高考阅读理解分析
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江苏省武进高级中学 陆田森
2004年3月

阅读理解在高考试卷中占分40分，如果加上完形填空题（有人称之为缺词阅读）30分，那就是70分，占了将近总分的一半。高中《英语课程标准》指出：高中英语教学应该着重培养以下几方面的能力：在人际交往中得体地使用英语的能力；用英语获取和处理信息的能力；用英语分析问题和解决问题的能力以及批判性思维能力。这其中都重点涉及到阅读理解能力的培养。高考之所以重视阅读理解，因为阅读是一种比较高级的语言能力，它是获取更综合、更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段。同时阅读能力也是做好其他题型，如听力、单项填空、短文改错和书面表达的基本因素。阅读理解的考核是在语篇中进行的，也易于考查观察、判断、推理与综合的能力。　
高考“阅读理解题”部分的五篇短文涵盖了记叙文、说明文和应用文等多种体裁，涉及到人物、故事、社会、文化、政治、经济、科普、新闻和广告等多种题材。近年来高考英语阅读理解选材具有时代感，题材多样，内容丰富。文章都是没有改编的原汁原味的原文，体现了现代英语的特点，加大了内容的复杂程度，反映了现代科学及现实生活中的新发展新变化。如果没有良好的阅读素养和英语语感，读起来很艰涩费解。同时，阅读发问具有较高的技巧，凝聚了较强的思维力度，因而有很好的测试效度和区分度。五篇文章加上所问问题，总单词量在2000以上，要求在35分钟内完成。阅读速度平均为每分钟60个词。所问问题涉及文章中的知识细节，概括中心意思，猜测陌生词语的意思和推理判断。问题方式采用多项选择题型，每题给出四个备选答案，要求从中选出一个最佳答案。要想做好阅读理解，学生必须具备以下能力：
1、能迅速看准每一句的结构，找出主句的主语、谓语和宾语。2、有一定的词汇量和分辨词义词性的能力。3、能灵活运动所学过的语法和词汇知识，对影响意思理解的复合句、非谓语动词短语、关联词语、后置定语、省略、替代和跳跃等语言现象做出正确判断。4、有良好的思维能力。会边看边加工所得到的信息，从而做出正确的推理判断，综合概括，准确理解表面意思和深层含义。5、会精读，也会跳读和略读。6、具有相当的阅读实践经验和良好的语感。7、对英美文化有一定了解。

一、帮助学生分析高考试卷特点
近几年的高考试卷是最有效、最科学、同时也是最重要的教学资源。认真帮助学生分析高考试卷的特点，让学生亲自体验和分析高考试卷是高三教学的一个重要环节。通过近三年乃至近五年的各种高考试卷中的阅读理解训练和分析，有利于学生具体了解高考考的是什么文章，何种题型，难度多大，应该从那些方面进行准备，以免使自己在备考时走上弯路。
请看2004年北京春季高考试卷中阅读理解试题中的一篇文章
Blameless
I was a freshman in college when I met the Whites. They were completely different from my own family, yet I felt at home with them immediately. Jane White and I became friends at school, and her family welcomed me like a long-lost cousin.
In my family, it was always important to place blame when anything had happened.
“Who did this?” my mother would scream about a dirty kitchen.
“This is all your fault, Katharine,”my father would insist (坚持)when the cat got out or the dishwasher broke.
From the time we were little, my sister, brothers and I told on each other. We set a place for blame at the dinner table.
But the Whites didn’t worry about who had done what. They picked up the pieces and moved on with their lives. The beauty of this was driven home to me the summer Jane died.
In July, the White sisters and I decided to take a car trip from their home in Florida to New York. The two older sisters, Sarah and Jane, were college students, and the youngest, Amy, had recently turned sixteen. Proud of having a new driver’s license（驾照）, Amy was excited about practicing her driving on the trip. She showed off her license to everyone she met.
The big sisters shared the driving of Sarah’s new car during the first part of the trip, but when they reached less crowded areas, they let Amy take over. Somewhere in South Carolina, we pulled off the highway to eat. After lunch, Amy got behind the wheel. She came to a crossroads with a stop sign. Whether she was nervous or just didn’t see the sign no one would ever know, but Amy continued into the crossroads without stopping. The driver of a large truck, unable to stop in time, ran into our car.
Jane was killed immediately.
I was slightly injured. The most difficult thing that I’ve ever done was to call the Whites to tell them about the accident and that Jane had died. Painful as it was for me to lose a good friend, I knew that it was far worse for them to lose a child.
