译林模块5 Unit 2 同步讲练及单元自测练习(译林牛津版高二英语必修五教案教学设计)
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Welcome to the unit & reading
精讲典析
1. Read a debate on the environment and a report about the Yangtze River.（page 21）阅读一份有关环境的辩论稿和一篇有关长江的报道。
debate的用法
① debate在句中是名词，意为“讨论”或“辩论”。例如：
Our class will hold debates. 我们班将举行辩论。
Television actually encourages public debate about such issues.
事实上电视促进了关于这类问题的公众讨论。
(2) 辨析：debate, argue, quarrel, discuss的用法比较
这一组词虽然区别较大，但仍有共同点，都侧重于动作。
① debate vt. & vi. “辩论；争论”,侧重双方各自申诉理由，“交锋”意味较强。例如：
We debated the proposal for three days. 那个建议我们辩论了三天。
They debated until ten o’clock. 他们一直辩论到10点钟。
② argue vt. & vi. 也有“辩论, 争论”的意思，为支持某一想法、行动或理论而提出理由或证据，侧重于摆事实，试图说服对方，也可能是激烈的交换意见，以致争吵。例如：
She was too tired to argue the point. 她太累了，不想再就这一点争论了。
She argued that she should not go. 她争辩说她不该去。
He argued with Mary about the best place for a holiday. 他和玛丽争论度假的最好地方。
③ quarrel vi.“吵架，争吵”，因生气失态以至于会伤害到对方。例如：
Those children are always quarrelling over little things. 那些孩子们总是为小事而争吵。
We quarreled with them about the plan, in fact we supported them.
我们就有关这项计划与他们发生争吵，实际上我们是支持他们的。
④ discuss vt. “谈论, 讨论”，重在交换意见。例如：
We will discuss what to teach during the next term. 我们将讨论下学期要教什么。
They discussed selling the house. 他们商讨卖房子一事。
We discussed when we should go. 我们商量什么时候动身。
2. By how many times has the world’s population increased since 1800?（page 22）自1800年以来，世界人口增加了多少倍?
① population n. 人口；全体居民
population是不可数名词，但常和不定冠词连用。表“多少人口”要用what或how large。
population表示“人口”并做主语时，其谓语动词习惯用单数形式。例如：
The United States has a population of more than 200 million. 美国有两亿多人口。
The population of this city is in the neighborhood of three million. 本市人口接近300万。
What / How large is the population of Hong Kong? 香港有多少人口？
② 当population做主语指一特定人群时，谓语动词单复数都可以。例如：
Most of the population in our village factory are women workers.
我们村办工厂大部分职工是女性。
The population in these villages still uses well water. 住在这些乡村里的人依然饮用井水。
There 50 percent or more of the population is illiterate. 那里50%或更多的群众是文盲。
One third of the world’s population consumes / consume two thirds of the world’s resources.
三分之一的世界人口消耗了三分之二的地球资源。
3. With me is Mr Lin Shuuiqing, from the Society for Environmental Preservation, and Mr Qian Liwei, an economist.（page 22, lines 5—6）与我一起的是来自环境保护协会的林水清先生和经济学家钱利伟先生。
这是一个完全倒装句。这个句子由于主语较长，为避免句子头重脚轻，往往把介词短语或其他成分提到句首。这种句子的谓语多为连系动词以及lie, stand, sit, fly, come, go, run, rush等动词。例如：
After the banquet came a firework display in the square. 宴会后在广场上燃放了烟花。
Seated on the ground were a group of young men playing guitar.
场地上坐着一群年轻人在弹吉他。
At the top of the hill stands a weather station. 山顶上有一个气象站。
4. Then we will open the floor for discussion.（page 22, line 8）之后我们将展开讨论。
open the floor for discussion意为“展开自由讨论”，其中the floor意思是“（大会）发言权；发言机会”，可构成“open/take/have/get/obtain the floor for＋名词或to do something” 等短语。例如：
The TV presenter will take the floor for his own opening speech at 3:00 pm.
电视节目主持人将在下午3点致开幕词。
He has the floor to express his own view / point at the meeting.
他有权在会上表明自己的观点。
Next, the chairman asked Ms. Jones to take the floor. 随后，主席请琼斯女士发言。
5. If you have any questions or comments, you can use this time to voice them.（page 22, lines 8—9）如果大家有任何问题或评论，可以利用这个时间说出来。
辨析： voice, express
① voice在句中用作及物动词，指(用言语)“表达……”, 用名词做宾语时，可以与express替换。例如：
A spokesman voiced / expressed the worker’s dissatisfaction.
