第22单元重点、难点
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罗玉南


重点词语用法
1．eager的用法
eager adj.渴望的，殷切期盼的；热心的。其副词形式为eagerly，名词形式为eagerness。例如：
① He was eager for success.他渴望成功。
② They are eager to see their daughter.他们渴望见到他们的女儿。
③John was eager for us to come to the party.约翰殷切期盼我们来参加晚会。
④We are eager that the project should be started early.
我们热切希望这项计划能早日着手进行。
⑤They listened to the lecture with eager attention.他们热切地倾听讲座。
⑥They listened to me eagerly.他们殷切地听我说话。
⑦She is in her eagerness to see her husband.她急于要见她的丈夫。
【注意】eager和anxious都有“渴望”之意，eager带有更多的热切、兴奋的情绪，而anxious带有更多的焦虑的心情。
①He is anxious about his safety.他对她的安全感到焦虑。
②They became anxious at her delay.他们开始为她的耽搁焦虑不安。
③She was eager about her progress. 她渴望进步。
④I'm eager to go with you.我很想和你去。
2．disturb的用法
disturb[dis't+::b] vt.妨碍，打扰(睡眠、工作等)；扰乱…，搞乱 …；使(人)心神不宁。例如：
①The noise in the street disturbed my study.街上噪音干扰我念书。
②Tell me if I'm disturbing you.请告诉我是否打扰你了？
③ A light wind disturbed the smooth surface of the lake.
一阵微风使平静的湖面泛起波纹。
④She was disturbed to hear of her mother's sudden illness.
她获悉母亲得急病后感到心神不安。
3．explain的用法
1) explain用作及物动词，但不可带双宾语，只可说 explain sth. to sb.
意为“向某人解释某事”。
①The teacher explained the problem to the class.
老师向全班同学解释了那个问题。
②The student explained to me the reason for his being late.
学生向我解释了迟到的原因。
【注】常见的带双宾语的动词还有bring, buy, cost, give, leave, lend,make, offer, owe, pass, pay, promise, read,refuse, send,show,take, tell, write等。
【注】 suggest与explain一样，只可说 I suggested a way out to her. 我向她提出了个解决问题的方法。
2)explain后可接从句或疑问词带不定式结构。
①He explained to us what had happened in town.他告诉我们城里发生的事。
②He explained why he was late for the meeting.他解释开会迟到的原因。
③ He explained that he had to leave at once.他说他得马上离开。
④He explained what to do next.他解释下一步该做什么。
⑤ He explained to us how to use the machine.他向我们解释如何使用这机器。
4．fortune的用法
1)fortune为名词，意为“财产、大量财产”。
a man of fortune富人
make a fortune发财、致富
come into a fortune继承大笔遗产
marry a fortune嫁(娶)一有钱或将来会有钱的人
①Many people make their fortunes through hard work in our country.
在我们国家，很多人通过辛勤劳动致富。
②At the beginning of this century,hundreds and thousands of people sought their fortunes in the west of the United States.
在本世纪初，成千上万的人去美国西部淘金。
2)fortune亦可解释为“机会”、“运气”或“命运”。如：
try one's fortune碰运气
by good fortune由于幸运
take sb. his fortune为某人算命、看相
①He is having fortune on his side. 他正在走好运。
3)fortune的形容词是fort unate, 副词是fortunately, 都是常用词。如：
① You are fortunate enough to have such a happy family.
你有这样一个幸福的家庭，真是幸运之至。
②You were fortunate to escape being injured.你没有受伤，真是幸运。
③ He was fortunate enough to have a good income.他很幸运，有一笔好收入。
④ Alice was fortunate in her choice.艾丽丝的选择很幸运。
⑤ I was late in getting to the station, but fortunately for me the train was late,too. 我到火车站晚了点儿，幸运的是火车也晚点了。
5．suffer的用法
suffer['s)f+] vt. 遭受(痛苦、损害等)；vi.受苦，苦恼，患病， 遭受损害。例如：
① The city suffered serious damage from the earthquake.
那个城市因地震而遭到严重破坏。
②They suffered a great deal in the war.他们在战争中遭受了巨大痛苦。
③ I'm pleased to know that you didn't suffer much pain while you were ill.
我听说你生病的时候没受什么罪，我很高兴。
④They were ready to suffer death for the sake of their country.
他们愿意为国牺牲。
⑤The injured man was still suffering.那位受伤的男人还在受着折磨。
⑥ His health suffered terribly from the heavy drinking.
