高考语法与词汇题的命题特点及应试策略 (中学英语教学论文)

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高考语法与词汇题的命题特点及应试策略
一、语法和词汇知识概述
语法和词汇知识题主要考查学生对英语基础知识的掌握程度及运用能力。近几年来,语法和词汇知识题的命题越来越灵活,要求考生在特定的语境中理解和运用语言,突出语言的交际性和实用性。
二、高考语法和词汇知识题命题特点及趋势预测
高考语法和词汇知识题有以下几个明显的特点:
1)强调动词,突出重点。与动词有关的题在15题中一般占5-8题。考点涉及到动词的时态、语态、情态动词、非谓语动词等。
2)语境仿真,讲究活用。高考语法和词汇知识题有很高的效度和区分度主要原因是高考题的语境真实,能有效地测试考生掌握词汇内涵和分析语境的能力。
3)考点全面,分布合理。高考题有较强的综合性和较宽的覆盖面,通常一题兼顾多项知识点的考查。常考考点有被动语态、简单句、名词性从句、省略句和倒装句等。选考考点有名词、主谓一致、数词、虚拟语气等。
4)设题灵活,干扰加大。高考语法和词汇知识题中有相当数量的是根据学生的思维定势而设计的“陷阱题”,命题人主要通过增加句子的复杂程度、改变句子的正常结构、利用相似易混的句式结构等来设计干扰信息,误导学生的思维。解题总的原则是化繁为简,去枝留干,恢复原状,细心审题,分辨差异。“陷阱题”的主要设题方式有:
A.增加冗余信息
设题者通过增加限定语、同位语、插人语、定语从句等成份,增加句子的复杂程度,造成学生的视觉差异,从而导致思维错位。解答这类题时,我们只要去掉冗余信息(插人语、同位语等),答案就一目了然了。如:
例题1 I can hardly imagine so pretty a girl like you ______ boxing.
A. like B. to like C. liking D. to have liked
【解读】此题实则考查动名词的复合结构,答案为C。可简化为:I can hardly imagine
a girl liking boxing.
例题2 The girl devoted all her spare time she had ____ others.
A. to help B. helped C. to helping D. help
【解读】易误选A。本句的主干结构为devote one' s life/ time/ energy to doing sth.,其中she had为定语从句修饰time,故选A作目的状语是错误的。答案为C。
例题3 The manager decided to give the job to ____ he believed had a strong sense of duty.
A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. those
【解读】去掉冗余信息(插人语he believed),我们可以看出后面是一个宾语从句,且宾语从句缺少主语,故答案为A.
例题4 In ____ old society many young women died by so strange and cruel ____ custom.
A./;a B./;the C. the; a D. an; a
【解读】society既可用作可数名词又可用作不可数名词,如具体指某社会则前面加定冠词。custom为可数名词,前面有两个形容词strange, cruel修饰,增加了难度和迷惑性。此处结构为so+adj.+a(an)+n.,所以正确答案是C。
B.变换句式结构
设题者通过改变句子的正常结构,如利用省略句、强调句、疑问句、被动句、倒装句等特殊结构,造成某种搭配的假象,达到干扰目的。解此类题,我们只要恢复它的原状即可。如:
例题5 ---Excuse me, could you tell me where the post office is?“
---OK. Between the two white buildings ____ the post office.
A. are lying B. he C. lies D. lay
【解读】学生很容易把buildings当作句子的主语。实际上这是一个倒装句式。恢复原状:The post office ____ between the two white buildings.我们可以看出句子的主语是post office,故答案为C。
例题6 The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand,____ all practical value by the time they were finished.
A. had lost B. would have lost C. would lose D. should have lost
【解读】本题中had they been done by hand实际上是一个省略句式,相当于if they had been done场hand,用来表示一个虚拟的条件,而且这个条件状语的位置也比较特殊,位于主句的主语和谓语之间。故答案为B.
例题 7 Every minute is made full use of ______ at our lessons.
A. to work B. working C. having worked D. being worked
【解读】有些同学一见到介词,后面马上用名词或动名词,这恰恰落人了命题人的陷井。此题of的宾语实际上是every minute,如果把它变为主动式,答案就显而易见了:We make full use of every minute to work at our lessons.故答案为A。
例题8 Who would you rather _____ with you tomorrow, Tom or Smith?
A. have to go B. have go C. have gone D. had go
【解读】答案为B。可以把它变为陈述句:I would rather have Tom go with me tomorrow. go是省去了to的不定式作宾语补足语。
例题9 The Smiths have three sons, one a baby,_____ twins of thirteen.
A. another B. other C. the other D. the others
【解读】该题使用了省略句式,有相当大的迷惑性。one a baby=one son is a baby, the others twins of thirteen=the other sons are twins of thirteen,所以答案为D。
例题10 ______ he will leave for Beijing.
A. It will not be long before B. It is before long that
C. It is before long D. It was before long that
【解读】易受思维定势的影响而错选A。如果before引导一个状语从句的话,状语从句的谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来。本题实际上是一个强调句型,强调简单句中的时间状语before long,恢复原句就是:He will leave for Beijing before long.故答案为B.
例题11 Which do you enjoy ______ your weekend, swimming or fishing?
A. spending B. being spent C. spend D. to spend
【解读】此题考查不定式作目的状语的用法。容易受enjoy后面接动名词作宾语的影响而误选A。enjoy的宾语是which, to spend…是目的状语。答案为D。
C. 巧用相似句式
有些句式结构相似而实不同,出题者往往利用这一点来设计 “陷阱”,导致解题错误。做这类题关键在于克服粗心大意、不认真审题的缺点,注重语境,弄懂句意,强化对易混句的辨析,有意识地消除思维定势。
例题12 ---I like football. --- ______ my sister and me.
A. So do B. So are C. So did D. So it is with
【解读】如不仔细观察,学生很可能选择A。应该注意这里的me, so does sb.句式是一个倒装句,即sb.是句子的主语,要求用主格。故选D.
例题13 This is such a wonderful film _____ we have never seen.
A. that B. as C. which D. what
【解读】易错选A。在such... as引导的定语从句中,as常作定语从句的主语或宾语;而在such... that引导的状语从句中,that不充当句子成分此题seen后面缺少一个宾语,故后面是一个定语从句。故答案为B.
例题14 Tom, ____ sure to come tomorrow.
A. is B. be C. was D. would be
【解读】答案为B。很明显,Tom在这里并不是句子的主语,而是称呼语。
例题15 ---I like coffee with nothing in it. What about you?
---I prefer coffee ______ sugar.
A. to B. for C. with D. than
【解读】此题为破思维定势题,有相当的难度。根据语境 “我喜欢喝加糖的咖啡”,可知选C.
例题16 What have we said ______ her so unhappy?
A. makes B. to make C. made D. had made
【解读】此题容易误选C,横线前是What have we said,而不是What we have said(注意其中的词序);句末是问号,而不是句号。此题应选B, to make her so unhappy为结果状语。
例题17 In order not to be found, I’11 spend the night ____ in your room.
A. locking B. locked C. to lock D. lock
【解读】由于受spend... doing sth.句型的影响,易误选A。lock的逻辑主语I和lock 之间存在被动关系,故用过去分词作伴随状语。答案为B.
例题18 Lily,do you remember the boss in ______ company we worked during the summer holiday? He is coming to see us.
A. whose B. whom C. who D. where
【解读】答案为A。此题考查定语从句关系代词的选择。受思维定势的影响,易错选B。需要注意的是关系代词后面紧跟了一个名词,故应选择能作定语的关系代词。
例题19 He got up early, ______ to catch the train.
A. to hope B. hoping C. hope D. hoped
【解读】to catch the train是目的状语,hope是伴随的一种心理状态,常用现在分词来表示。
例题20 ______ nice, the food was sold out soon.
