第21单元重点、难点
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罗玉南


重点词语用法
1．gain,earn,get ＆ win
1)earn 意为“赚得”，表示经艰苦努力所得的报偿。
① He earns up to $ 50 , 000 a year by writing stories.
他靠写小说，一年收入高达五万元。
2)gain指在斗争，竞争中作出很大努力而“获得”，所得的东西常具有一定价值。
① I' m new in the job but I' m already gaining experience.这行当我是新手，不过我已经有点门道了。
3)get为普通词，有时指不一定需要努力就能“得到”。
① Please get me a glass of water. 请给我拿杯水。
4)win含有取胜的一方具有优越的特质或条件而能克服各种障碍的意思，意为“赢得”。
① His perseverance won him many friends and a gold medal.
他因为坚韧不拔而赢得了一枚奖章，并且结识了不少朋友。
2．follow的用法
1)follow 作“跟随”解。
① I'll lead the way,you just follow.我来带路，你们跟着。
② The boy followed his father out.男孩跟着父亲出去了。
③ One misfortune followed another.不幸的事一件接着一件。
2)follow 还可作“沿着，遵循，照……办”解。
① Follow this road until you get to the corner,then turn left.沿着这条路走到拐角处，然后向左转。
②These orders must be followed at once.
这些命令必须立即照办。
③ You must follow the instructions.你必须按指示办事。
④ You' d better follow the teacher' s advice.
你最好听从老师的劝告。
3)follow 还表示“听懂，理解”，与understand同义
① Can you follow me? 你们听得懂吗？
② Do you follow what I am saying?我说的话你听得懂吗？
4)following与the连用，意为“下面的，以下的”。
①In the following year the war came to an end.
次年战争结束了。
②It rained on the day we arrived,but the following day was sunny.我们到的那天正下雨，次日天气晴朗。
③The following is /are important. 下面的很重要。
④Answer the following question (s).回答下列问题。
⑤The three following sentences are difficult.
下面三句话很难。
5)as follows 是固定习语，意为“如下”。
①The rule is as follows. 规则如下。
② The rules are as follows. 规则如下。
③The full text reads as follows. 全文如下。
3．generation
1)generation 用作名词，
意为“同时代人，一代，一代人”是可数名词。
①Three generations of the family have been born and brought up in this old house.
这个家族的三代人都是在这个老房子里出生和成长的。
②It took three generations to build the great temple.
建造这座大寺院花了三代人的时间。
③China is building up a new generation of scientists.
中国正在造就新一代科学家。
④The new computers are much better in performance than the previous generation.
新的计算机在性能方面比上一代产品好得多。
⑤My generation behaves differently from my father' s and grandfather's.我这一代人和我父辈和祖辈表现不同。
2)generation 还可表示“产生(热)，发(电)，繁殖(后代)，
是个不可数名词。
①Steam and water are used for the generation of electricity.蒸汽和水力可用来发电。
②The biology class studied the generation of fruit flies.
生物班的学生研究了果蝇的繁殖。
4．perform 的用法
perform [p+'f&:m]vt．执行，完成，做；演出，表演。例如：
①They always perform their experiments with great patience.他们总是很耐心地做实验。
②The computer performs these calculations with surprising speed.计算机以惊人的速度完成这些演算。
③The surgeon was performing a dangerous operation.
外科医生正在施行一项危险的手术。
④What play will be performed tonight?今晚演出什么戏？
⑤The singer had never performed in Beijing before.
这位歌唱家以前从未在北京演唱过。
⑥He will be performing on the flute tonight.
今晚他将演奏笛子。
5．praise的用法
praise [preiz] vt．赞扬，表扬。例如：
①He was praised for his good works.
他因优秀的作品而受到称赞。
②Our friends praised the concert as the best they had listened to.
我们的朋友称赞说，这是他们所听过的最好的一场音乐会。
③They praised him for risking his life to save his comrade.
他们称赞他冒着生命危险去抢救自己的同志。
④He was praised for finishing his work ahead of time.
他由于提前完成工作而受到表扬。
【注意】praise 还可以用作名词，意为“赞扬,赞扬的话”例如：
①My books received high praise from general readers.
我的书极受广大读者的称赞。
②The teacher's praise has greatly encouraged us.