他的健康因豪饮而严重受损。
⑦She has learnt to suffer without complaining.她已经学会了吃苦的时候不抱怨。
【注意】 suffer from常用作短语，意为“苦于…；患…博。如：
①The village is suffering from depopulation.
那个村庄正在为人口减少而深感苦恼。
② Last week I suffered from a bad cold.上一周我患了重感冒。
6．doubt 的用法
1)doubt 作名词用，意为“怀疑”，如：
① I have no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你会成功的。
② There is no doubt at all about it.这件事是确实的。(没有疑问的)
③ There is no room for doubt.没有怀疑的余地。
④ There is not much doubt about his guilt.几乎可以肯定他有罪。
2)doubt也有复数形式，意为“疑虑”。
① Please dismiss all doubts about it.请打消对这件事的一切顾虑。
② she had her doubts whether he would come.她怀疑他是否会来。
③ I have my doubts about this being true.我怀疑这事是否真实。
3)在词组in doubt (怀疑、不肯定)中，doubt前没有冠词；在词组without (a) doubt(毫无疑问，一定地)中，doubt前可有不定冠词a。如：
① When in doubt about the meaning of a word,look it up in a dictionary.
拿不准词义时，查查字典。
② The outcome of the match was in doubt then.比赛的结果当时还看不准。
③ He is in doubt about what to do.他尚未确定做些什么。
④ Don't worry,he will come back without (a) doubt.
不要着急，他一定会回来的。
⑤ Without (a) doubt,she can speak and write very good English.
毫无疑问，她的英语口语和书面表达都是很好的。
4)doubt可以作为动词用，在否定句和疑问句中，跟that引起的宾语从句，在肯定句中，跟whether或if引起的宾语从句。如：
① I don't doubt that he is honest.我确信他是诚实的。
② Can you doubt that he will win?你怀疑他将得胜吗？
③ Do you doubt that he will keep his promise?你不信他会遵守诺言吗？
④ He doubted whether such a thing was possible.他怀疑这样的事是否可能。
⑤She doubted if that was what he wanted.她不知道是否这就是他所需要的。
⑥ I doubt very much whether I shall be able to come.我拿不准是否能来。
⑦ We don't doubt that he can do a good job of it.
我们并不怀疑他能把这件事干得很好。
⑧ I doubt if it's true.我看这未必是事实。
7．address
1)address 用作名词，意为“地址”。
① What is your new address?你的新地址是哪儿？
② I have written to her at her new address.我已写信寄到她的新地址。
2)address还可指“演说”，指正式的演说，讲话。speech指一般的“发言，讲话”，lecture侧重于学术方面的演讲。
①The chairman gave an opening address.主席致开幕词。
② She delivered an address of thanks.她致答谢词。
③ He made an excellent speech. 他作了个精彩的发言。
④ There will be a lecture on American history this afternoon. We do attend it.今天下午有个关于美国历史的讲座，我们一定要去听。
3)address用作及物动词，表示“向……讲话”，“写信给……”。
① The president addressed the audience in an eloquent speech.
总统向听众做了个具有说服力的演讲。
② He addressed the newspaper editor.他给报社编辑写了封信。
4)adderss the letter,address the envelope表示“在信封上写收信人姓名地址”。address a letter to a friend 表示“给朋友寄封信”。
5)address oneself to sth. 表示“论述”，“致力于”； address oneself to sb.
表示“同……讲话”。
① He addressed himself to the crowd.他向人群讲话。
② I will address myself to two questions in my speech.
我将要在讲演中论述两个问题。
③ He addressed himself to the main difficulty.他致力于克服主要困难。
8．persuade
1)persuade 意为“说服”，可说persuade sb., 也可说 persuade sb. to dosth.
① He persuaded his friend.他说服了朋友。
② I persuaded her to go with me.我说服她和我一起去。
③ I have persuaded her not to be angry.我已经说服她不要生气。【注】persuade 意为“劝说”成功。要表示“说而不服”时，可用其它的“劝说”，如advise等，或在persuade前加上try to或want to等。
① I advised him to give up smoking,but in vain.
② I tried to persuade him to give up smoking,but in vain.
③ I wanted to persuade him to give up smoking,but in vain.
以上三句都译为：我劝他戒烟，但徒劳。
2)persuade sb.that是“使某人相信”的意思。
① I shall persuade him that he is mistaken.我将使他真正相信他是错的。
② How can I persuade him that I am grateful to him?
我怎样才能使他相信我很感激他？
重要词组短语
1．let in 意为“让……进来”。例如：
①You must keep the door closed,don't let the dog in.