A. Tasted B. Tasting C. To taste D. Being tasted
【解读】taste后面有一个形容词nice,故可判定taste在此用作连系动词,连系动词是不能接宾语的,也不存在被动语态。故选B。现在分词tasting作原因状语。
通过以上的分析,我们可以有把握地推测,2005年高考语法和词汇知识题会有以下的特点:
1.继续坚持”突出语境,强化语义,注重运用”的命题原则,体现试题的稳定性和连续性。命题以语法为基础,语境为依托,语用为目的,思维为中介而设计。
2.考虑到全国自主命题的省市增多,难度会基本上稳定在2004年的水平上。强调基础,顾及全体,摈弃偏、难、怪题,重灵活运用。
3.考点会涉及到语法、词汇、常见表达方式等,但会突出对动词的考查,动词的时态、非谓语动词、动词和动词短语的词义辨析为必考项目。虚拟语气已连续六年未考,2005年高考题中,虚拟语气极有可能成为一个重要考点。
4.有一定数量的破思维定势的题目。
5.高考语法和词汇知识题的题目数量和所占分值可能不再是巧题和巧分。自主命题省市的试卷会有所不同。
6.加大词汇知识的考查力度。2005年的高考大纲专门把”词汇知识”列出来,向我们发出了一个明显的信号:有关词汇知识的题的份量会加大。所以同学们要特别注意名词、动词和形容词等词汇的学习和辨析。
三、常见考点分述
考点一 冠词
冠词为必考考点,在2004年高考15套试题中,考查冠词的有]13题(全国卷IV和上海卷未考)。高考侧重于对定冠词的考查,主要考查考生对冠词的基本用法的理解和掌握程度。
例题1 The most important thing about cotton in history is ______ part that it played in _____ Industrial Revolution.
A.不填;不填 B. the;不填 C. the; the D. a; the
【答案】C。受play a. . . part in的影响易选D o part被一个定语从句(that it played)修饰,应为特指,故用定冠词the, Industrial Revolution为专有名词,习惯上其前要加the。
【解读】此题考查定冠词的特指用法。定冠词the最基本的用法是特指事物或人。定冠词the在意义上相当于this , that。常用于:
(1)特指双方都明白的人或物。例如:Take the medicine.把药吃了。
(2)上文提到过的人或事。例如: He bought a house. I've been to the house.
(3)指世上独一无二的事物,如the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth等。
(4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如the dollar美元;the fox狐狸;与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人,如the rich富人;the living生者。
(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级及形容词only, very , same等前面。例如:
That' s the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
(6) 用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。例如:
the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国;the United States美国
(7) 用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
(S) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。例如:the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
(9)用在习惯用语中。例如:in the day, in the morning, in the sky, in the dark, in the distance, in the middle(of),in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre等。
例题2 Mr Smith,there’s a man at ______ front door who says he has _____ news for you of great importance.
A. the;不填 B. the; the C.不填;不填 D.不填;the
【答案】A, front door应为谈话双方都知道的地方,故为特指,用定冠词the, news 是不可数名词,在此为泛指,不用冠词。
【解读】此题后半部分考查零冠词的用法。英语中,下列情况下通常不用冠词:
(1) 国名,人名前通常不用冠词。如:England,Mary,
(2) 泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用冠词。例如: They are teachers.
(3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。例如:
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
(4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠
词。例如:Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。
(5) 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。例如:
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都仁课。
(6) 在称呼或表示官职、职位的名词前不加冠词。例如:
The guards took the American to General Lee.
(7) 在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词;
(8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。例如:
I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
(9)当by与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,常不用冠词,如by bus, by train;有些个体名词前不用冠词,如school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, table, class, town, church, court等,直接置于介词后,表示深层含义。例如:
go to hospital去医院看病
go to the hospital去医院(并不一定是去看病)
例题3 I think _____ knowledge of the Internet is_must in our work today.
A. a; a. B. the; an C. the; the D.不填;a
【答案】A。由于受不可数名词不能加不定冠词a(an)的影响,易误选D, a knowledge of…意为“对……有很好的了解”,为固定用法。must在此用作名词,表示”必要条件”之意,故前面加不定冠词。
【解读】此题考查学生在具体语境中正确使用冠词的能力,涉及到不可数名词的可数化问题。
不可数名词前一般不加不定冠词。但某些物质名词和抽象名词如:tea, rain, water, snow, ink ,soup, coffee,surprise, pity, pleasure, joy, education, history, love, courage, success, failure, beauty, knowledge等前常加不定冠词用来表示”一种”、”一类”、“一场”、”一阵”、”一番”、“具体的人或事”等意。如:
What a big supper he had! He was really hungry.
He is a success.他成功了。
例题4 ---Some people don't want to talk about it. They say that that is all _____ history.
---But we Chinese shouldn't forget _____ humiliating history of China.
A. the; the B.不填;the C. the; a D.不填;不填
【答案】 B. that is all history “那皆已成历史了(一切都过去了)”;第二空用the特指“中国的那段屈辱的历史”。
【解读】考查学生的冠词活用能力。有些习惯上不加冠词的名词在特指的情况下,可加定冠同。如:Shanghai(上海),the Shanghai you see today(你今天所见的上海);history(历史),the history of Qing Dynasty(清朝史);in bed(躺在床上),on the bed(在床上);in hospital(住院),in the hospital(在医院);in front of(在……前面),in the front of(在……前部)。
例题5 ______ as she is,she has turned ______ professional writer.
A. A teenager; a B. Teenager;不填
C. Teenager; a D. A teenager;不填
【答案】B,, as引导的让步状语从句中,如果作表语的名同在句首,名词前不能加不定冠词。turn后面的名词作表语也不加不定冠词。
【解读】此题主要考查零冠词的习惯用法。易误选A。有些可数名词在某些用法中是不能加冠词的,应当牢牢记住。如:Girl as she is, she is determined to become an astronaut.尽管她是个女孩,但她决心当一名宇航员。
He entered the room, book in hand.他手里拿着一本书,进了教室。
Man is fighting a battle against the pollution,人类正在进行一场反对污染的战争。
例题6 This is _____ most delicious fruit, and it tastes _____ best when it's fresh.
A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; a
【解读】此题易错选B。关键在于这些学生不能准确判断most是不是形容词的最高级形式。有些同学一见到most就认为是在考查形容词的最高级形式,而误选了B,,
【答案】A。第一个空fruit没有比较的范围,most短语不是真正意义上的最高级,此时most相当于副词,意为“非常、极其”,前面使用不定冠词。,表示类别;第二个空是fruit与自身不同时期进行比较,best为最高级形式,前面加定冠词the,,
【总结】高考对冠词的考查主要是围绕冠词的基本用法进行的。所以我们要对冠词的基本用法有一个明确的了解。不定冠词常用于泛指,表示类别,而定冠词主要用于特指。零冠词的用法和习惯搭配也是值得考生注意的一个问题。
考点二 名词
名词为选考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查名词的有6题,绝大多数考查的是名词词义辨析,这一点同学们要高度重视。有关名词的考查内容有:名词的复数形式;名词的可数性和不可数性;名词作定语;名词所有格等。
例题1 The manager spoke highly of such _____ as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.
A. virtues B. features C. properties D. characteristics
【答案】A。全句的意思:经理高度赞扬了他的雇员所表现出来的诸如忠诚、勇气和坦率等美德。
【解读】这是道名词词义辨析题,做名词辨析题要花一定的苦功,需要我们细心体会,认真比较,在大量的阅读中揣摩它们的细微差异,从而掌握它们的用法。
例题2 Niagara Falls is a great tourist_,drawing millions of visitors every year.