发言人说出了工人的不满情绪。
Get teachers to voice / express their opinions on important subjects.
让教师们表达他们对重要问题的看法。
He voiced / expressed the feelings of the crowd. 他表达出群众的情绪。
② express也有 “表达”（思想，情感）的意思，除名词外，还可以用反身代词做宾语。例如：
Perhaps I have not expressed myself very well. 也许我没能把我的意思表达清楚。
She expresses herself most fully in her paintings.
她在绘画中将自己的情感表达得最为淋漓尽致。
He can express himself in good clear English now after four years’ hard learning.
经过四年的艰苦学习,现在他能用清楚流畅的英语表达自己的意思了。
6. Pollution is so bad that many rivers are full of chemicals which flow into the sea and kill sea creatures.（page 22, lines 14—15）污染情形如此严重，致使许多河流饱含化学物质，河水流入海洋，杀死海洋生物。
(1) full of在句中作表语，意为“充满”。full of还常做后置定语。例如：
It is bad manners to talk with a mouth full of food. 嘴里塞满了东西说话是不礼貌的。
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.
光说空话不做事，犹如花园光长刺。
(2) 辨析：so…that, such…that
1）so…that与such…that都表示“如此……以致……”。它们用法的区别在于搭配不同：so是副词，所以后接形容词或副词，而such是形容词，所以后接名词。例如：
They were so busy that they forgot their meal.
They were such busy men that they forgot their meal.
他们忙得连吃饭都忘了。
2）但如名词前有表数量的many，few，much，little修饰时，则要求用so。即：so＋many (few, much, little)＋名词＋that从句
Bill Gates was so interested in software programming that he quit school in his first year at college.比尔•盖茨对于软件编程是如此的感兴趣，以致于他在大学一年级时就退学了。
3）当单数可数名词前又有形容词修饰时，既可用so,也可 用such，但冠词的位置有所不同。若是复数可数名词，即使有形容词修饰，也只能用such，而不能用so。例如：
It is such a good dictionary that all of us have bought it.
It is so good a dictionary that all of us have bought it.
=The dictionary is so good that all of us have bought it.
这是一本好词典，我们都买了。
7. In addition, many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats.（page 22, line 16）此外，捕捞船正将大量海洋生物赶尽杀绝。
(1) in addition副词短语，“此外；而且”的意思，可以和 besides互换，做状语时在句中的位置比较灵活, 但应注意in addition to是短语介词。例如：
In addition / besides, they do not match very much. 除此之外，他们两人并不十分般配。
They eat a great deal of fruit in addition / besides. 他们还吃大量的水果。
Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others besides / in addition.
彼得是我们最小的孩子, 我们另外还有三个孩子.
In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.
除了这些安排以外，还增派救护车值班到午夜。
(2) wipe out在句中意为 “消灭；摧毁”；wipe out还可以表示“(用抹布把器皿)擦净”、“擦掉(符号)”。例如：
The earthquake wiped out the whole town. 那次地震毁掉了整个城镇。
The plague once could wipe out a village. 鼠疫曾一度可以夺走整个村庄村民的生命。
Wipe out the bath before you use it. 使用浴盆前先把里面擦洗干净。
These cups have been thoroughly wiped out. 这些杯子已经擦干净了。
She got angry and wiped out her name on the blackboard.
她生气了, 于是就把黑板上她的名字擦掉了。
8. While we damage our environment, we keep producing more and more people who need more land to live on and more food to eat.（page 22, lines 19—20）毁坏环境的同时，我们仍在生育越来越多的人口，他们需要更多的土地来居住，需要更多的粮食来食用。
(1) keep producing 不停生产
keep doing sth.的意思和用法与keep on doing sth.相同，但后者更多地强调重复性和决心。
例如：
Our line can get very busy but please keep trying and you will eventually get through. (page 13) 热线有时候可能会很忙，但请继续拨打，最终你会拨通的。
He caught such a bad cold that he kept coughing all morning.
他患了重感冒，整个上午都不停地咳嗽。
He kept on phoning me, and I really didn’t want to talk to him.
他不断地给我打电话，可我实在不想和他说话。
(2) more land to live on短语中不定式作后置定语，more land是不定式的逻辑宾语，与to live on之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而live为不及物动词，后面必须有介词才可带逻辑宾语，live on后的on不能掉。
After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand on. 她考虑这个问题后，拿出个大盒子，站在上面。
9. My suggestion is that we should try to cut back on production and reduce the amount of things we make and buy.（page 22, lines 22—23）我的建议是我们应当尽量削减生产，减少制造和购买的物品数量。
(1) suggestion /suggest虚拟语气用法
① My suggestion is that…后的表语从句中should + 动词原形是虚拟语气。主语是suggestion, idea, proposal, request等表建议、要求和看法的名词时, 作表语从句的谓语动词为原形动词或should + 原形动词，should可以省略。例如：
My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him. 我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。
Our only request is that this problem should be settled as soon as possible.