老师的称赞对我们鼓舞很大。
6．nowadays的用法
nowadays [nau+'deiz] adv．表示与以前相比，
意为“时下；现今”，
常与一般现在时动词连用。例如：
①Nowadays a lot of people go abroad.时下有很多人出国。
②Nowadays young people prefer watching TV to reading books.
现今年轻人喜欢看电视而不喜欢看书。
③In some parts of the world nowadays,you often see musicians performing in the streets to passers-by. 现在世界上有些地区，你还可以经常看到音乐家在街头为行人演奏。
④They used to read novels,but nowadays they readnewspapers.
他们过去通常读小说，而现在他们看报纸了。
7．Otherwise
1)为连词，意为“否则”、“不然”。相当于or，or else。
①Do what you've been told; otherwise you will be punished.
照吩咐的去做，否则你将受到惩罚。
②Hurry up,otherwise you'll be late.
赶快，否则你要迟到了。
③Otherwise he would still be working because his heart and soul were still in the classroom with his students.
不然，他肯定还会继续工作下去，因为他的心仍在教室里和他的学生们在一起。
④Don't move,otherwise I'll shoot you.
别动，否则我开枪打死你。
2)otherwise 还可作副词用，意为“在其它方面”、“在不同情况之下”。
如：
①The rent is high,but otherwise the house is satisfactory.
租金是挺高的，但话说回来，这屋子还是令人满意的。
②The boy is naughty,but otherwise he is always doing well as he is told.这孩子很顽皮，但从另一方面说，他总是按照吩咐把事情做得很好。
3)otherwise 也可作“不同地”、“不那样”、“用其它的方法”解释。如：
①He should have been working,but he was otherwise engaged.他应该已经在工作，但是他在忙别的事情。
②It is clear that you think otherwise.
很清楚，你有不同的想法。
8．part作为动词时的用法
1) part 意为“(使)分开，分道”，常用 part sth.from sth., part sb. 如：
①The crowd parted and let us through.人群分开让我们通过。
②We tried to part the two fighters.
我们试图把两个打架的人分开。
③The police parted the crowd. 警察排开众人。
④The English Channel parts Britain from France.
英吉利海峡把英法两国分开。
⑤His hair was parted exactly in the middle.
他的头发在正中分开。
2)part 还可作“分手”、“断绝关系”解释。如：
① The little boy wouldn' t be parted from his pet rabbit.
这个小男孩不愿和他心爱的兔子分开。
②They were parted as children and didn' t meet again for more than 20 years.
他们在童年时分手后，二十多年未见过面。
③Let's part friends. 让我们和和气气地分开。
3)part with 作“离开…”、“放弃”解。
①He hates to part with his money. 他极不喜欢花钱。
②In order to raise money,Mr Brown had to part with his gold watch.为了筹款，布朗先生不得不卖掉他的金表。
重要词组短语
1．be familiar with
1)be familiar with 是指“(某人)对(某人、事)熟悉”。
①I' m not very familiar with European history.
我对欧洲历史不太熟悉。
②I am quite familar with the author. 我很熟悉这位作家。
③I' m familiar with his character. 我很了解他的性格。
【注】以上各句可以改为：
①European history is not familiar to me.
②The author is quite familiar to me.
③His character is familiar to me.
④These facts are familiar to every schoolboy.
这些是每个学生都熟悉的事实。
2)be familiar with/to 还可表示“精通，通晓”。
①He is familiar with four languages.他通晓四国语言。
②French is as familiar to him as English.
他对法语就象对英语一样精通。
2．learn…by heart的用法
learn…by heart 意为“记住；背诵”。例如：
①I have learned the reading materials by heart.
我们已经背会了阅读材料。
②Have you learned by heart the main points of the article.
这篇文章的主要内容你都能背得出来吗？
③It' s very difficult for the children to learn the poem by heart.对孩子们来说背诵那首诗很困难。
3．pass away,pass down,pass on,＆ pass out
1) pass away 意为“死”，是种委婉说法。
①His mother passed away last year. 去年他母亲去世了。
2)pass sth down 意为“把某物一代一代传下去”。
①This ring has been passed down in my family.
这戒指是我家传下来的。
3)pass sth. on是“将某物传、交给(某人)”的意思。
①Pass the book on to me when you've finished with it.
