第23单元重点、难点
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罗玉南


重点词语用法
1．动词 wind
1)动词 wind [waind]，意为“弯曲、旋转前进”。
①The river winds down to the sea.这条河蜿蜒流入大海。
②The staircase winds upwards round a central pillar.
这座楼梯绕着中间的柱子呈螺旋状向上。
③She wound her way through the crowds.她绕来绕去穿过了人群。
2)wind意为“将(绳、毛线、纱等)缠绕成球或缠绕在轴上”。
①She wound wool into a ball. 她把毛线缠成团。
②She is winding sewing thread onto a reel.她正把缝纫用的线缠绕在轴上。
3)wind还表示“缠绕，转动”或“上发条”。
①He is winding a shawl round the baby.他用围巾裹上孩子。
②You operate the machine by winding this handle.操纵这台机器要转动这个手把。
③Have you wound your watch?你的表上发条了吗？
2．hire的用法
hire [hai+] vt. 雇用(某人)(＝ employ)；租借(东西)(=rent)。
例如：
①They hired five more hands for the rice harvest.
他们再多雇用5位工人收割水稻。
②They hired a concert hall with accommodation for 300 people.
他们租用了一间能容纳300人的音乐厅。
3．develop
1)develop意为“发展，发育，成长，发达”。
①The child is developing well. 这孩子发育良好。
②The argument developed into a bitter quarrel.这场辩论逐渐变成了激烈的争吵。
③The place has developed from a fishing port into a tourist centre.
这地方由原来的渔港发展成一个旅游胜地。
2)develop表示“冲洗(底片)”。
①I had the film to be developed. 胶卷已送去洗了。
3)develop还表示“开发(土地)”。
The site is being developed by a London property company.
这块地正由伦敦的一家地产公司开发。
▲development area 开发区
▲developing country 发展中国家
▲developed country 发达国家
4．strong 的用法
strong [str&R] adj. 其名词形式为strength，动词形式为strengthen，下面我们通过例句来理解它们的含义。例如：
①Which do you think is stronger,a lion or a tiger?
狮子和老虎，你认为哪一个更强(猛)？
②He is not very strong after his illness.他病后身体并不怎样健康。
③They took strong measures at last.他们终于采取了强硬手段。
④The light is too strong for this room.对这个房间而言，那盏灯光线太强了。
⑤This coffee is too strong for me.这杯咖啡对我来说太浓了。
⑥He got his strength back slowly after his illness.他病后慢慢恢复了体力。
⑦She doesn't have enough strength to walk upstairs.
她没有足够的力气走上楼梯。
⑧We want to strengthen our ties with them.我们想加强与他们的联系。
⑨My desire to be a reporter has been strengthening.
我想成为记者的愿望逐渐强烈。
5．动词remind的用法
1)remind意为“提醒”、“使想起”；如果你叫某人做某事而他可能忘了，你就 remind him，具体的用法是 remind sb. + 从句或 remind sb. /oneself to do sth. 也可用被动语态，即be reminded + 从句。如：
①Would you please remind him that our meeting has been put off?
请你告诉他我们的会议推迟了好吗？
②I reminded her that we hadn't got any petrol left.我提醒她我们没汽油了。
③Please remind me to post the letters.请提醒我把这些信寄了。
④You always have to remind her to take her keys with her.
你老得提醒她带上钥匙。
⑤These notes will remind you what to say.这些笔记可帮你记起要说的话。
⑥A student should always remind himself not to be late for class.
学生应该总是提醒自己上课不要迟到。
2)remind + 宾语+ of这一结构有两个意思，一是表示记起了过去的事情，即“使(某人)想起…”。如：
①He reminds me of his brother.他使我想起他的兄弟。
②This reminds me of what we did together during our holidays.
这使我想起我们在假日共同做的事。
③Thank you for reminding me of the meeting I have to attend.
谢谢你提醒我去开那个必须参加的会。
④The five-star red flag reminds me of my motherland.
五星红旗使我想起了我的祖国。
3) remind sb.of sth. 还可作“使想到…与…相似”。如：
①She reminds me very much of her mother.她长得很像她母亲。
②You remind me so much of your brother,especially when you smile.
你真像你的哥哥，尤其是在你微笑时。
③The restaurant reminds me of the one we had dinner in last year.