A. attention B. attraction C. appointment D. arrangement
【答案】B. attraction “具有吸引力的人或物”,也可引申为“胜地”。attention”注意”,appointment“约会”,arrangement“安排”。根据句意,应选B。
【解读】本题考查名词词义辨析。高考中考查的名词通常是一些一词多义性名词,考查旧词新义是高考题的一个特点,故学习词汇的过程中应全面综合地掌握一个词的多层意义。
例题3 Shelly had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first
A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire
【答案】B。attempt尝试; intention意图、打算; purpose目的;desire渴望。
【解读】此题考查名词词义辨析。高考中通常不会选一些学生非常熟悉的名词来考,而是选一些学生不易掌握的边缘名词来考。故扩大阅读视野,增加词汇量就显得十分重要。
例题4 There are three ______ in our clinic.
A. woman doctor B. woman doctors
C. women doctor D. women doctors
【答案】D。以man/ woman为前缀所构成的复合名词的复数形式,应前后都变为复数形式。
【解读】考查复合名词的复数形式。复合名词单数变复数,一般在中心主体名词后加-s。如:comrade-in-arms →comrades-in-arms战友;looker-on →lookers-on旁观者;runner-up →runners-up亚军。
如果没有中心名词,直接在单词末尾加 -s变成复数形式,如:grown-up →grown-ups成年人;sit-in →sit-ins静坐示威的人。
例题5 He is provided with_.He needs various
A. food, food B. food, foods C. foods,foods D. foods, food
【答案】B a food表食物的总称时为不可数名词;表种类时多为可数名词。
【解读】此题主要考查在特定语境中,不可数名词的可数用法。不可数名词一般情况下无复数形式,也不在其单数形式前面加不定冠词。但某些不可数名词如表示若干类、数量之多、某种具体的情形时,则可把该名词改为其复数形式,或在这个不可数名词前面加不定冠词。如:Two coffees, please.请来两杯咖啡。
The first Chinese manned spaceship landed on the Gebi sands safely.
After many failures,they found out the cause of the SARS.
例题6 He dropped the_and broke it.
A. cup of tea B. tea's cup C. cup for tea D. tea cup
【答案】D。tea为无生命的东西,作定语修饰另一名词表功能或用途。
【解读】此题考查名词作定语的用法。通常无生命的东西可以直接作定语修饰另一个名同。如: a stone bridge石桥;paper money纸币;diamond necklace钻石项链;silkdress丝绸服装;cotton goods棉制品;girl student女学生;adult actor成人演员;weather report天气预报;home news国内新闻。
注意:有些名词作定语时,通常只用复数。如:clothes shop服装店;goods train货车;sports field运动场。
例题7 There is ______ at the foot of the hill.
A. a dangerous crossroad B. dangerous crossroad
C. dangerous crossroads D. a dangerous crossroads
【答案】D.“十字路口、交叉路口”常用复数形式。
【解读】此题考查单复数同形的名词。中学英语中,单复数同形的名词有:Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish, means, works(作”工厂”解)等。主谓一致问题往往是单复数同形名词考查的重点。正确判断这些名词是单数还是复数是关键所在。如:
例1.All possible means _____(have /has)been tried.
例2. Every possible means _____(have/has) been tried
从例子1中可以看出,means在这里是复数,应用have. 例2中every后面应接单数形式,此处应用has.
例题8 ______ center has been set up to give_on scientific farming for the nearby farmers.
A. Information; advice B. An information; advice
C. An information; advices D. information; advices
【答案】B。易错选A。有些同学只注意到information,为不可数名词,但没有看到information实际上是用作定语,修饰center; advice为不可数名词,不能用复数形式。
【解读】此题主要考查辨析名词的可数性和不可数性。有些名词貌似可数名词,实为不可数名词,这些名词往往成为高考考查的重点。如:fun, news, bread, bamboo, chalk, equipment, advice, information,progress, wealth等。
【总结】1)名词变复数的不规则变化,名词作定语,名词所有格的用法,抽象名词的具体化等需重点掌握。2)名词词义辨析是最重要的考.支,要注意在语境中掌握同义名词的细微差异。
考点三 数词
数词为选考考点。在2004年高考15套英语试卷中,只有广西卷考查了数词。数词的考点主要有:数词作程度状语的表达方式;分数的表达方式;模糊概数的用法;dozen和score的惯用法;年代、世纪、年龄的表达法等。
例题1 My ruler is ______ his.
A. two times as longer as B. twice the length of
C. three times longer of D. twice long than
【答案】B。易误选A和D, A项longer应为long; D项long应为longer。根据上面的分析,答案选B,
【解读】此题考查数词作程度状语的表达方式。倍数及分数作程度状语的表示法为:倍数/分数+ as + adj.(原级) + as...;倍数/分数 + the + n.+ of;倍数/分数 + adj.的比较级 + than...。注意下列程度状语在句中的位置。如:
This island is two-fifths larger than that one这个岛比那个岛大五分之二。
He is two years older than I.他比我大两岁。
There are 30% more boys than girls in our class.我班上的男生比女生多30% ,
This dictionary costs twice as much as that one.这本字典花的钱是那本字典的两倍。
例题2 He bought _______ copies of the magazine.
A. two dozen of B. two dozens of C. dozens of D. two dozens
【答案】C, dozens of表示”许多”,修饰可数名词。
【解读】本题考查重点数词的用法。注意score和dozen的用法。
1) score(二十),表示实际数量时不加”s",但可加of。如:ten score of books (200本书)。但当表示不确定的概数时加”s",加of;
2) dozen(一打,十二)也有类似的用法:表示实数时,不加s,不用of。当名词前有 these, those和修饰词时要用of,如:two dozen pencils(两打铅笔),a dozen of these books(一打这样的书)。当表示不确定的数时加s,加of,表示”数十”。
例题3 It is my _____ birthday today. Will you please come to the party this evening?
A. fifteen B. fifteen' s C. fifteenth D. fifteens
【答案】C。基数词表示数量;而序数词表示顺序,句意思应是”第十五个生日”,故应用序数词。
【解读】此题考查序数词。要注意拼写特殊的序数词。如:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twentieth, thirtieth等。
例题4 _____ foreigners come to visit China every year since China opened her door to the outside world.
A. Hundreds and thousands of B. Hundreds of thousands of
C. Hundreds or thousands of D. Hundreds upon thousands of
【答案】B。英语中”成千上万”的表示为;hundreds of thousands of,故答案选B,
【解读】此题考查概数的表示方法。当表示不确切的数量时,我们就使用概数。表示法为:" tens of/ hundreds of/ thousands of/ millions of/ dozens of/scores of+名词”,这些词的前面不能有具体的数词,但可有many, some, several等,如”数百名学生”可表示为:several hundreds of students.
例题5 He moved to Germany in _____,when he was in _____.
A. the late 1990s; his sixties B. late 1990’s;his sixties
C. the late 1990’s;his sixty D. late 1990s; his sixties
【答案】A。句意:在二十世纪末期,当他六十多岁时,他搬家到了德国。
【解读】“二十世纪后期”的正确表达方法是:in the late 1990s或in the late 1990’s”;“在某人六十多岁时”的表达式为:in one's sixties,
【总结】数词在高考中是选考考点,多为惯用法。
考点四 代词
代词为必考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查代词的共19题(全国卷III和湖北卷未考)。重点考查不定代词和替代词的用法。it的用法也是一个常考点。
例题1 No bread eaten by us is so sweet as _____ earned by our own labor.