那本书你看完了给我。
4)pass out意为“失去知觉，昏厥”。
① When the young man heard the news,he passed out with the shock.那个年轻人听到这个消息，由于震惊昏了过去。
4．dance to the music随着音乐起舞
这一短语中的to为介词，表示“随着”、“伴随”、“比较”、“适应”等。如：
①Strange enough,the snake began to move to the music.
奇怪的是，蛇随着音乐的节拍动了起来。
②The girl began to sing to the piano.
这女孩随着钢琴唱了起来。
③The picture is true to nature. 那幅画很逼真。
④The map was drawn to scale. 这地图是按比例绘制的。
⑤You can add salt to taste. 你可以按照口味加盐。
⑥We won by six goals to three. 我们以六比三获胜。
⑦He' s quite rich now to what he used to be.
比起他过去的情形来，他现在很富裕了。
⑧It's nothing to what it might be.
比起它可能的发展，这算不了什么。
常用句型结构
1.I think at the beginning we' d rather have some fairly quiet and peaceful music.
1)句中“…’d rather have…”是“… would rather have…”的缩写，意为“宁愿”，相当于：“… would prefer to have…” would rather 后接动词原形，否定式为 would rather not do…；后接从句通常用过去式，表示虚拟语气。如：
①Which would you rather have,bread or rice?
米饭和面包，你愿吃哪一样？
②We'd rather not meet them. 我们才不愿见到他们呢。
③I'd much rather you told me the truth.
我真宁愿你把真相告诉我。
④Would you rather I did it? 你是要我干这件事吗？
2)句中fairly是副词，意为“相当”解。fairly 的近义词是rather；它所表示的概念是积极的、令人满意的，因此多用来修饰某些带有褒义色彩的形容词或副词。如：
① He is a fairly brave boy. 他是一名勇敢的孩子。
②The food in that restaurant is fairly good.
那家餐馆的食品挺不错的。
rather 含有一种消极的、令人不愉快、不满意的意思，因而像dirty，badly，ugly，terrible 之类的形容词、副词就用 rather来修饰。如：
①I am rather tired. I think I will lie down for a rest.
我相当累了，我想躺下歇一会儿。
在用法上，rather可以同too连用(作“稍微……一点”解)，也可修饰形容词、副词的比较级；fairly则不能。如：
(×)This lesson is fairly too difficult.
(√)This lesson is rather too difficult.
(×)His composition is fairly finer than we expected.
(√)His composition is rther finer than we expected.
2．there be 结构
1) there be 结构表“存在”，“be”的形式由后面所带的名词决定，若后接一系列事物，而第一个事物为单数，则仍用there is。
①There is a lamp on the table. 桌上有盏灯。
②There are many apple trees in the garden.
花园里有许多苹果树。
③There is some cheese and some butter on the plate.
盘子里有一些奶酪和黄油。
④There is a text book,a dictionary and some notebooks on the desk.桌子上有一本教科书，一本字典和几本笔记。
2)there be 结构可以用各种一般时态。
①There are many English books in the library.
图书馆里有很多英文书。
②There was a meeting at the club yesterday.
昨天俱乐部有个会。
③There will be a good harvest this year.
今年有个好收成。
④There hasn' t been any rain for some days.
几天来一直未下雨。
3) there be 结构中可以用情态动词。
①There may be another downpour tonight.今晚可能又有大雨。
②There must be something wring.一定是出什么毛病了。
③There used to be a cinema here before the war.
这里战前曾有一座电影院。
4)there be 结构还可以用被动式。
①There are now published millions of books every year in China.现在中国每年出版成百万册书。
②On the following day,there was held a splendid banquet.
第二天大摆盛宴。
5)there be 结构还可以用疑问式。
①Is there a telephone in your room? 你房间里有电话吗？
Yes,there is.是的，有。 /No,there isn' t.不，没有。
②Will there be a meeting tonight? 今晚有会吗？
Yes,there will. /No,there won't.是的，有。 /不，没有。
③Have there been any letters from Jack lately?
近日有Jack的来信吗？
Yes,there have. /No,there haven't.是的，有。 /不，没有。
6)there be结构否定式，可在 be后加 not，也可在主语前加 no．
①There isn' t a telephone in the room. 屋里没电话。
②There aren' t any chairs in the room. 房间里没有椅子。
③There wasn' t any water in the bottle. 瓶子里没水。
④There won' t be a meeting tonight. 今晚没会。
⑤There hasn' t been any rain for ten days.