这饭店使我想起了去年我们在那里吃饭的那家饭店。
④I am trying to think who he reminds me of.我在想他像什么人。
6．lack的用法
lack [l$k] n. 欠缺，不足；vt. 缺少…，(对)…不充裕。例如：
①The project failed due to lack of money.那项计划因资金不足而失败。
②Lack of heat made us cold.没有暖气使我们感到很冷。
③She lacked the experience to get the job.她经验不足，无法获得这份工作。
④They are so rich that they lack for nothing.他们非常富裕，什么也不欠缺。
7．print
1)print用作不可数名词，指“印出的字母、词、数字等”或“印刷字体”。
①Headlines are written in large print.
标题是用大号字体印刷的。
②The print is too small for me to read without glasses.
印刷字体太小，我不戴眼镜就看不清楚。
2) print还可指“印花布”。
①She bought some flowery print to make a summer dress.
她买了些有花卉图案的印花布做夏天的连衣裙。
3)print还可指“(作品)已印出，已出版”。
①It was the first time he had seen his work in print.
这是他第一次看见自己的作品出版。
4) print用作动词，意为“印刷”。
①The first 64 pages of the book have been printed.该书前64页已印出。
②They bought a new machine to print the posters.
他们购置了一台新机器用来印海报。
③The publisher has printed 10, 000 copies of the book.
这本书出版社已印了10，000册。
5)print还可表示“印照片”。
①How many copies shall I print for you?你要我印多少张？
②The snapshot hasn't printed very well.这张快照印出来不太清楚。
8．street,avenue,highway与road的用法区别
1)street指位于城镇都市内，路面平整，两旁有人行道和房子的公共通道。如：
①This is the point where two busy streets intersect.
这是两条繁忙街道的交叉口。
2)avenue指令人愉快，美观气派而有住宅的street，一般两旁绿树成荫，两侧有屋前花园的street。在某些国家用以指南北向的街道，而东西向的街道用street。
①The avenue was lined with modern shops.街的两旁现代化商店林立。
②This is the avenue to happiness. 这是通往幸福的康庄大道。
3)highway指供车辆行驶的主要道路或公路，路面平滑整齐。是城市间的主要通道。
①They turned off the main highway onto a winding gravel road.
他们离开主要公路，转入一条弯曲的砾石路。
4)road指任何通向某目的地的道路。谈到城市，用street多些。
①There is a narrow winding road from our village to the next one.
从我们村到邻村有条蜿蜒的小路。
9．due一词的用法
1) due为形容词，后面常接不定式。如：通常与be动词连用，后接介词短语，如：
①When is the ship due? 轮船预定何时到达？
②The train is due to arrive at 1: 30.火车应于一点半到达。
③Mr Hill is due to speak twice tomorrow.希尔先生预定明天演讲两次。
2)due亦可作“应付的”解释。如：
①When is the rent due? 房租何时付？
②The wages due to him will be paid tomorrow.他应得的工资明天付给他。
3) due to有“由于”“起因于”之意，表示原因，相当于because of。如：
①The accident was due to careless driving.事故是由于驾驶疏忽所造成。
②The flight stopped due to the fog.班机因雾停航。
③Mr Wang did not attend his class due to his illness.王先生因病未来上课。
10．work作及物动词和不及物动词
1)work作不及物动词，可作“工作”解释，在一般情况下，当work 的主语是非生物类名词时，work 意为“运转”、“开动”、“有效”、“灵验”、“行得通”等。如：
①Yes,it (the method) might work.
是的，此法可能行得通。
②The lift is not working. 这电梯开不动了。
③The clock hasn't been working since this morning.
这只钟从今天早上起就不走了。
④It's good idea,but it won't work.这是个好主意，但就是行不通。
⑤The medicine will not work. 这药不灵。
⑥The treatment works like magic.这种疗法疗效神奇。
⑦The plan worked smoothly. 这个办法很能解决问题。
⑧My brain doesn't seem to be working well this evening.
今晚我的脑子好像有些不好使。
2)work也可作及物动词用，作“使…工作”、“开动”、“操纵”、“管理”、“负责”解释。主语既可是人，也可以是物。如：
①The boss worked his men very hard. 这老板让工人使劲干活。
②The factory is worked by electricity. 这工厂用电作动力。
③He can work an abacus very well. 他算盘打得很好。
④He works a farm in the United States. 他在美国办了一个农畅
重要词组短语
1．all the best的用法
All the best. 是临别时表示祝愿的用语，相当于“All the best wishes to you. ”的意思。也可以说 All the very best. 后面还可以加适当的状语。
例如：
①All the best in your new job.