你必须关上门，不要让狗进来。
② Windows let in light and air.光线和空气通过窗口进入室内。
③ Will you please let Mr Smith in by opening the door?
你去开门让史密斯先生进来好吗？
④ He has a key to the front door so he will be able to let himself in.
他有前门的钥匙，自己能开门进来。
2．in public意为“公开地；公然地；当众地”。例如：
① It's bad manners to spit in public.在公共场所吐痰是不礼貌的。
② The little girl does not like to speak English in public.
那个小女孩不喜欢当众讲英语。
③ He doesn't talk loudly and laugh loudly in public.
他不在公共场合高声喧哗，大声发笑。
④ Don't make so much noise in public.公共场合不要制造这么多的噪音。
3．sentence…to death意为“将……判处死刑”。例如：
① The murderer was sentenced to death last week.杀人犯上周被判处死刑。
② The robber has been caught and was sentenced to three years' imprisonment.
那个抢劫犯已被逮住，并被判了3年的徒刑。
4．take the place of 意为“代替；取代”，这一短语也可以用 takesb'splace 来代替。例如：
① I will take the place of your teacher. 我将代替你们老师工作。
② Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in our country.
在我国电动火车现在已取代蒸汽火车了。
③ In the 21th century,the robot will take the place of us to do some house-work.在21世纪，机器人将代替我们做些家务活。
④ Mr John can take your manager's place.约翰先生可以替代你们经理的位置。
⑤ Your manager is very ill,so Mr John is taking hisplace.
你们经理病得很严重，所以约翰先生在替他工作。
5．come to的常见用法
1) come to在这里作“降临”、“发生”、“出现”解释。如：
① After much thought,the answer came to him.思索了好久以后，他想出了答案。
② A good idea has just come to my mind.我刚想出了一个好主意。
③ No harm will come to you if you pay more attention.
如果你更加注意的话，不会出什么事的。
④ After his parents died,a large fortune came to him.
他父母去世后，他获得了很多遗产。
2)come to也可作“论及”、“谈到”、“涉及到”解释。如：
① We were just about to come to the question when you came.
我们正要谈到这个问题时你来了。
② Now let's come to this year's trade between us.
现在让我们谈今年两国间的贸易。
③ Jack is not good at maths, but when it comes to English,he is among thebest students in class.
杰克的数学不行，但在英语方面，他是全班最好的学生之一。
④ Now let's come to the third paragraph of the text.
现在让我们来讲课文的第三段。
3)come to还可作“共计”、“达到”解释。如：
① How much does our bill come to?一共该付多少钱？
② I didn't expect those few dishes to come to that much.
我没想到这几盘菜要这么多钱。
③ His earnings come to twenty thousand yuan a year.他一年的收入达两万元。
④ The bill comes to one hundred yuan.账单上总数达一百元。
6．be pleased at与be pleased with
两个词组都有“对…感到非常高兴”的意思，所不同的是，at表示瞬间动作引起的一时感情流露，强调“在听到…时”、“在看到…时”。而with表示较长时间的心理状态，指“对于…”。如：
①We were very pleased at the news of his success.
听到他成功的消息我们十分高兴。
② Mother was very pleased with her son's success.母亲对儿子的成功非常满意。
③ I'm very much pleased with what he has done.我对他所完成的事情感到很高兴。
④ He looked pleased witn himself.他看来对自己感到满足。
⑤ We were much pleased at the news that our volleyball team had won the match.
听到我们排球队获胜的消息我们都非常高兴。
【注】pleased前面的修饰语可以是very，也可以是much，也可以是verymuch。也就是说，我们既可以说very pleased，也可以说 much pleased或very much pleased.
7．make sure of+sth./doing sth.意为“将……弄确切；确保……”。例如：
① We have made sure of the time of the meeting.我们已经把开会的时间弄准了。
② We should get there as early as possible in order to make sure of getting a ticketfor the concert.我们应该尽早赶到那儿，以确保买到音乐会的票。
③ will you make sure of his return?请你查明他是否真的回来了，好吗？
④ We have made sure of our seats for the movie.我们已订好电影院的座位了。
【注意】 make sure+that-clause 还可以作为一个句型来掌握。例如：
① I haven't made sure that I will win the match.
我还没有把握在这次比赛中获胜。
② Please make sare that lights are turned off.请一定要关好灯。
③ Will you make sure that he returned?请你查明他是否真的回来了，好吗？
④ Make sure that you pick me up at five.你一定要在5点开车来接我。
8．set fire to sth. (=set sth.on fire)意为“放火烧某物；使某物着火”。
例如：
① The enemy set fire to the village.