A. it B. one C. that D. ones
【答案】C。 bread是不可数名词,且是”通过自己的劳动赚取的面包”,是特指概念,故用that。
【解读】此题考查替代词that和one的区别。注意one(s) ,that(those)的区别: ① one ( ones)只能代替可数名词,可代替人或物。一般用来代替某一类中的任何一个,即泛指。但如前面被定冠词修饰,亦可特指。 (2)that( those)可代替可数名词或不可数名词,一般代替物。用于特指,多为后置定语。
例题2 If you shut _____ eye,you can see it better.
A. another B. the other C. other D. others
【答案】B。一个人只有两只眼睛,故用the othe:表示”两者中的另一个”。
【解读】此题考查other, others与another的用法区别。三者都是不定代词,它们在含义上有单复之别,在用法上有泛指、特指之别。其具体用法大致可归纳如下:
(1) 单数形式有:another/other+n.(单数)(泛指不定数量中的另一个或类似的一个),the other + n.(单数)(特指两者中的另一个);复数形式有:other + n.(复数)/ others(泛指另外的或其他的人或物);the other + n.(复数)/the others(特指一定范围内所有另外的或其他的人或物).
(2) another 后通常接单数可数名词,当名词前有数词修饰时,才可以接复数名词,表示”再,又”;other表示”再,又”时则位于数词之后。如:
He's written another two books.他又写了两本书。
He' s written two other(此处也可用more代替other) books.他又写了两本书。
(3) others与some对比使用时,others表示some(一些)的含义。如:
Some say yes, and others say no.有人说对,有人说不对。
例题3 Shylock, how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show ______?
A. it B. nothing C. none D. no one
【答案】C。 none特指no mercy,故选C。
【解读】此题考查none和nothing的区别。nothing一般用来表泛指,而none常特指一定范围内的人或物,后面常接of。如:
Nothing in the world is difficult if you put your heart into it.
The baby asked for more milk, but there was none left in the bottle.
例题4 The couple are so warm-hearted that_of them spares efforts to help
ethers.
A. both B. either C. neither D. none
【答案】C. couple表示”夫妻两人”,可排除D。 spare no efforts为习语,意为”不遗余力做……”,此处否定前移,所以必须用有否定意义的代词。句意为:这对夫妇如此好心以至于他们不遗余力地帮助别人。
【解读】此题考查both, either, neither和none的区别。neither指的是”两者都不”,
含全部否定的意义;eithe:指”两者中的一个”;both指的是”两个都”;none指的是”都
下(三者或三者以上)”,含全部否定的意义。例如:
None of us have been to the moon.我们当中没有人去过月球。
Neither of us has visited the zoo.我们俩人都没有参观过动物园。
---Which tie would you prefer, the black tie or the red tie, madam?
---I’11 take both, to have a change sometimes.
例题5 She works as a typist in a company. However, she doesn't like the work, because _____ calls for patience and speed
A. which B. it C. they D. she
【答案】13o it在此为指示代词,指代前面提到的work,
【解读】it是代词考查中的一个重点。要注意它的用法。
it作代词可以代替上文中提到的事情或情况。如:
He took the medicine bought in the drugstore, and it did work.
it的这种用法要注意和由关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句用法的区别。关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句与被修饰的词语之间要用逗号分开,且不用连词连接;而it作替代词时,it所在的句子与被替代的句子分别为两个独立的句子,或者用并列连接词加以连接。试比较:
He failed in the exam, and it worried him.他考试没有及格,这使他很发愁。
He failed in the exam. It worried him.
He failed in the exam, which worried him
例题6 The artist said,“_____ is a pleasure to be invited to give the performance
here.”
A. She B. It C. Which D. There
【答案】Bo it用作形式主语代替后面的不定式。
【解读】it可作形式主语或形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词、主语从句或宾语从句。it这一用法一直是高考命题的热点。如:
It is necessary for you to buy a computer.你很有必要买一台电脑。
例题7 Animals do not talk in words. They communicate by smelling, sound and movements with ______ animal.
A. any B. another C. each D. the other
【答案】B. another作定语一般修饰单数名词。
【解读】此题考查不定代词的辨析。
例题8 Would you care for_more tea?
A. any B. some C. little D. a lot of
【答案】B o some用于疑问句中,表示希望对方做出肯定回答。
【解读】本题考查any和some的区别: ① any用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中;any也可用于肯定句中,表示”任一’,如:I want a few envelopes. If you have any, give me some.我要一些信封。你有的话,给我一些。
Have you any plan?你有计划了吗?
You can make it any day. It is the same to me.
② some用于肯定句中。但也可以用于表肯定性建议、要求的疑问句中。
Would you come in and have some drink?进来喝些饮料好吗?
例题9 _____ boy was present at the meeting, and _____ of them was encouraged to express his own idea freely.
A. Each; each B. Every; every C. Each; every D. Every; each
【答案】D。every boy意义相当于all the boys,代词作主语,只能用each。
【解读】此题考查each和every的区别: ①each强调“个体”,而every强调“全体”。如:
Every student has a dictionary.每个学生都有词典。(强调全体)
The inspector shook hands with each worker.(强调每一个个体)
each可以作主语,宾语或定语,但every只能作定语,不能单独作主语或宾语。如:
Every/Each woman in our company is permitted to go out for travel or. Women's Day.
Each of us has to answer for our action.我们每一个人都要对自己的行为负责。
③ each指两者或两者以上中的”每个”,every指三者或三者以上中的”每个”。因此,指两者时不能用every。There are many trees on each side of the road.街道的每一边都有很多树。
例题10 It’s impossible for all the people to get the jobs because _____ of them are not fit for them.
A. none B. all C. not all D. every one
【答案】B o all... not构成部分否定。后面有not,故不能选A和C a every one后面谓语动词应用单数形式,也可排除D.
【解读】本题考查部分否定。everything, all, both与not连用常常构成部分否定。
【总结】代词看似简单,其实不易,考生要在整体把握各类代词的基本用法的基础上,重点掌握上述所讲的不定代词的用法区别和替代词的用法区别。
考点五 介词与连词
介词为常考考点而连词为必考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查介词和介词短语的共9题,考查连词的共26题。介词常见考点有:常见介词的基本用法,如 at, like, to, by, with, of, for, over等;常用介词的区别,如:through/ across/over; in/ on/ at; but/ except/besides/ except for;固定短语或习惯搭配中的介词等。连词主要考查近义连词的用法区别和它们在特定语境中的使用。
例题1 This star was named _____ a Chinese ____ honor of his contributions to astronomy.
A. for; with B. as; for C. after; in D. with; to
【答案】C , name after表示”根据……命名”;in honor of表示”为纪念……”。
【解读】此题考查介词的固定用法。许多介词有固定用法,平时要注意认真搜集记忆一些特殊的介词搭配,见多识广,才会做到运用自如。
例题2 The key_success lies_persistence and hard work.
A. to; in B. of ; for C. for; to D. of; in
【答案】A. the key to表示”……的关键”;lie in表示”在于”。
【解读】此题为打破思维定势题。有些汉语意义上的”的”,在英语中不用of,而用to。如:the solution to the problem, the key to the door, the notes to the text, the entrance to
the cave, a visit to Beijing, the introduction to the product,
例题3 _____ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.
A. Because B. As C. With D. Since
【答案】C, destroyed在此是过去分词,作宾语补足语。故可判定前面部分并不是一个完整的句子,而是一个独立主格结构,故答案为C,
【解读】本题主要考查对句式的判断能力。有些同学不认真审题,认为这是一个时间状语从句,as又有”随着”的意思,所以误选了B.
例题4 ---This is Jane speaking.
---0h, it' s you. Your voice sounds quite different_the phone.
A. for B. from C. by D. on
【答案】D。此题容易受思维定势影响而选B项,而实际意思是“声音在电话中听起来不同”。
【解读】高考通常考查介词在一定的语境下的活用情况。弄懂句意是答题的关键。
例题5 The picture looks very beautiful _____ the light wall.