When Mr. and Mrs. White arrived at the hospital, they found their two daughters sharing a room. Sarah had a few cuts on the head; Amy’s leg was broken. They hugged（拥抱）us all and cried tears of sadness and of joy at seeing their daughters. They wiped away the girls’ tears and made a few jokes at Amy as she learned to use her crutches（拐杖）.
To both of their daughters, and especially to Amy, over and over they simply said, “We’re so glad that you’re alive.”
I was astonished. No blame. No accusations.
Later, I asked the Whites why they never talked about the fact that Amy was driving and had run a stop sign.
Mrs. White said, “Jane’s gone, and we miss her terribly. Nothing we say or do will ever bring her back. But Amy has her whole life ahead of her. How can she lead a full and happy life if she feels we blame her for her sister’s death?”
They were right. Amy graduated from the University of California and got married several years ago. She works as a teacher of learning-disabled students. She’s also a mother of two little girls of her own, the oldest named Jane.
1. The author of the passage is ______ .
A. Mrs. White’s niece B. Jane’s school friend
C. The Whites’ cousin D. Sarah’s friend from college
2. How did the author’s（作者） parents differ from the Whites?
A. The author’s parents were less caring.
B. The author’s parents were less loving.
C. The author’s parents were less friendly.
D. The author’s parents were less understanding.
3. How did the accident happen?
A. Amy didn’t stop at a crossroads and a truck hit their car.
B. Amy didn’t know what to do when she saw the stop sign.
C. Amy didn’t’ slow down so their car ran into a truck.
D. Amy didn’t get off the highway at a crossroads.
4. The accident took place in _______ .
A. Florida B. California
C. South Carolina D. New York
5. The Whites did not blame Amy for Jane’s death because ________ .
A. they didn’t want Amy to feel ashamed and sorry for the rest of her life
B. Amy was badly injured herself and they didn’t want to add to her pain
C. they didn’t want to blame their children in front of others
D. Amy was their youngest daughter and they loved her best
6. From the passage we can learn that ______ .
A. Amy has never recovered from the shock
B. Amy changed her job after the accident
C. Amy lost her memory after the accident
D. Amy has lived quite a normal life
这是一篇看来很真实的故事，故事里还蕴含着很深的生活哲理。文章很长，故事情节也很完整。要想做好这一篇文章，读者必须了解下面的问题:
Who are in the story? What are the relationships among them? What is the main event in the story? When and where did it take place? Why is there the event? How did people solve the problem? What is the difference among them? Why did the writer tell the story?等等。其实，当读者明白了这些问题之后，也就掌握的文章的意思，也就能够从容的进行答题了。
二、注意阅读理解题型的分析
要想做好阅读理解学生必须具备一定的语言积累和相关的背景知识、生活体验。这些在于平时学习生活的长期积累。我们很难在这方面有大的作为。但是了解各种题型的特点以及如何对待这种题型是我们现阶段能够做到的。高考题型主要有四种：(见附表)
　1、考查主要思想或段落大意
　　1） The story mainly tells us ________.
　　2） From the passage we know that ________.
　　3） The writer wants to tell us ________.
　　4） The best title of this passage should be ________.
　　5） The main idea of Paragraph 1 is ________.
　　6） Paragraph 2 deals with ________.
　　7） The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on ________.
　　8） What is the subject discussed in the text?
　　9） Whish of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph?
　这类题的范围一般包括：短文标题、主题、大意或段落大意等。做这类题目时，要迅速地剔除文中的细节事实、作者所使用的论据，找到各段的主题句，然后进行归纳、总结和概括。但要注意：概括出来的中心意思一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落，绝对不可离题太远、太笼统，或者只概括一段或几句话的意思。 　　
　2、推理判断、理解作者写作意图的测试题
　　1） We can infer from the passage ________.
　　2） From the passage, we can tell ________.
　　3） We can conclude from the passage ________.
　　4） What probably happened in the end?
　　5） When he said, "…", he meant ________.
　　6） This passage would most likely to be found in ________.　
7） This article is particularly written for ________.
　　8） When the writer says … he really means ________.
　　9） The author's attitude to… is that ________.
　　10） What kind of atmosphere（气氛）does the writer want to create in this passage?
　　11） The writer's purpose in writing this story is ________.