(=The enemy set the village on fire.)敌人放火烧了那个村子。
② No one knows who has set fire to the forest.
(=No one knows who set the forest on fire.)没有人知道是谁放火烧的森林。
③ The man who set fire to the house last week has been caught yesterday.
(=The man who set the house on fire last week has been caught yesterday.)
上周放火烧房子的那个人已于昨天被逮住了。
9．burn…to the ground 意为“将……烧成平地”。例如：
① In the country the revolutionaries set fire to the nobles' castles and burnt them to the ground.在乡村里革命者放火烧坏了贵族的城堡，把它们夷为平地。
② They got very angry when they got to know that the invaders had burnt their village to the ground.当他们得知侵略者将他们的村庄烧平的时候，他们都非常的愤慨。
10．do wrong的用法
do wrong意为“做错事；做得不对”。其中wrong是名词，意为“(使别人受损害/委屈的)错事”，与此相对应的词组是do right，意为“做得对”，类似的有：do good意为“有好处”，do harm意为“有害处”，do one's best 意为“尽最大的努力”。例如：
① He didn't realize that he had done wrong.他没有意识到自己做错了事。
② Anyone who did wrong should be punished sooner or later.
任何干坏事的人迟早都应该受到惩罚。
③ You did wrong not to tell me everything you know.
你不把你知道的一切告诉我，做得不对。
④ You did quite right to follow the teacher's advice.
你接受你老师的建议是对的。
⑤ It is difficult for people to do good all his life.
人们一辈子都做好事是困难的。
⑥ Pollution does great harm to people's health.污染对人体健康危害很大。
⑦ We will do our best to finish the job on time.我们要尽力按时完成这项任务。
11．give away, give off, give out, give in和give up的用法区别
1) give away意为“赠送，分发，丧失，泄露”。
① He gave away all his money to the poor children.
他把自己所有的钱都送给了穷人家的孩子。
② The headmaster gave away medals to the winners at the sports meet.
校长为运动会各奖项的获得者发奖章。
③Our school's football team has given away a good chance of winning thematch.我校足球队失去了打赢这场球的好机会。
④ If you give away the secret,you'll have to answer for it.
如果你把秘密泄露出去，你就得承担责任。
2)give off意为“发出(烟、光、热等)”，亦作 give out.
The heavily-polluted river gives off a bad smell.
这条污染严重的河流散发出一股难闻的气味。
3)give out还有“耗尽，筋疲力京之意。
① After two days our food gave out,and we had to return.
两天后食物耗尽了，我们只好返回。
② He dug and dug until his arm gave out.他挖呀挖呀，直挖得双臂酸软无力。
4) give in意为“屈服，让步”。
① The rebels were forced to give in.造反的人都被制服了。
② Mary usually has to give in to her big brother.
通常，玛丽都得让着她那个哥哥。
5) give up意为“放弃”
① It's good of you to give up your seat to the old lady.
你真好，把自己座位让给老人。
②You should give up smoking and drinking.你应该把烟酒都戒掉。
③ She was so late that we had given her up.她太迟了，我们没有等她。
12．get into
1) get into(使)进入
① The train was so full that I couldn't get into it.火车太挤了，我上不去。
② He didn't get into bed until midnight last night.昨晚他半夜才上床。
③In spite of the heavy seas, the captain got his ship into Liverpool on time.
尽管海上波涛汹涌，船长还是按时把船驶进了利物浦港口。
④He got into the taxi and drove away quickly.他钻进出租车很快开走了。
2)get into还可引申为“(使)从事于，(使)陷入；(使)染上习惯”。
如：
①If you don't work harder, you will get into trouble.
你如果不加把劲干，会遇到麻烦的。
② People gradually got into using the word.人们逐渐习惯于使用这个字。
③You mustn't get into the habit of smoking.你不能染上吸烟的坏习惯。
④The two old man got into talk with each other.这两个老人互相攀谈起来。
⑤ It's easy to get into the habit of taking drugs but hard to get rid of it.
染上吸毒恶习是容易的，但要戒毒是很困难的。
⑥ How did you get into such a situation?你怎么会陷入这种境地的？
常用句型结构
1．Theguards couldn't have been watching very carefully.