A. in B. of C. over D. against
【答案】D, against在此处表示”以……为背景”。
【解读】介词通常有多种意义,而少见少用的意义通常会成为高考的考查点。
例题6 ---I don't like singing_dancing, what about you?
---I don't like dancing,_ I like singing songs.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or; and
【答案】C。第一句话的意思是“我不喜欢唱歌和跳舞”,第二句的意思是“我不喜欢跳舞,但我喜欢唱歌”。or用在否定句中,连接两个并列成分。
【解读】此题主要考查but的用法。英语中表示转折或对比关系的连词有:but, while等,其中but语气最强,while表示对照关系。如:His wife is very tall while he is very short.
例题7 It is snowing outside, _____ it is so bright at night.
A. as B. for C. because D. since
【答案】B。外面很亮并不一定是下雪了,故这个原因是推测出来的。
【解读】此题考查表示因果关系的连词的区别。for和because都用来表示原因,for所引导的从句只是据上文的推断原因,并非直接的原因。而because是从属连词,可放在句前或句后,它所引导的句子和主句构成直接的因果关系。如:
She cried because she failed in the exam.因为没通过考试,她哭了。(直接原因)
She may fail in the exam, for she cried.(推测原因)
例题8 Internet should be developed to help people_endanger people.
A. more than B. other than C. rather than D. better than
【答案】C。本题主要考查固定短语作连词的用法。more than意为”不仅仅……”;other than意为”除了”,rather than意为”而不是……,与其……宁愿……”;better than 意为”比……好”。本题的意思是”因特网的发展应该是有助于人民,而不是危害人民”。
【解读】or, otherwise, rather than, either... or…等词连接并列的词、短语和句子时表示选择其中的一个。如:
He rather than you is to blame.该受责备的是他不是你。
例题9 He was about to get off the bus_he saw his father
A. as B. until C. while D. when
【答案】D。句意为:他刚刚要下车,这时他看见了他的爸爸。
【解读】when可用作并列连词,相当于at that time, then意为“这时”。
【总结】诚然掌握介词的基本用法及介词与动词、形容词、名词的习惯搭配很关健,但更重要的是把握好在具体语境中的介词的活用。使用连词时一定要准确判断前后句子的逻辑关系,同时要注意句子的特定语境。
考点六 形容词与副词
形容词和副词为必考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查形容词和副词的共有22题(除北京和重庆卷外)。命题热点有:形容词和副词的基本用法及其在句中的位置;比较等级及其修饰语;在特定的语境中选择恰当的词语;enough等重点词的用法等。
例题1 There lay a ______ box in front of the window.
A. little round black wooden B. black little round wooden
C. round black wooden little D. wooden round black little
【答案】A。 little表示大小,round表示形状,black表示颜色,wooden表示材料,故选A。
【解读】此题考查多个形容词连用时的排列顺序。多个形容词作定语时,形容词的排列顺序为:
总括性形容词(all/both/no)+限制性形容词(指示代词/形容词性物主代词/冠词/名词的所有格)+数词(序数词/基数词)十感官(描绘性)形容词+大+形状+年龄/新旧+颜色+产地+材料+目的/用途/类别+中心词名词或代词
为了方便记忆,可用一句顺口溜来概括:总县(限)官,大行(形)令(龄),杀(色)国
才(材),目的用途名词前。
例题2 This year they have produced_grain_they did last year.
A. as less; as B. as few; as C. less; than D. fewer; than
【答案】C. as... as中用形容词或副词原形,从而排除选项A;句子中的grain是不可数名词,不能用few修饰,故答案选Co
【解读】此题考查副词的比较级。注意形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的形式和应用。
(1)比较级+than+名词/代词
一般情况下,than后面既可接代词的主格也可接代词的宾格,但是当主句的谓语动
词为及物动词时,主格代词与宾格代词的意思不一样。如:
She loves the dog better than he.她比他更喜欢那条狗。
She loves the dog better than him.她喜欢那条狗甚于喜欢他。
(2)比较级+and+比较级
此句型的意思是:越来越……,如: Our state is getting stronger and stronger.
(3)the+比较级,the+比较级
此句型的意思是:越……,就越…… 如:
The more you learn, the more you want to learn.你学得越多,你就越想学。
(4) (not) as/so+原级+as 此句型的意思是:……跟… … 一样/ ……不如……,如:
Li Lei is as tall as Wu Dong.李雷跟吴东一样高。
Our room is not so / as large as theirs.我们的房间不如他们的大。
(5)否定词+比较级 = 最高级 如:You can' t find a better hotel here.
例题3 They are _____ little children that we all like them.
A. so B. such C. very D. quite
【答案】B。根据句型结构排除选项C,D;而句子中的little为一般性的形容词,不是指数量的少而是指年龄或体格小而可爱,于是,前面用such修饰。
【解读】此题考查so和such的用法区别。so... that和such... that都可引导结果状语从句,要注意其用法区别。
1) so后面接形容词、副词及many, much, little, few等不定代词。
2) such后接可数名词复数或不可数名词。另外“such + 不定冠词 + 形容词 + 单数名词”= “so + 形容词 + 不定冠词 + 单数名词”。
例题4 Li lei's father is ______ too old to travel ______ far.
A. very; so B. rather; that C. many; quite D. far; much
【答案】B。根据空后的too可排除A, C;根据much用法可排除选项D. rather通常用来修饰too.
【解读】此题考查了that作副词时的一个特殊用法。that作副词意义上相当于so(如此)。如:I didn't think you had changed that much.我没想到你变化那么多。
例题5 ---How is Ellen today? ---She said she was ______ better.
A. very B. fairly C. pretty D. quite
【答案】D。一般说这四个程度副词不能修饰比较级,但quite只可修饰better, 指身体较好。
【解读】此题考查比较级的修饰语。程度副词much, many, far,rather, rather, even, a lot, little等词语常用来修饰形容词或副词的比较级。
The experiment was much easier than we had expected.
There are many more girls than boys in my class.
例题6 In the sports meeting he jumped _____,so he was _____ spoken of.
A. highly; high B. most highly; high C. high; highly D. highest; highly
【答案】D。副词high一般指具体的高或高度;highly指抽象的高、高度。
【解读】此题考查同根副词的辨析。请注意以下同根副词的差异: late(迟的),lately(最近的);close(接近地),closely(密切地);deep(深地,指具体深度),deeply(深深地,表抽象含义);high高地,指具体高度),highly(高度地,表抽象含义);wide(宽地,表具体宽度),widely(广泛地,表抽象含义)。
例题7 The _____ to challenge his difficulties has been praised by the headmaster.
A. enough brave boy B. brave enough boy
C. boy brave enough D. boy enough brave
【答案】C. enough修饰形容词brave时,放在brave之后。
【解读】此题考查enough的用法。enough可用作名词、形容词和副词。作副词用时,常放在所修饰词的后面。如:Enough has been said on the subject.这个话题已说得够多了。
The student isn' t tall enough to reach the top of the bookshelf.
The driver drove his car carefully enough.这个司机开车足够细心。
I have something important enough to tell you.我有些很重要的事情要告诉你。
例题8 The computer sounds _____.
A. cheaply B. expensively C. costly D. wonderfully
【答案】C. costly是个形容词,”昂贵”的意思。
【解读】此题考查以ly结尾的形容词或副词的区别。sounds在此用作连系动词,而连系动词后面要求接形容词作表语。
例题9 He told me that_nothing there was worth looking into.