祝你在新的工作岗位上一切顺利。
②All the best with your family. 祝你全家都好。
③All the best in your study/ business.祝你学习/事业顺利。
2．have a word with的用法
have a word with意为“和……说句话”，其中的a word也可以用a few words代替，表示“(说)几句话”的意思。例如：
①May I have a word with you? 我可以和你说句话吗？
②I want to have a few words with you,are you free now?
我想同你讲几句话，你有空吗？
③The teacher would like a word with you in his office.
老师想跟你在他的办公室里谈谈话。
④Is Miss Mary in? I'd like to have a word with her.
玛丽小姐在家吗？我想跟她谈一谈。
3．in other words意为“换句话说；换言之”；而in a (one)word意为“总之，总而言之”； in words 意为“用语言，用文字”。例如：
①They are not the revolutionary in deeds,but in words.
他们不是行动上的革命家，而是口头上的革命家。
②In a word,I don't trust him. 一句话，我不信赖他。
③In a word,they are working very hard.总之，他们正在努力工作。
④An apple a day keeps a doctor away. In other words, eating some fresh fruit every day will do good to people's health. 一天一个大苹果医生永远不找我。也就是说，每天吃些新鲜水果对人的健康有好处。
⑤In other words,we can finish the work on time only in this way.
换句话说，我们只有这样做才能准时完成任务。
⑥He has been working too much,and is not at all well. In other words, he needs a holiday.他近来工作过度，身体也不大好，也就是说，他需要休假。
与word有关的常用词组，总结如下：
①address a few words to sb. 对某人讲几句话
②break one's word失信，食言
③not to breathe a word about sth. 对某事只字不提
④eat one's words 收回前言，承认说错
⑤get word 获得消息，听说，得知
⑥give one's word 保证，担保，允诺
⑦have a word with 和某人谈谈
⑧have no words for sth. 无法用语言形容某物
⑨keep one's word 守信用，遵守诺言
⑩match words with deeds 言行一致
(11)waste one's words 白费口舌
(12)the last words 临终遗言
(13)sharp words 苛刻的话
(14)soft words 甜言蜜语
(15)in word 口头上
(16)in a word总之
4．bring along意为“把……带来，领来”。例如：
①I want to bring my friend along to see you.我想把我的朋友带来见你。
②Bring your suitcase along with you.请把你的衣箱带着。
5．be connected with的意思是“与……有关”(=to be related to)。例如：
①I always considered your brother to be connected with that club.
我原来总认为你兄弟和那个俱乐部有关系。
②The meeting was connected directly with this affair.
会议与这件事有直接关系。
③He is in no way connected with this business.他和这事一点关系也没有。
④The discussion will be connected closely with our work.
讨论将与我们的工作密切相关。
⑤How was one telephone connected with another in the past?
在过去一个电话与另一个电话是怎样接通的。
6．go ahead的用法
1) go ahead是一个一词多义的词组，此处作“说吧、干吧”，“开始干”解释。
①At first I didn't have enough courage to go ahead.
开始我没有足够的勇气干这件事。
②“May I ask you a question?” “Yes,go ahead please.”
“我能问你一个问题吗？”“请说吧）
③“May I start now?” “Yes,go ahead.”“我可以动身吗？”“是的，动身吧）
④They went ahead to rebuild their school after the earthquake.
地震以后，他们开始重建学校。
⑤Go ahead,we are all listening to you.开始吧，我们都听着呢。
⑥If you think you can do the work,just go ahead.
如果你认为你能做那工作，就做吧。
2)以上例句中的 go ahead相当于不及物动词，若要表示做什么事，则go ahead后应接with。如：
①We are going ahead with the task given to us.我们正在做交给我们的工作。
②The committee permitted us to go ahead with our building plan.
委员会允许我们执行我们的建筑计划。
③The teacher asked us to go ahead with our discussion.老师要我们继续讨论。
④The rain stopped,people went ahead with their work of digging the well.
雨停了，人们继续挖井。
⑤Just go ahead with your work.Don't care what others think.
继续你的工作，别管别人怎么想。
⑥The government has decided to go ahead with its plans to develop the North -west. 政府已决定进行开发西北的计划。
3)go ahead 也可作“继续前进或行进”解释。如：
①Go straight ahead,then turn right at the second crossing.