句中谓语由 couldn't+现在完成进行时态构成。
A)can't, couldn't用在否定句中表示推断，表示不可能性。如：
① A:He must be the headmaster. 他准是校长。
B:No,he can't (be the headmaster).The headmaster has gone to Tianjin.
不，不可能，校长已经去天津了。
② A: They must have finished their task by now.他们现在肯定已经完成任务了。
B: NO, they couldn't have finished it in sucha short time.
不，他们不可能这么短时间内完成它。
B)现在完成进行时态，由“have/has been+ V-ing形式”构成，这个时态表示“到目前为止一直在进行着的动作(可能还要进行下去)”。如：
① He has been listening to the music since 3 o'clock.
从3点起他就一直在听音乐。(也可能还要继续听下去。)
② It has been raining for half an hour.
雨已经下了半小时了。(可能刚停，也可能还要继续下去)
③ How long have you been waiting here?你在这儿等了多久了？
比较：现在完成时态，也可表达到目前已经完成的动作。如：
① I have made a model plane.我已经制作了一架模型飞机。
而现在完成进行时表达动作仍在继续。如：
② I have been making a model plane.我一直在制作着一架模型飞机。(尚未完成)
当两种时态后接表示“段”的时间状语时，则意思相似。如：
① I have stayed here for an hour.我已在这儿呆了一个小时。
② I have been staying here for an hour.我已在这儿呆了一个小时。
2．You must have been made tospeak to theservant!
a)must在表示推测时，只用于肯定句中。
must+V.表示对现在的推测；must have+Vpp. 则表示对过去的推测。如：
①I often see him here. He must live nearby.
我常在这儿见到他，他准是住在附近。
② He is free now.He must have finished the homework.
他现在有空了，他准已完成家庭作业了。
b)对must表示推测的句子，在反意问句的句中结构举例如下：
① He must be a doctor,isn't he?他肯定是医生，对吗？
② The man must live here, doesn't he?这男人肯定住在这，是吗？
③ The peasant girl must have been mad,wasn't she?
这农民的女儿肯定疯了，是吗？
④ The must have done it, didn't/haven't they?他们肯定做过这事，对不对？
而must在表示“必须”或“必要”时，其结构举例如下：
① They must work hard,mustn't they?(必须)他们必须要努力工作，不是吗？
② They must take the medical lessons, needn't they?
(必要)他们要上卫生课，有必要吗？
3．She might have called for help.
情态动词+have+过去分词表示对过去情况的推测(语气不肯定)。
①Where could they have gone? 他们会去了哪儿呢？
②You might have read about it in the papers.你可能在报上已读到这件事了。
课文中有一句话也是这类用法。
① You might both have been caught and killed.你俩都可能被捕和杀头。
② I should have thought of that.这一点我本该想到的。(实际没想到)
语法基础知识
动词-ing形式作状语
1)-ing形式作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步，方式等意义。这时-ing形式相当于一个状语从句。
① Crossing the road(=As he was crossing the road),he was run over bya car.他在过马路时，被一辆轿车从身上碾过。
② Having done their homework (=After they had done their homework),the students left the classroom.学生们做完作业便离开了教室。
2)表示原因：
① Not knowing English (=As he didn't know English),he couldn't understand the film.由于不懂英语，他看不懂这部影片。
② Having lived in Shanghai many years (=Because he has lived in Shanghai many years),he knows the place very well.他多年住在上海，所以熟悉这个地方。
3)表示条件：
① Working hard (=If you work bard),you will do well in your exams.
你如果努力学习，就会在考试中取得好成绩。
② Turning to the left (=If you turn to the left),you will see the post office.
向左一转，你就会看见邮局。
4)表示结果：
① His parents died in the war,leaving him an orphan (=so that he became an orphan).他父母在战争中死亡，以致他成了孤儿。
② It snowed heavily last night,this causing the traffic problems today (= as a result we have the traffic problems today).
昨夜下了大雪，以致引起今天的交通问题。
5)表示让步：
① Although toiling all the year round (=Although he was toiling all theyear round),the poor peasant couldn't afford to send his children to school.这位贫苦的农民，尽管终年劳累，还是无力送孩子上学。
② Weighing almost one hundred jin (=Though it weighed almost one hundred jin),the box was lifted by him with one hand.
那箱子将近一百斤重，但还是被他一只手拎了起来。
6)表示方式或伴随状况：
① The six blind men stood all day long by the roadside,begging for money
(=they were begging for money). 这六个盲人整天站在路边乞讨。
② He went out,slamming thedoor(=he slammed thedoor).
他走出去，砰地一声把门带上。

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