A. nearly B. almost C. hardly C. seldom
【答案】B. nothing前应用almost修饰。
【解读】此题考查nearly和almost的区别。这两个词意思相近,肯定句中可以相互换用。一般来说,almost的差距比nearly小。主要区别有:1) almost能和never, no, none, nothing, nobody,nowhere等连用,这种情况下不能用nearly。如:Almost nothing is worth listening to in this lecture. 这个演讲几乎没有什么东西值得一听。
② nearly可以和not连用,not nearly是”远不如”的意思。如:The work is not nearly
perfect.这个工作远不完美。
例题10 They have held three meetings this week ______.
A. alone B. lonely C. ever D. just
【答案】A。副词alone修饰名词时要后置。
【解读】此题主要考查alone和lonely的区别。① lonely只作形容词,可作定语、表语,但不能作状语。作表语时,表示”孤独的”、”寂寞的”,带有感情色彩,是一种内心情感。例如:He is alone, but he isn't lonely.他虽一个人,但并不感到寂寞。 ②alone作副词,充当状语;亦可作形容词,作表语,但不能作定语。作表语时表示客观事实(独自一人)。例如:He lives alone in a lonely temple.他独自住在一个荒凉的庙里。
例题11 _____,the boys were shouting and singing.
A. Happy and excited B. Happily and excited
C. Happily and excitedly D. Happy and excitedly
【答案】A. 形容词短语作原因状语
【解读】此题考查形容词短语作状语的用法。形容词短语可用来表示主句的一种伴随状态或原因。如:He went to bed, cold and hungry.他又冷又饿,上床睡觉去了。 He stood there still.
例题12 It is ______ that you can pass the driving test.
A. sure B. surely C. certainly D. certain
【答案】D. it is后面只能用certain作表语。
【解读】此题考查sure和certain作表语时的区别。sure和certain都可作表语,区别二者的关键在主语。sure的主语只能是人,而certain既可以人作主语,也可以it作主语(作形式主语)。例如:He is sure/certain to win the game.在比赛中他肯定能获胜。
It' s certain that it will snow tomorrow.明天肯定会下雪。
【总结】要掌握比较级和最高级的表达方式及常见的句型;做题时要结合语境,认 真辫析从而作出正确选择;做题时不能墨守成规,要辩证地分析问题。
考点七 主谓一致
主谓一致为选考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查主谓一致的只有2题(北京卷和广东卷考了这个考点)。考点包括:倒装句主语的确定;集体名词、总称名词、单复数同形名词单复数的确定;不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时谓语动词的确定,定语从句主语的确定等。
例题 1 The police ______ a prisoner.
A. is searching for B. are searching for
C. is searching D. has searched for
【答案】B. police后面的谓语动词应用复数形式。
【解读】此题考查集体名词的用法。英语中有些名词尽管没有复数形式,但其具有复数意义,需要注意的是后面的动词只能用复数形式。如police, people(人们),cattle, clothes,trousers, glasses等。如: Where are my glasses?我的眼镜在什么地方?
Do the clothes fit me?这衣服合我的身吗?
The cattle have been driven away.牛群已被赶走了。
例题2 E-mail,as well as telephones, ______ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
【答案】A。句子的谓语应与e-mail保持一致。
【解读】此题考查学生判断句子主语的能力。当主语后面跟有“in, out of, with, along with, together with, including, but, except, like, as well as, no more than, no less than, in addition to, rather than + 名词”短语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致。如:
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去划船。
Tom, rather than his brothers, is to blame.这要怪汤姆,而不是他的兄弟们。
例题3 How close parents are to their children_a strong effect on the charac-
ter of the children.
A. have B. has C. having D. to have
【答案】B。主语从句作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
【解读】此题主要考查主语从句作主语时谓语形式的选择。英语中当主语从句、不定式、动名词作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如:To see is to believe.眼见为实。Reading English magazines and novels is helpful to us.读英语杂志和小说对我们来说是有用的。
例题4 South of the lake_two famous universities.
A. have B. has C. are D. is
【答案】C。此句为倒装句,主语应为two famous universities。
【解读】要注意倒装句主语的确定。例如:
There stands a temple at the foot of the mountain.山脚下有一座庙。
There seem to be two horses in the distance.远方好像有两匹马。
I get up very early, so does he.我起床起得很早,他也是如此。
例题5 The Smith's family, which _____ rather a large one, ____ very fond of their old house.
A. were; were B. was;were C. were; was D. was;was
【答案】B。第一个空的family是整体概念,第二个空应指家庭成员。
【解读】 集体名词作主语时,谓语形式要根据主语的意思来决定。如class, family, army, team, crew, audience , couple, group, company, committee等词后谓语用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该集体(整体概念)。如:
His family isn't very large.他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
例题6 Live sheep _____ to Hong Kong by truck.
A. is shipped B. ship C. ships D. are shipped
【答案】D。 sheep前面无冠词,也没有其它的限定词,故可判定sheep为复数意义。而且这些活绵羊是”被运往香港”的,故用被动形式。
【解读]单复数同形的名词Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish, means, works(作品,工厂)等作主语时,要注意辨别是单数还是复数,从而确定动词的形式。如:
A glass works is to be built here.这儿将建一个玻璃厂。
Most Japanese have traveled abroad.大部分日本人出过国。
例题7 Neither he nor his children_ interested in jazz music.
A. have B. are C. is D. has
【答案】B。谓语动词应与最近的children保持一致,后面为系表结构。
【解读】考查就近原则的运用。 ①当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与其最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
②当or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or…, not…but…, not on1y… but also…等连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由 here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语保持一致。
Neither Ann nor Jane is from New Zealand. Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.
例题8 He was the only one of the candidates who _____ able to carry out his campaign pledge.
A. have been B. has been C. were D. was
【答案】D。先行词为the only one,故定语从句的谓语动词应用单数形式,根据主句 的时态,从句应用一般过去时,故选D.
【解读】此题考查在定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句谓语动词的形式。
【总结】主谓一致考点大致可分为就近一致,意思一致,语法一致三大类,做题时要注意下面几点:1)一定要找准关键主语;2)找准倒装句等句中的主语;3)记准一些惯用法。
考点八 动词时态
动词时态为必考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查时态的共23题(除广东卷外)。时态是历年重点考查的项目,通常在2道题以上。主要考查的时态有现在完成时、一般过去时、一般现在时、过去进行时、过去完成时、现在进行时等。
例题1 Her MP3 _____ wrong though she used it only once.
A. went B. has gone C. had gone D. is going
【答案】B。此处强调对现在造成的影响或结果。
【解读】此题考查现在完成时态的用法。现在完成时是最重要的一种时态。主要用于:
1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如:Have you ever been to the West Lake?你曾经去过西湖吗?
2)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。I haven' t met her since then.从那以后我再也没有见过她。
3)在时间或条件从句中表示在将来某个时间之前要完成某个动作。I' 1 return the magazine to you as soon as I have finished it.我看完后就把杂志还给你。
现在完成时常常有比较固定的标志词,如so far, recently, lately, ever, for, since, by now, this week, today, for the last few days等时间状语常与现在完成时态连用。有些句型通常也与现在完成时态连用。如:
This is the first time that I have surfed the net.这是我第一次上网。
This is the best cell-phone that I have ever bought.这是我买过的最好的手机。
例题2 ---Excuse me, but taking photos is forbidden here.
---I' m terribly sorry, I _____.
A. don't know B. won't know C. haven't known D. didn't know
【答案】D。表示在说话之前不知道。
【解读】考查一般过去时态。一般过去时主要表示在过去某一时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。在条件、时间、让步等状语从句中,常用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。She told me she wouldn't leave until you came back.她告诉我在你回来以前她是不会离开的。
要注意一般过去时和现在完成时的区别。现在完成时表示某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,因此不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时只表示过去发生的某事,和现在没有关系。试比较:
He has lost the key.他把钥匙丢了。(现在没有了)
He lost the key.他把钥匙丢了。(现在可能找到了,也可能没找到)
例题3 ---Look, it _____ again.
