如何培养学生的多维性思维能力(人教版高考复习11)

中学英语教学资源网英语论文高考复习指导 手机版




摘要:多维性思维是发散性思维的一个分支, 培养学生的多维性思维能力是培养创新型人才的一个重要方面多维性思维的基础是什么、如何在课堂教学中循序渐进、如何让学生掌握扎实且系统的基础知识、如何形成良好的教学氛围是英语教学中培养学生多维性思维能力需要处理好的几个问题。
关键词:多维性思维 循序渐进 生动活泼 英语氛围
J.P.Guilfort (美国心理学家) 提出“要对发散性思维进行培养”(train divergent thinking)。所谓发散性思维,是指从一个信息根生出众多信息。由此它要求人的思维具有广阔性和灵活性。而多维性思维(multidimensional thinking)不仅是发散性思维的一个分支而且是处于其最高端的部分,从而对人的思维要求更高:要具有创造多种设想的能力;要具有想出多种解决问题的途径的能力;要具有从一个问题的诸多侧面和角度思考的能力。这些能力正是创新人才必须具备的能力。笔者在教学实际中对此作了一些探索。
一、 培养多维性思维能力务必从学生实际出发、循序渐进
第斯多惠指出:“学生的发展水平是教学的出发点。”教师在教学之前或教学过程中随时都要了
解学生的发展水平、已有的知识与能力状况。这是教学的基点,是学生知识的生长点、可接受点。
教学只有符合学生发展水平,才能被他们理解、接受。在确定学生发展水平时,在不能估计过低的
同时更要注意不能估计过高。培养多维性思维能力标高的把握应当是对学生有一定难度,但这个难
度是他们通过努力能克服的,即符合学生的最近发展区,有助于调动他们的学习积极性。下面是笔
者一次评卷课的记录:
SEFCSB2A P140 CLOSE TEST 8中有如下一空:
If you were eating a strawberry for the first time, your senses could tell you, “ It’s small and sweet.” (10) _____ your experience could not tell you “A strawberry!” The more experiences you have, the better you can tell someone else what you are seeing, hearing, tasting, touching, or smelling.
10. A. Or B. But C. Although D. However
正确答案是A。 测试后阅卷发现学生无一选A,遂与学生交流,得知误选的原因是未能体会出前后句的语意逻辑关系。故笔者作了如下讲解:Or在句中意为 “或者”,用以引出在If you were eating a strawberry for the first time条件下your senses could tell you, “It’s small and sweet.”的代替者your experience could not tell you “A strawberry!”。 原以为这一讲解已十分透彻到位, 不料学生对为何不选B、C、D仍感到不好理解接受。学生的认识还未完全上升到“体会语境、分析判断前后句语意关系”的高度上来。该怎么办?说不定多维性思维就是对症药。于是,我又出了如下一道题:
体会语境、分析判断前后句语意关系,从or, but, however, although中选用恰当的词填空。
1. If someone is saying that he had a dream that lasted a few hours, he is mistaken. ___ he is not telling a lie purposely.___ this is impossible. Scientists have proved that one’s dream can only last 2 to 10 seconds. ___ the story in one’s dream can last a few hours, or even a few days.
2. My son is very honesty. Yesterday he told me that he had had a dream that lasted a few hours. I don’t think he was telling a lie, ___ I know it wasn’t possible.
答案:1.Or ;Or ;But 2.although
经过这一多维对比语境题的练讲后,学生的表情告诉我他们心领神会了。然后让他们围绕以上四个词自我创建多维语境。现摘录如下:
1. Your senses are very important for you. They can keep you receiving messages about the world around you. If you were eating a strawberry, your senses could tell you, “It’s small and sweet.” Although they might not tell you “A strawberry!”
2. If you only listened to the teachers carefully in class, you could not make rapid progress in your lessons. Or you could not get the first place. Going over your lessons is very important, too.
经过这一道完形填空题的评讲,我深悟到了培养学生多维思维能力的必要性和重要性,而且在培养的过程中要循序渐进,切不可操之过急。
二、培养多维性思维能力务必注重基础知识传授的扎实系统性和生动活泼性
教育心理学告诉我们,思维是在感性材料的基础上进行的。感性认识越丰富、深入,则思维活动就会进行得越富有成效。所以在培养学生多维性思维能力的同时必须让他们掌握扎实且系统的基础知识。没有这个基础思维活动就不可能发散,更不可能具有多维性。但基础知识的传授学生往往处于被动状态,教师要在这一问题上多做文章,具体来讲就是当问题提出后,要善于启发学生利用他们已有的知识经验或感性认识进行分析、思考、体会,因势利导,让学生一步一步地去获取新知。当问题基本解决时,教师要及时归纳或小结,使学生接受的知识系统化、科学化,而且要尽可能做到生活化、趣味化。例如, 英语中有些句子受句型的要求要使用特别的时态:
1. It is time that we went home.
2. My wife would rather that I was satisfied with the existing state and made less money.
对此学生难以掌握,于是我在传授之后诱导学生用类似一首歌名的话归纳这一语法现象,学生
