为否定。
①She hardly gets up late, does she?




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