一直向前走，然后在第二个十字路口处向右拐。
②The truck was examined by the police and then allowed to go ahead.
卡车被警察仔细地检查了以后被允许继续向前开。
③He went ahead of us to tell the good news to his parents.
他走在我们前面去告诉他父母这个好消息。
④You go ahead and I'll come later.你先走，我随后就来。
【注】请注意 go ahead与 go on之间的异同，除在少数情况下 go ahead with 与 go on with有相同之处外(如2)例句⑤)，这两个词组从本质上说是不同的，go ahead着重于“开始干”； go on有已干了一段时间后继续干的意思。 go on还可表示干完了一件再继续干另一件的意思，而 go ahead无此意。如：
①He went on doing his work until far into the night.他继续干到深夜。
②He asked me to go ahead instead of waiting.他叫我先干起来，不要光等待。
③Having finished the explanation of the text,the teacher went on to ask us some questions. 解释完了课文，老师接着问我们问题。
7．have on (=be wearing )穿 (戴)着，表示状态，无进行时态，但有动词-ing短语形式。例如：
①The Emperor had nothing on in the procession.
皇帝在游行的队伍中，什么也没穿。
②The Emperor was having nothing on in the procession. (错误)
③The Emperor having nothing on walked in the procession. (正确)
▲put on表示穿的动作， wear表示穿的状态。两者后均跟表示服装的名词作宾语，wear还可以表示戴手表，眼镜，首饰，花等。in表示穿的状态，但它除接表示服装的名词外，还可接表示颜色的名词。例如：
①He put on his raincoat and soon disappeared in the rain.
他穿上雨衣，很快便消失在雨幕中。
②The man,wearing black glasses,is in blue.那位戴墨镜的人身着蓝装。
▲dress既可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。用作及物动词，后面只能跟表示人的名词或代词(表示自己穿衣时用反身代词)，不能跟表示服装的名词。例如：
①After the bath,he dressed himself.洗了澡后，他自己穿上了衣服。
②She hurriedly dressed her daughter and took her to the zoo.
她急忙为女儿穿上衣服，并带她去动物园。
③The beggar was poorly dressed. 乞丐穿得很破。
(过去分词dressed用作表语，表示穿的状态。)
④Get up and dress quickly. 起床了，快点穿衣服！
8．in case用作连词时，意为“在…的情况下，万一…的话” ；”以防，免得”。例如：
①In case anything important happens,please call me up.
万一发生什么重要事情，请打电话给我。
②Take a taxi in case you are late for the meeting.坐出租车去，免得开会迟到。
③You had better carry some money in case.你最好带些钱，以防万一。
④In case I forget,please remind me of it.万一我忘记了，就请你提醒我。
【注意】 in case of意为“万一；以防”，后面跟名词。例如：
①In case of fire,dial 119. 万一发生火灾，请拨119。
②Take your raincoat in case of rain.
(= … in case it rains.)带上雨衣，以防下雨。
9．in order to 的用法
in order to 是固定词组，后接动词原形。既可用在句首，可用于句尾，也可用于句中，表示目的。例如：
①She went to the hall early in order to get a good seat.
她很早就到大厅去了，以便找到一个好座位。
in order that相当于 so that，用来引导目的状语从句，句中常用情态动词can,may,cold,might,will等。例如：
①She got up early in order that she could catch the first bus.
她起身很早，以便能赶上第一班汽车。
【注意】 inorder that引导的从句的主语如果和主句的主语一致那么可改为 in order to引导的状语短语。以上例句可改为：
She got up early in order to catch the first bus.
10．be supposed to
be supposed to表示“被期待，应该”，相当于 should。
①I'm supposed to be at home by ten o'clock at night.
晚上十点钟以前，我应该在家。
②We're supposed to feed the animals twice a day.
我们应该一天给那些动物喂两次食。
③Our airplane is supposed to take off at 10 a. m.
我们的飞机应在上午十点起飞。
④You are not supposed to smoke on the bus.你不可以在公共汽车上抽烟。
⑤It's a secret. I'm supposed not to say.这是秘密，我不能说。
11．Hold on
1)此句是电话用语，意思是要求对方等一下，不要把电话挂上。其后常跟表示很短一段时间的状语。如：a moment;a minute, a second 等。如：
①Hold on a minute,please. I can't hear what you are saying.