近十天一直没有雨。
⑥There is no smoking here. 这里不许抽烟。
⑦There are no books I want. 没有我需要的书。
7)there be结构除可用 be外，还可用其它动词。
①There came a scent of lime-blossom.飘来一阵菩提树的花香。
②Once upon a time there lived a king in China.
从前中国有一个国王。
③There appears to be a mistake. 似乎有个错误。
8)there be 结构的主语之后可接不定式或从句。
①There's plenty of housework to do. 有许多家务要做。
②There was no one for us to talk to.
我们没有一个可说话的人。
③There' s some people I'd like you to meet.
有几个人我希望你见见面。
3．动词prefer后跟复合宾语
1)prefer 后的复合宾语一般都是不定式，即 prefer sb. (not) to do sth.如：
①They preferred her not to go with them.
他们宁愿她不跟他们去。
②I should prefer you not to go there alone.
我宁愿你不要单独前往。
③I should prefer you not to stay there too long.
我倒希望你不要在那儿呆得太久。
④At the moment,I should prefer you not to talk about the question.在这个时刻，我倒希望你不要谈论这个问题。
2)用prefer表示“宁愿…不愿”的几种用法。首先我们看 prefer…to…这一结构，其中to为介词，后接名词。这一结构表示“喜欢…而不喜欢…”，介词to 短语为所不喜欢的人或事物。如：
①I prefer tea to coffee. 咖啡和茶相比，我更喜欢茶。
② He prefers beer to wine. 他喜欢啤酒，而不是葡萄酒。
③John prefers Dickens to Thackery.
约翰喜欢狄更斯而不是萨克雷。
3)当我们要表示主语喜欢或不喜欢的是一种动作时，在 prefer…to…后应分别跟上动名词。如：
①Few children prefer working to playing.
很少有孩子喜欢干活而不喜欢玩的。
②I prefer reading novels to watching TV.
看小说与看电视相比，我更喜欢看小说。
③He prefers doing to talking.他宁愿干实事而不愿空谈。
4) prefer…rather than…宁愿…而不愿…(跟不定式)
①She preferred to stay home rather than go with us.
她宁愿呆在家里也不愿同我们一起去。
②He prefers to go to the town by bike rather than take a bus.他宁愿骑自行车去镇上而不愿乘汽车去。
③I prefer to work rather than sit there doing nothing.
我宁愿干活不愿坐在那里无所事事。
④In the battle,the soldiers preferred to die rather than give in.在战斗中，战士们宁死也不愿向敌人投降。
【注】prefer…rather than…后面接动词时，在prefer后接带to的不定式，在 rather than后接动词原形，也可在 prefer…rather than…后分别接名词。如：
⑤I think I should prefer fish rather than meat.我想我还是要鱼，不要肉。
语法基础知识
动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾补的用法
1)-ing形式作表语，为泛指意义；不定式做表语多指一次性动作。
①My hobby is growing flowers.我的业余爱好是种花。
②My favorite sport is playing tennis.
我喜爱的运动是打网球。
③What I thought most was going to China.
我考虑最多的是到中国去。
④What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon.
我打算做的是今天下午去打网球。
⑤What I am told to do is to go to China at once.
我奉命要做的事是马上到中国去。
【注】 表语在结构上往往与主语形式一致。
①To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
②Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
2)-ing形式可单独充当前置定语；若带有补足成分，则充当后置定语。
①a swimming pool 游泳池
②a teaching method 教学法
③ a tiring journey 令人疲倦的旅行
④ the boiling water 沸水
⑤ Do you know the man standing at the entrance?
你认识站在入口处的那个人吗？
⑥There were a lot Of people boating on the lake.
湖上有许多人划船。
3)感觉动词 feel,find,hear,smell,observe,watch,notice,look at,listen to以及有些使役动词如 have,set,get,catch,keep,leave等都可接-ing形式的宾语补足语。
①I felt the house shaking. 我觉得房子在晃。
②I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.
我看见那个顽皮的孩子打狗。
③I smell something burning. 我闻到东西烧焦的味。
④His words set me thinking. 他的话使我深思。
⑤ His letter left me feeling pretty bad. 他的信使我纳闷。
⑥ I'll have the car waiting at the entrance.
我将招呼车在门口等候。
⑦ She is listening to someone singing. 她正在听人唱歌。
⑧ Can you get the clock going again? 你能使这钟再走吗？

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