---Yeah. This is the fourth snow we _____ this month.
A. is snowing; have had B. is snowing; will have
C. snows; have D. will snow; had
【解读】本题考查现在进行时和现在完成时时态。现在进行时主要用于: 1)表示说话时正在进行的动作。 2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但此刻不一定正在进行。 3)表示反复发生的动作。常与always, constantly, all the time等连用,表示说话人的不满、愤怒、抱怨、赞赏等。
【答案】A。根据look可以看出,“雪正在下”,故用现在进行时态。在 “it is the first/ second...+从句”中,从句用现在完成时。如果是 “it was the first/second...+从句”,则从句用过去完成时。
例题4 ---Do you still remember the first time we met?
---Of course. You _____ an English evening party.
A. organized B. have organized C. had organized D. were organizing
【答案】D。表示当时正在发生某个动作。
【解读】本题考查过去进行时态。过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在发生的动作。如:
What were you doing at 10 o' clock last night?你昨晚10点在干什么?
例题5 We'd better accept his offer before he_•
A. changes his mind B. will change his mind
C. changed his mind D. is to change his mind
【答案】A。从句用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。
【解读】考查一般现在时态的一般用法。一般现在时主要表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作或状态。在条件、时间、让步等状语从句中,可用一般现在时表示将来的动作。如:
If you go there, I' 11 keep your company.如果你去那里,我将与你同行。
Even if it snows tomorrow, the performance won’t be called off.
例题6 The old man _____ his hometown since 1955. He is anxious to return to his hometown.
A. has left B. left C. has been away from D. was away from
【解读】此题考查瞬间性动词和持续性动词的区别。瞬间动词用于完成时,表示一个动作的结束,它不表示动作的持续状态,不能和段时间状语连用(如for a year, since 1990)。如与段时间状语连用,句中的动词应用持续性动词或表示状态的动词。
【答案】C o since 1955表示”延续到现在的一段时间”,故用现在完成时态。且谓语动词必须用延续性动词表示状态。
例题7 Julia _____ with a stranger when Jim went to get the jacket he _____ in the restaurant.
A. had quarreled; left B. had quarreled; had left
C. was quarreling; has left D. was quarreling; had left
【答案】D。进去时发现正在与一位陌生人吵架,所以用过去进行时。把夹克忘在饭店发生在他进去之前,因此要用过去完成时。
【解读】此题考查过去完成时和过去进行时态。过去完成时是一种相对概念,是相对于过去某一个时间或动作而言的。因此一定要在形式或意义上有明显的过去时间或动作作为参照标志。主要表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态,即动作或状态发生在”过去的过去”。
例题8 She _____ a report, but she hasn' t finished it yet.
A. has been writing B. was writing C. has written D. wrote
【答案】A。根据语境“她在写一篇报道,但现在还没有写完”,故用现在完成进行时态,强调动作的未完成性。
【解读】此题考查对现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别。现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性,而现在完成时态则侧重于动作的完成性。
例题9 The foreigner_in our school for ten months by November.
A. will teach B. has taught
C. will have been teaching D. has been teaching
【答案】C。句意:这个外国人到十一月份为止已在我校任教十个月了。
【解读】根据后面的时间状语by November可知,这个动作延续到十一月底,但到这时并未结束,故用将来完成进行时。
例题10 ---Don' t forget to send email to me. ---_____.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
【解读】一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如:He' 11 tell you all you want to know when he comes back.他回来后会把一切都告诉你。
【答案】B。发email是将来的事情,故用一般将来时态。
【总结】高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态,更多地侧重于时态的交又使用和呼应,及与语态的结合使用等。答题时要认真研读题干,寻找尽可能多的时间参照信息,尤其是其它动词的时态。
考点九 动词语态
动词语态为常考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查被动语态的共7题。在历年有关被动语态的考题中,共涉及了七种时态的被动语态,其中以一般现在时和现在进行时态最多。命题人常常把被动语态和动词的时态结合起来考查。
例题1 The taxi was out of control,and the driver ____,according to some villagers,to have been killed
A. said B. was said C. was saying D. had been said
【解读】此题考查被动语态的形式。被动语态由”be十过去分词”构成,各种时态通过be的变化来体现。英语中的主动语态共有16种.
【答案】B。后半句可还原为:It was said that the driver had been killed.所以当the
driver作主语时要用被动形式。
例题2 The flowers looked as if they _____ for a long time.
A. haven't watered B. weren't watered
C. didn't water D. hadn't been watered
【答案】D。句意:这些花看起来好像很久没有浇过水。
【解读】从句要用虚拟语气。根据主句的谓语动词looked可知是对过去情况的虚拟,所以用过去完成时,而且要用被动形式。
例题3 ---The 1206 train had an accident last night.
---Jim _____;he happened to be on board.
A. may have hurt B. may be hurt
C. maybe hurting D. may have been hurt
【答案】D。此处是用情态动词表示对过去情况的推测。
【解读】情态动词的被动语态形式通常为”情态动词+be十动词的过去分词”。如:Your composition must be handed in by Friday.你的作文必须在星期五前交上来。
例题4 Your photos ______.Wait a moment and you will get them.
A. have developed B. are being developed
C. were developed D. are developed
【答案】B。句意:你的照片正在冲洗之中。等一会儿你就可以拿到照片了。
【解读】根据语境可知,照片还没有洗出来,正在”被冲洗”,故用现在进行时的被动语态形式。
例题5 Put on your gloves, or your hands will get ______.
A. burning B. to burn C. burn D. burnt
【答案】D. “get十过去分词”为系表结构,表示被动。
【解读】并非所有的”be+过去分词”都是被动语态形式。被动结构强调的是动作,系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。
The window is broken.(系表结构)
The window was broken by a naughty boy.(被动结构)
The door was closed at once.(被动结构)
The door was closed all the year round.(系表结构)
The small room was crowded with people.(系表结构)
例题6 ---Why did you put the wood near the fire9 It' s dangerous!
---Don' t worry. Wet wood won't _____.
A. burnt B. be burnt C. be burning D. burn
【答案】D. burn可用主动形式表示被动意义。
【解读】本题考查了动词的主动语态表被动意义的用法。有类似用法的动词还有:close, read, write, sell, open等。又如:The pen writes smoothly.这钢笔用起来很好用。
This kind of cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
【总结】一定要熟记各种时态的被动语态的构成。被动语态由 “助动词be+过去分词”构成,时态通过be表现出来。做题时,首先根据主语与谓语的关系确定是否是被动关系,然后再根据有关时间信息确定用哪种时态。
考点十 情态动词
情态动词为必考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查情态动词的共14题(除天津和广东卷外)。主要考查常见的情态动词can, must, may, need, dare, should, will, shall等的基本含义和基本用法;情态动词表推测的用法;”情态动词+完成式”结构表示责备等。
例题1 His child left home three years ago. An idea that something _____ to him has been worrying him a lot.
A.can have happened B. should have happened
C. must happen D. must have happened
【答案】A。句意为”他的孩子可能出了什么事的想法一直困扰着他‘,。
【解读】此题考查情态动词表推测的用法。must, can/ could, may/ might均可表示推测,其语气must最强,might最弱。表示对现在或将来的情况推测时,其后面接动词原形;表示对过去情况的推测时,后面接have done的形式;对现在正在进行的情况推测时,可接be doing的形式。must表示推测,意为“一定是、准是”,此种用法只用于肯定句。如:
Yang Ping must have been at home last night.杨平昨晚一定在家里。
Wu Bin must be practising the piano at home now.吴宾现在一定在家里练习弹钢琴。
例题2 You are lying. The manager _____ in his office now, because he is talking with me in my home at the moment.