推理判断题属于主观性极强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题目时，要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词语，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。应注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不是在问你作为中国学生的想法，而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点。
　3、考查文章细节理解的测试题
　　1） The right order which tells the story is ________.
　　2） Choose the right order of the events given in the following.
　　3） Which of the following maps shows the right position of ….?
　　4） Which statement is true?
这类试题考查考生对文中某一细节或重要事实的辨认、理解。因此，考生应该首先阅读短文后面的问题，确定所需查找的细节及事实的范围，然后利用略读手法快速确定文中的出处，并对其进行转换、加工，直至确定最佳答案。 　　
4、猜测悟义，常见的题干有
　　1） The word… in paragraph… refers to ________.
　　2） The underlined word "…" means ________.
　　3） The word "…" could be replaced by ________.
　 ４） Which of the following words can take the place of …?
5）By saying “The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea,” the writer means the library____________.
6）“To do this”(in Paragraph 3) means_______.
7）“He was just Joe Everybody. ”(in the last paragraph)means________.
8）What does the underlined word "it" (paragraph 2) refer to?
考生的猜词技巧是高考英语“阅读理解题”考查的一个重要方面，《教学大纲》和《考试说明》明确要求考生能读懂生词率不超过3%的阅读材料。考生常用的猜词技巧有：
　 1.根据合成、转化、派生等构词法知识猜测词义；
2.根据上下文中的同义词、反义词猜测词义；
3.利用上下文中的定语、同位语等猜测词义；
4.利用作者的解释、注释等猜测词义； 　
5.利用上下文中表示对比关系的词语，如：while、but、rather than、far from等判断词义。
三、正确的阅读方法指导
在阅读的方法上，可以使用以下几种方法：
1、跳读。就是快速地、一步阅读法。实际上是有选择的阅读，即在文章中找到一个或关键几个词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、 where之类的问题最为有效。
2、略读。所谓略读是指比跳读慢些的二步阅读法。也就是泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。
3、精读。所谓精读就是用最细致、最慢、最深层的方法阅读，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。在应用这种阅读方法前，首先应用跳读法找到与问题有关联的地方，然后细读。有时候文中有直接回答，有时候回答分布在整篇短文中，需要考生找出，进行释义、归纳、概括等。此种阅读方法能回答需推断、归纳和演绎的题目。
而在使用阅读技巧时，应该尽量做到以下几点：
1、先快速浏览一下全文。大概了解一下这是记叙文还是科普文章，中文注释的单词是什么意思。这一步要快。然后，尽量做到带着问题阅读短文，根据不同题型，选用不同阅读方法。即先看问题，再决定选用跳读、略读和精读方法，这样做，目的性强，能收到事半功倍的功效。
2、找出主题句，确定中心思想。每篇文章均讲述一个主题，不管它有几个段落，它们都围绕着一个中心思想。确定了中心思想，即抓住了关键。概括中心意思时，要注意不可离题太远，太笼统，但也不要只概括一段或几句的意思。随后通读全文，找出重要词语，通常在下面划线，再进行推敲。如有的文章带标题，应仔细看标题。标题是文章主题的高度概括，它可以给我们一些启示和线索。
3、仔细看原文，凡人物与数字或地名可用笔作个记号，没弄明白的地方也可划个线，以便看完全文再重读。读时要注意弄明白句子的主谓结构，同时在大脑中加工所得到的信息。
4、推断单词、句子和通篇的含义。在做阅读理解时，常常会遇到不认识的单词、看不懂的句子等。这时考生不要紧张，而应运用学过的语言知识，通过逻辑思维，去推断出此单词和整个句子的含义。判断词义词性时要注意结合上下文。人家考的是在特定的环境下的意思。只要静下心来，绝大部分是能推断成功的。
5、尽快选择答案。在阅读理解时，如碰到难题，如推断、结论题，不要过多地花费时间，可留下标记，待那些有把握的题目做完后再回过头来做。有时候其它题目做完后，再做难题，能多少受到点启发，对短文的理解也会有所帮助与加深，难题部分也可能就解决了。
6、问及对某个问题的看法与态度，要记住是在问作者态度，而不是问你作为中国学生的想法。
7、培养学生的速度意识，严格限制阅读时间，提高略读和寻读能力。
8、通过提问、解析文章结构、评阅读理解题等课堂活动，使学生学会总结文章中心大意，把握行文逻辑，体会深层结构、隐含意义及作者意图，把握解题思路。
此外，阅读训练过程中还应该帮助学生克服不良的阅读习惯，如心里翻译、手指点读、复读、句下划线等。
