英语书面表达中的句型转换(人教版高考复习)
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广东汕头潮阳城南中学 谢振忠
xiezhzhls@126.com
句型转换在英语书面表达中起着非常重要的作用，灵活的运用句型转换能使表达更加生动，避免过多地使用简单句或生硬的照抄原文
广东高考书面表达包括基础写作和任务型写作，是对学生多种英语素质及其英语综合运用能力的全面考查。07年高考开始设置基础写作和任务型写作，英语书面表达的要求较前有所提高，其难度在于对应用英语语言的准确性要求较高，如果要想得高分，考生必须能够使用较高级的词汇和较复杂的句子结构，完整、流畅、准确、地道地表达思想，达到文理通顺，圆满完成写作任务的交际目的。因此英语书面表达既是教学的难点，也是应试的难点。
广东英语高考中的基础写作是要求考生根据所提供的材料，进行材料作文、看图作文，表格作文等，不一而同。考生要写好作文，平时要做好阅读——进行大量语言知识输入，丰富语言的源泉，通过阅读大量英语文章，学生渐渐学会准确地把握英语篇章结构，精彩的语言表达，时态语态等基本语法、基本句型及基本词汇的用法，这是提高英语书面表达能力的基础。根据基础写作的要求，用5个句来表达全部内容，这是基础写作题与传统书面表达题最显著的不同点，也是学生感到辣手的难点所在，因为在传统写作中没有句数的限制，基础较差的学生为了不犯句法错误总是使用一些简单句，现在行不通了。而现在要求用5个句子把所有的内容表达完整、准确，势必要求考生要采用复合句或并列句来综合多个信息点，而且还要照顾句子之间的衔接和语意上的连贯，才能避免句数超出或因句型单一而得不到高分。
综上所述，考生如何避免过多使用简单句，如何把简单句整合为复合句，从而完整地、准确地完成写作任务？下面就英语句型转换中简单句型转变为复杂句型在英语书面表达的应用提出几点看法。
所谓句型转换（the transformation of sentence patterns）就是保留句子原意而把句子中的某些成分或整个句子结构加以变换。例如：我们用两个句子来表达A：Jane had lost her purse.珍妮丢了钱包。B: Jane had to borrow some money.珍妮不得不借一些钱。同样我们也可以用下面的方法来表达同样的意思：
1）Jane, who had lost her purse, had to borrow some money.(定语从句)
2) Jane, having lost her purse, had to borrow some money.(现在分词短语)
3）Jane lost her purse, and had to borrow some money.(并列句)
一、简单句型结合为简单句型：两个或两个以上的简单句在意思上彼此联系很紧密时，可以结合为一个简单句型。
1．用并列连词。表示关联的并列连词有：and, both…and…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, as well as等。
1) Li Hua is a League menber. Xie Lei is also a League member.
Both Li Hua and Xie Lei are League members.
2) I haven’t seen the film. He hasn’t seen the film, too.
Neither I nor he has seen the film.
3) She has knowledge. She has experience.
She has not only knowledge but also experience.
或She has experience as well as knowledge.
二、简单句型结合为复合句型
两个或两个以上的简单句型在意思上彼此联系很紧凑时，可以结合为一个复合句型。
1．用名词性从句
1）用主语从句结合
He will come to the meeting. This is certain.
It is certain that he will come to the meeting.
You didn’t go to see such a wonderful play. It’s a pity.
It’s a pity that you didn’t go to see such a wonderful play.
2)用表语从句结合
We should stick to our original plan. This is my idea.
My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.
Can we finish our work by tomorrow evening? That is my question.
My question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
3)用宾语从句结合
He will be back tomorrow. We hope so.
We hope that he will be back tomorrow.
You have done an excellent day’s work. I am much pleased to see it.
I am much pleased to see what an excellent day’s work you have done.
2、用定语从句结合
1）用关系代词把前后两个简单句结合成一个复合句型：
He is a teacher. He often helps us.
He is a teacher who often helps us.
In our courtyard there was a big date tree. I liked it very much.
In our courtyard there was a big date tree which I liked wery much.
2）用关系副词把前后两个简单句结合成一个复合句型：
This is the beautiful village. Comrade Mao once lived here.
This is the beautiful village where Comrade Mao once lived.
The day will come. People of the world will live a peaceful and happy life.
The day will come when people of the world live a peaceful and happy life.
3、用同位语从句
We will win greater victories next year. There can be no doubt about it.
There can be no doubt that we will win greater wictories next year.
You had succeeded very well. This was the news to me. It gave me nuch pleasure.
The news that you had succeeded very well gave me much pleasure.
4、用状语从句。状语从句包括时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。
We’re in school. We must keep fit,study well and work hard.
While we’re in school, we must keep fit, study well and work hard.(时间状语从句)
John studied very hard. He answered all the questions correctly.
John answered all the questions correctly because he studied very hard. (原因状语从句)
You must work hard. Then you can fulfil your plan ahead of time.