A. may not be working B. can not be working
C. mustn’t be working D. can not have worked
【答案】B。句意为”经理现在不可能在办公室里工作”,否定的语气很坚决,用can' t。
【解读】要注意表推测用法时can' t和may not意义上的区别。 can' t是 “不可能”的意思,而may not表示“可能不”。试比较:
He can't have arrived in Beijing, because I saw him ten minutes ago.
He may not have had breakfast.他也许还没吃早饭。
例题3 You must have seen the film last night, _____ you?
A. haven't B. didn't C. mustn't D. hadn’t
【答案】B. last night表明此句原先应为一般过去时态,故选B.
【解读】当情态动词表推测时,反意疑问句的谓语应回归到表推测前的时态。如: He must be tired,isn' t he? She must have known the news,hasn’t she?
例题4 ---May I surf the Internet tonight?
---No, you _____.You must do the exercises.
A. needn’t B. won’t C. mustn' t D. don't
【答案】C . you mustn't表示“你不被准许”之意。
【解读】此题考查对以情态动词提问的一般疑问句的回答。在英语中,以某些情态动词提问的句子,出于礼貌委婉的需要,或出于句意的需要,回答时(多为否定回答),要用另一个情态动词。在回答must提问的一般疑问句时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't或don' t have to;在回答may提问的一般疑问句时,肯定回答用may,否定回答用mustn' t;在回答need提问的一般疑问句时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn't;在回答could , can , may , might,will所提问的表示征求对方意见或表示请求的一般疑问句时,肯定回答用can, may,否定回答常用can't。如:
---Must I finish my homework before eight o'clock? ---No, you needn't.
例题5 He was a good swimmer so he _____ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.
A. could B. was able to C. needed D. might
【答案】B. be able to 在此表示“设法做成了某事”之意。
【解读】can和be able to都可表示”能力”,意思上相近,但有区别:
(1) be able to的主语必须是人或动物,而can对此没有限制。
He can/is able to swim across the river.他能游过这条河。
The TV set can be fixed in 20 minutes.这台电视机在20分钟内能够修好。
② be able to可有各种时态形式,而can只有could这一过去式。
Tom will be able to skate as well as you. Tom滑冰将会和你一样好。
③ be able to的过去式(was/ were able to)可表示”设法做成某事,,,相当于“managed to do sth.”或“succeeded in doing sth”;而can的过去式没有这样的意义。
例题6 I _____,but I didn' t think you were serious.
A. shouldn't laugh B. wouldn't laugh
C. shouldn’t have laughed D. needn't have laughed
【答案】C。“我不应该笑”,但实际上我发出了笑声。
【解读】此句考查“情态动词+完成式”表略微责备的用法。 should/ ought to/ could/ need + 完成式”常用来表示”本来应该/能够/有必要做某事,而实际上并没有做某事”之意。如:You could have passed the test.你本来可以通过这次测试的。(实际上并未通过)
You are late again; you should have got up earlier.你又迟到了,你应该早点起床。
例题7 ---I got up at five this morning, I thought it was Friday.
---You _____ so early. It is Sunday today; you don't have to go to work.
A. musn’t have got up B. needn't have got up
C. needn' t get up D. mustn't get up
【答案】B。句意:你本来没有必要起床一早。
【解读】从语境上判断,今天是星期天,你不必起得太早,但实际上动作已经发生了,故用needn't have got up,
例题8 ---______ the film be on now? 一It ______ be, but I' m not sure.
A. Can; may B. Must; needn't C. May; mustn't D. Can; can't
【答案】A. can和may在此表示推测。根据but I' m not sure可知语气不是太肯定,故用may.
【解读】may表示”可能”,用于推测,意为“可能、也许、或许”,多用于肯定推测,可能性一般不太大,使用时,通常有语境暗示,如I' m not sure等。
---Where is Tom? Tom在哪里? ---He may be in the library.他也许在图书馆。
She may not be in the office today.今天她可能不在办公室。
例题9 When the party was over, it was already midnight. So he _____ walk home instead of taking a bus.
A. must B. can C. used to D. had to
【答案】D。因为那时已没有公共汽车,所以他”不得不”走路回家。
【解读】must表示说话人的主观看法,即强调主观上的必要性;have to表示在客观上要求某人”不得不做某事”。如:My uncle is ill. I must go to the hospital to see him.我叔叔病了。我必须去医院看望他(主观看法)。The bridge is washed away by the flood. So we have to take another way.桥被洪水冲跨了。所以我们不得不走另一条路(客观必要性)。
例题10 ---You_take photos here.
---I am sorry. I didn' t see the sign on the wall.
A. needn't B. won’t C. mustn't D. can’t
【答案】C。句意:“你不许在此照相。”
【解读】此题考查情态动词的否定用法。won' t:不愿意,mustn' t:禁止,不准,needn't:不必;根据语境,此处应用mustn' t表示禁止做某事。
例题11 He drooped his head without daring_his angry father.
A. look at B. to look at C. looks at D. look
【答案】B。dare在without后面,是动名词形式,故可判断dare在此作实义动词。
【解读】此题考查dare的用法。dare和need一样既可作为实义动词又可作为情态动词。dare, need作为实义动词有人称和数的变化,后面的不定式带to;作为情态动词气没有人称和数的变化,need只有一般现在时而dare可用于一般现在时和一般过去时。如:He dared not tell the truth他不敢讲真话。
例题12 ---Don' t be late for your interview.
---Of course I won' t. In fact,I ______ wait to meet the manager.
A. mustn't B. needn' t C. can’t D. shan't
【答案】C。句意为:我迫不及待地想见到经理。
【解读】此题考查固定结构。can' t wait to do sth.是“急不可待地想做某事”之意。
例题13 It has been announced that passengers _____ remain in their seats until the dangerous objects have been removed.
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
【答案】D。shall在此表示”命令,强制”之意。
【解读】 shall作情态动词,用于第二人称和第三人称,表示承诺、意图、必然、命令、决心、一定、必须等。Tom shall have a toy, if he is a good boy.如果汤姆是个好孩子,他会得到一件玩具。
shall用于第一人称和第三人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见,表示“要不要,好吗”之意。如:Shall I open the window?我打开窗户好吗?
【总结】正确使用情态动词的关键在于准确理解说话人的情感和态度。所以做题时要利用细节,想象出会话的实际情景,体会说话人的语气和态度,从而作出正确的选择。
考点十一 虚拟语气
虚拟语气为选考考点。在2004年高考15套试题中,考查虚拟语气的共2题。虚拟语气命题热点有:虚拟条件句,尤其是错综条件句和含蓄条件句;wish, insist, suggest, demand, order, advise等动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气;as if, it' s time that…,主语从句及表语从句中的虚拟语气;“should/ ought to+完成式”构成的虚拟语气等。
例题1 ---I can' t recite the poem.
---Well, you are supposed _____ it many times yesterday evening.
A. to read B. to have read C. reading D. having read
【解读】be supposed有”应该”之意,后面只接不定式,若不定式用完成式,表示”过去本来应该做某事,而实际上没有去做”,用否定式意思则相反,此用法也含有”批评、责备、抱怨”之意。
【答案】B。句意:你昨天晚上就应该读很多遍。
例题2 I have to meet a friend at the airport today. _____ I enough time now, I _____ to repair your computer.
A. Have,will help B. Had,would help
C. If had ;would help D. Had had ;would have helped
【解读】在非真实条件从句中if省略后,要把从句中的were, had, should提到主语前面形成特殊倒装。本句假设的情况与现在相反,故选B.
例题3 It is necessary that one _____ the text every day if he wants to lea
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