四、以阅读为主线，在阅读中带动词汇、语法复习
“以阅读为主线，在阅读中带动词汇、语法复习”的复习模式，也就是说复习材料，练习大都以语篇为主，词汇、语法复习有意识地渗透在阅读中。根据目前的复习情况这一点是可行的，实践证明是有效的。然而，这种复习方法对教师提出了更高的要求，教师不能生搬硬套，随心所欲地拿来别人的试卷，或从语法书中抄些语法题应付。而是做到：
1、精心选材。选择和利用各种体裁各异，内容丰富多彩的文章进行精读。
2、阅读技能的训练。每堂课让学生在规定的时间进行快速阅读。掌握“略读”、“扫读”、“审读”和“跳读”的技能。
3、良好的问题情境设置。良好的情境问题有助于使学习材料的意义充分地发挥出来，激发学生积极主动地使新旧知识发生相互作用，产生有机联系的心向，从而使新知识获得实际意义，旧知识达到巩固、强化的目的。因此，当阅读的第一任务完成以后，我就有意识地因势利导挖掘材料内容，设计有关高中阶段所学词汇、语法方面的问题。让词汇的意义和语法结构在语篇理解的大环境下，给人留下深刻的印象。
如范文：（传记）
……
So I did. They made a short film of me, reading one of my poems and I became more interested in literature than ever. I wondered what I should do after this, and decided weeks later that I could not imagine myself spending the rest of my days dealing with machines. So one evening, I hesitatingly told my parents that I wanted to return to school. They were greatly surprised and I think,a little afraid but they did not try to persuade me not to. They wanted to know if I was true, if I know what it meant and whether I realized that if I gave up my job training, it would be very difficult to get a good job. But nothing could stop me ,and they asked about the matter no further.
①通过做阅读理解题，强化难句的理解和应用。
Which of the following is not true?
A:His parents worried that he would have no future if he returned to school.
B:His parents worried that he would have school again.
C:It was difficult for one who studied literature to get a job.
D:His parents did not want him to continue his education.
95%的同学被这一题给难住了。原来学生看不懂文中划线部分的句子。再究其原因，学生分析不出句子结构。这时我就启发他们，这是个复合句。两个“if”和一个“whether”引导的是并列句，在第三个并列句中又包含一个主从复合句。这样一分析，学生对句子的意思豁然开朗。当然，这时我也会出些主从复合句方面的选择题、填空题让他们巩固一下。
②这篇文章多处出现较复杂但又常用的语法现象，如：imagine myself spending 等，我便在黑板上归纳了后面只能跟动名词的动词，并出些在特定语境下的相关选择题。
③扩大词汇量。
A、利用同义词、反义词、同族词等对比联想记忆法记单词。
B、利用合成、派生、转化构词法帮助学生扩大词汇量。
如我通过问题：Why did the writer tell her parents about her decision in a hesitating way? 把学生的注意力集中到“hesitating”一词。同学们根据上下文，了解到作者的父母是不愿意作者再去上学的，因此当作者把自己的决定告诉父母时，他“犹豫”甚至“不愿意”。通过问答，学生们得知了“hesitatingly“的意思，并加深了印象。接着，我就 “hesitate”进行了词性转换练习。
a. She ________ over the choice between the two dresses. (hesitated)
b. He joined the army without a moment's __________. (hesitation)
c. He __________ accepted the invitation which came to him unexpectedly. (hesitatingly)
　
阅读理解是一项含有多种技巧的思维过程，涉及到大量的语言知识。语言知识包括词、词性、句子、语法结构等等；非语言知识包括一定的历史和社会文化背景知识，考生对目标语背景的了解会对理解产生一定的影响。若要正确阅读理解一篇文章，考生就得在阅读中一边阅读，一边进行猜测、推断、归纳、验证。考生除了必须熟练掌握词汇，还必须具备一定的阅读理解的准确性和阅读速度的能力。不经过大量的阅读和长期的阅读训练，仅靠短期突击而掌握阅读方法和技巧，是不可能取得优异成绩的。一个优秀的阅读者往往具备不断延伸猜测和联想的强烈自我意识。提取别人提取不到的已知信息，读懂别人读不懂的文章。训练这种能力、培养这种意识在阅读过程中拓宽思路是很必要的。





相关链接：高考复习指导

·语文课件下载
·语文视频下载
·语文试题下载

·语文备课中心



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