很快说出了“Special tenses are given to special sentence patterns.”。
又例如: 英语中少数一些动词无法或不好从分析其主动、被动关系来确定是用现在分词还是用过去分词:
1. Judging by his accent, he must be from Wuhan.
2. Compared with you, I’m too old.
我便在介绍后,要学生想出一句俗语来概括这一语法现象,学生异口同声:“Grandpa says he is right, while Grandma says she is right, too. ”
三、培养多维性思维能力务必尽量在英语的氛围中进行。
英语教学实践中,有不少教师认为英语教学本来就已困难重重,要在英语的氛围中培养学生的
思维能力更是难上加难、寸步难行,否则是既费时又无收效。其实不然,对此笔者有一深刻体会so、
such、how 、quite、what、等几个词的用法比较的教学,笔者在教学之初依赖汉语进行传授,如“so+
形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词”、“such +不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词”等等, 事实证明效果很
差。随着教学经验的丰富、教学观念的更新,我摈弃了这一汉语似教学,代之以让学生用英语掌握
英语知识:She is so good a student that the teacher often praises her, while he is such a naughty student
that the teacher often criticizes him. 结果学生不仅较好地掌握了英语语言知识点而且英语口头表达能
力、书面表达能力、知识点的多维发散能力均有明显提高。此后,我坚定不移地进行“study English
through English”式教学法。
四、培养多维性思维能力务必在民主、融洽、平等、自由、愉快的氛围中进行。
著名教育心理学家赞可夫说:“我们要努力使学习充满无拘无束的心理气氛,使学生和教师在
课堂上都能自由地呼吸,如果不能造就这样的气氛,任何一种教学方法都不能发生作用。”只有师生
平等交流,学生才会思维活跃,师生之间才能形成充分的思维交流碰撞,这样的教学才必定产生好
的效果。下面以笔者一教学实例来加以说明:2000年笔者从事高一英语教学工作,不久有学生向我
反映完形填空题难做,并说我讲的方法、思维他们听得懂但就是难以转化成自己的。是啊,我讲的
解题思维、方法是我做完题之后总结归纳出来的,并且是经过了反复梳理,学生可能难以消化吸收,
是不是有必要和学生同时做题而将原滋原味的东西交给他们?关于这一想法我找了部分学生进行座
谈,学生一致赞成。第二天,第一节试验课开始了,学生将下载拷贝的题目给我,我们便开始同时
做题,师生时而各执己见时而又一致认同,其间碰到这样一空:“Just do I do.”, 我说这一
空不看选项便知可填 “as”, 话音刚落只听唏嘘之声。原来选项里没有“as” 一词, 我赶紧作了弥补性
解释: 此空除了可填 “as” 外还可填 “what”, 两词殊途同归。下课时学生的表情和眼神告诉我试验课
成功了。
五、培养多维性思维能力务必结合针对性较强的练习进行
有助于培养多维性思维能力的练习除了句型转换、复述课文等传统题型外,还有一句多译、多
题同选项等。在进行汉译英时,教师要鼓励学生多动脑,尽可能一句多译,既要能使用常见普通词
汇和简单句式进行表达,又要尝试使用高级词汇和应用较多语法结构的复杂句式来表达。在编写和
评讲练习时,教师要有目的、有计划地引导学生变换题目的条件,这样既可以防止学生形成定势思
维又可以让学生的思维始终保持灵活性和应变性。例如:
(一)单项选择
1.The day I looked forward to _______ at last.
A. coming B. come C. comes D. came
2. I looked forward to ________ to have a talk with you. (选项同上)
3. You should try to get a good night’s sleep _______ much work you have to do.
A. however B. whatever C. no matter D. how
4. You should try to get a good night’s sleep _______ important work you have to do. (选项同上)
参考答案: 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. B
(二)一句多译
1. 他一做完作业就出去打球了。(不少于6种)
He went out to play basketball the moment he had finished his homework.
He went out to play basketball as soon as he had finished his homework.
He went out to play basketball immediately/instantly he had finished his homework.
He had no sooner finished his homework than he went out to play basketball.
No sooner had he finished his homework than he went out to play basketball.
On finishing his homework, he went out to play basketball.
He had hardly finished his homework when he went out to play basketball.
2. 众所周知, 台湾是中国的一部分。(不少于4种)
As is known to everyone, Taiwan is part of China.
As everyone knows, Taiwan is part of China.
It is known to everyone that Taiwan is part of China.
Everyone knows that Taiwan is part of China.
That Taiwan is part of China is known to everyone.
参考书目:
[1] 赞科夫.《教学与发展》. 文化教育出版社1980年版.
[2] 王道俊, 王汉澜.《教育学》. 人民教育出版社.
[3] 《SEFCSB2B》. 人民教育出版社1999年6月第2版.
[4] 刘建华. 《中学英语创新教法》. 学院出版社, 1999.


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