You must work hard in order that you can fulfil you plan ahead of time. （目的状语从句）
It was raining cats and dogs. We could not go out.
It was raining cats and dogs, so that we could not go out(结果状语从句)
He ran very fast. I could not catch him.
He ran so fast that I could not catch him. (结果状语从句)
John told a very funny story. Mary wanted to hear it again.
John told such a funny story that Mary wanted to hear it again. (结果状语从句)
He has had great success. He remains modest and prudent.
Even if he has had great success, he remains modest and prudent. (让步状语从句)
You work hard at English. You will make progress.
If you work hard at English, you will make progress.(条件状语从句)
I shall not od it, You give me permission.
I shall not do it unless you give me permission.（同上）
You are tall. He is taller.
He is taller than you. （比较状语从句）
Beijing is large. Shanghai is also large.
Beijing is as large as Shanghai.　（同上）
　　英语书面表达是对学生的英语综合能力的考查，难度高，这要求学生要有扎实的基础知识，要熟练掌握简单句的五种基本句型、并列句句型以及复合句句型。在完成基础写作时，基础差的同学可先用简单句把提供的信息完整地表达出来后，运用各种句型进行拆分和组合，简单句、并列句和复合句有机结合，长句和短句交插，更好地把写作内容表达完整。以下面这篇描写某个地方的短文为例：
　　（1）We can imagine the beautiful surroundings．（2）There are many trees along the streets．（3）There is a clean river in the city．（4） There are many fishes in the river．（5）There are willow trees on the one side．（6）There are some pieces of grassland on the other side．（7）There are many flowers on them．
　　文中七个句子都是简单句，句型结构单一，而且句子长短同一，都在七、八词左右，十分单调。下面是运用句型转换修改后的段落：
　　（1）Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we make our cities greener．（2）Green trees line the streets．（3）A clean river winds through the city，in which a lot of fishes abound．（4）On the one side stand rows of willow trees．（5）On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red flowers．
　　改写后的这段文字，有长句（1）、（3）、（5），也有短句（2）和（4），一长一短，抑扬顿挫的节奏感就出来了。不仅句子长短交插，而且句型结构变化也很大，使文章流畅自然，生动活泼。
再以2008年广东英语高考基础写作为例：
你很荣幸地成为2008北京奥运会的一名志愿者，负责编写奥运比赛项目的英语介绍。
[写作内容]
请根据以下中文提纲，编写射击项目的英语介绍：
背景：射击最初只是生存工具，19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。
1896：第一次成为奥运项目
1904：中断
1928：中断
1932：重回奥运会
1968：第一次允许妇女参加奥运射击比赛
现状：稳步发展，1896奥运会只有三项射击项目，现今有17项。
在开始写作时，考生可以先把上面提供的信息先翻译成一个一个的简单句，然后再根据所学句型转换的知识，对简单句进行整合，合并成为并列句或复合句，如：
射击最初只是生存工具，19世纪末才发展成为一项体育运动。
Shooting was originally a tool of people’s survival. It developed into a sprots event at the end of nineteenth century.
这两句可以合并成一个含有定语从句的复合句：Shooting was originally a tool of people’s survival, which developed into a sprots event at the end of nineteenth century.
　In 1904 and 1928 Olympics, it was stopped. After that it returned in 1932.
这两可以合并为：In 1904 and 1928 Olympics, it was stopped，after which it returned in 1932.
学好英语的句型转换还表现在能用不同的句型来表达同样的意思，如：例１：他正在努力学好英语。
Ａ.He is working hard at English.
B.He is making an active effort to study English well.
C.He is devoting himself to English study.
以上A,B,C,三句学生都学过，但比较一下，当然还是B、C两句优于A句。在书面表达时，应选用象B ,C这样含高级词、词组的优美句子。让阅卷老师觉得耳目一新，与众不同，从而对你的文章产生好感，最后为自己赢得宝贵的分数。
例2：我突然想到一个主意。
A. I had an idea suddenly.
B. In a flash I thought of an idea.
C. An idea flashed across my mind.
D. An idea began to form in my mind.
很明显，A句就比较一般，几乎每个中学生都会，而B，C，D三句给人的感觉是优美、生动、形象。
例３：美国最大的城市是纽约，它位于美国的东海岸，有“大苹果”之称。联合国总部大楼就坐落在这里。
The east coast city ----New York is its biggest city ,which is also known as the “Big Apple”, where the United Nations’ building stands.这一句的表达就比较好。此句中，出现了两个定语从句，（一个是which引导的，另一个是where引导的定语从句）。而有的学生就只会用简单的句子来表达，使句子显得松散。
要较好地完成一篇英语书面表达应注意尽量采用长短不一、结构不同的句子，避免单调平淡，使表达更加丰富多彩，如正确使用定语从句，同位语从句或状语从句，会使你的文章更紧凑而避免松散；
事实证明：“运用之妙，存乎一心”。只要我们学生尽早掌握语言学习规律，注意运用句型转换，多练习，做到厚积薄发，就会更好地完成英语书面表达，取得好的成绩。

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