请等一下，我听不清你在讲些什么。
②Excuse me,sir. Hold on. I'm looking for my pen.
对不起，先生，请别挂，我正在找钢笔。
③Hold on a moment. I'll tell you Jack's phone number.
请稍等，我来告诉你杰克的电话号码。
④Tom asked Mary to hold on for a moment so that he could check answers to the maths problems with her.汤姆叫玛丽别挂电话，这样他就可以和她对数学题答案。
⑤Tell him to hold on a moment and repeat what he said.
叫他等一下，把刚才的话再说一遍。
⑥Hold on.I'll tell you a secret.别挂上，告诉你一个秘密。
2)hold on还可以做“继续”、“坚持”解释。如：
①Hold on,everything will be all right.坚持下去，一切都会好起来的。
②Heavy snow held on the whole night.大雪纷纷扬扬下了一个晚上。
③If you can hold on a bit longer,I think help will come.
我想如果你能再坚持一会儿，就会得到帮助了。
④If I make my choice,I will hold on to the end.
如果我作出了选择，我将坚持到底。
⑤If the rain hadn't held on the whole day yesterday,the crops would have been got in. 如果昨天没有下一整天的雨，庄稼就都收割好了。
⑥In the snowstorm,people were told to hold on till the PLA men came.
在暴风雪中，人们被告知要坚持下去，直到解放军到来。
请注意辨别hold on to作“抓住不放”解释。如：
①You should hold on to your oil shares.你应该握住你的石油股票不要抛出。
②The boy held on to the bush until someone came down to rescue him.
这孩子抓住矮树直到有人下来救他。
③The little boy held on to his granny's hand while crossing the street.
这小男孩过街时抓住他奶奶的手。
④He was determined to hold on to this job whatever difficulties he might meet with. 他决心不管碰到什么困难，都要坚持做这工作。
⑤The wind was blowing so hard that I had to hold on to my hat when I went home from work.当我下班回家的时候，风非常大，我不得不一路抓住帽子。
⑥Don't be afraid; just hold on to the rock and I'll fetch you down.
别害怕，抓住那块石头，我会接你下来。
常用句型结构
1．The problem with electrical signals is that they get weaker and weaker as they travel along metal wires.
get weaker and weaker变得越来越弱……；是英语中常用的一个句型。因为早期的汉语中没有类似的结构，在从英语译为汉语时要注意汉语意思的通顺。例：
①Li Ming is becoming more and more interested in English.
李明对英语的兴趣日益浓厚。
②When summer comes,the days get longer and longer,while the nights get shorter and shorter. 夏天到来时，白天渐渐变长，而夜晚逐渐缩短。
这种“比较级and比较级”的用法，汉语中不一定要译为“越……越……”的结构。
2．The earliest telephones were not popular and it took a long time before people began to hire or buy them.
早期的电话并不受人欢迎，过了好长时间人们才开租用或购买电话。
It takes (sb.) some time before…,(某人)过了……时间以后才……。在这个句型中要注意before的意义和用法，汉语中这种before往往要译为“……以后……”不能理解为“以前”。例：
①It took the blind man quite some time before he could find the elephant at all.那个盲人过了好长时间才摸到了大象。
②It will take at least 20 minutes before he works out the problem.
至少要二十分钟，他才能把那道数学题做出来。
3．There have been great advances in telephone equipment in the last quarter of the twentieth century.
There be句型的完成时态，表示“从过去某时直到现在”的一种状态。例：
①There have been great changes in our city since 1989.
1989年以来，我们市有了巨大变化。
②There has been serious problem in the water system.
供水系统一直存在严重问题。
语法基础知识
Grammar: Noun Clause名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词，因此，这四种从句统称为名词性从句。
1)连接词
a)名词性从句中，连词that既无意义，又不充当句子成分，这是名词性从句与形容词性从句(定语从句)的显著区别。
b)名词性从句中，连词whether也不充当句子成分，但有自身意义，在主语从句和表语从句中不可用if替换。在宾语从句中，虽可用if，但受到某些限制。如：可用whether or not,whetherto + V,及whether接由选择问句改写的宾语从句(whether… or…. )，上述这些均不可用if替代。但if后可接否定的宾语从句(虽然极少用到)。if另一作用是引导条件状语从句。
c)主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句在连接代词和连接副词的使用上基本上一致。
2)语序
名词性从句的语序一律按照陈述句语序。
3)其它各项规则参看前面单元的语法部分。

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