我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。
② suggestion后同位语从句的谓语动词为原形动词或should + 原形动词，should可以省略。例如：
He made the suggestion that the political prisoners (should) be set free. 他提议释放政治犯。
He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。
He agreed with my suggestion that we should change the date.
③ 动词suggest表“建议”时其后的宾语从句谓语动词为原形动词或should + 原形动词，should可以省略。例如：
Mr Lin suggested we (should) cut back on the amount of things we produce in order to save the environment. (page 23) 林先生建议削减生产来保护环境.
I suggest you（should）set about your work without delay. 我建议你马上开始工作。
④ suggestion除“建议”意义之外，还有“暗示; 迹象; 说法”的意思，动词suggest也有 “暗示；使人想到；意味着” 的意思，其后接同位语从句或宾语从句时不应用虚拟而应是陈述结构，例如：
There is no suggestion that he was involved in any wrongdoing.
没有迹象表明他曾参与过任何坏事。
They dismissed the suggestion that they hadn’t worked hard.
他们不接受他们没有努力工作的说法。
His attitude suggests that he isn't really interested. 他的态度表明他并不真的感兴趣。
Her face suggests that she’s bored. 从她的面部表情可知她生厌了。
(2) cut back (on) “削减；减少; 减低”,
We shall have to cut back on our spending. 我们将不得不削减我们的经费。
If we don’t sell more, we’ll have to cut back (on) production.
我们若不能增加货物的销售量, 就必须大幅度降低产量。
We must cut back on expenditure in order to save more money.
我们应减少开支, 以节省更多资金。
类似短语：
cut back 缩减（生产，开支）； cut down 砍倒，减少；
cut in 插入，插嘴；cut off 切断（电力、煤气等）； cut out 删掉，裁减
10. It would be beneficial to expand our recycling industry, and teach people about environmentally friendly ways of living.（page 22, lines 24—25）发展循环再造业，教会人们有益环境的生活方式，会很有益处。
（1）It would be beneficial to…是形式主语的句型，“it”是形式主语，真正的主语是不
定式to expand our recycling industry。又如：
It requires courage to do this kind of work. 干这种工作是需要勇气的。
（2）beneficial adj. 有益的；有利的
I hope your holiday will be beneficial to you. 我希望你的假期会对你有益。
常用句型：be beneficial to 对……有益处
同义短语：be of benefit to sb. 对某人有益处；do good to 对……有好处
［表示推测或希望］也许，大概
I would imagine that they’ll want to keep it.
我猜他们也许想保留它。
I guess some people would consider it brutal.
我想有些人大概会认为这很野蛮。
表示不确定之意
It would seem to be getting warmer. 天气似乎变得更暖和了
11. It is obvious that you are very concerned about the present situation of our environment.（page 23, lines 29—30）显然，你对我们的环境现状很担忧。
(1) It is obvious that…是形式主语句型，it作形式上的主语，that引导的主语从句是真正的主语。形容词obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, quite clear, unusual, etc.常用于此句型中。例如：
It is certain (that) he will come to the discussion. 他肯定会来参加讨论。
It is probable that she might change her mind at the last minute.
她大概会在最后时刻改变主意。
It was surprising that he finished writing a novel in only twenty days.
他在二十天内写完了一本小说, 真令人吃惊。
It is strange that nobody knows where he has gone. 说也奇怪，无人知道他去哪儿了。
(2) 辨析：be concerned about, be concerned for, be concerned with
be concerned可以和不同的介词搭配，构成系表结构的惯用语，也都有基本相同的意义“关心；关注”，但在着重点上还是有微细的区别。例如：
① be concerned about着重于“非常重要的位置或分量”。
They appeared completely unconcerned about what they had done.
看来他们完全不在乎自己的所作所为。
You should not be too much concerned about saving appearances. 你不该过于计较面子。
Everybody is concerned about the future of his country. 每个人都关心自己国家的前途。
② be concerned for着重于“为……担心；担忧”。
We’re all concerned for her safety. 我们都很担心她的安全。
Naturally we were concerned for him when we heard of the accident.
当我们听到那意外事件时, 自然地为他担忧。
Some people don't show much concern for our environment.
有些人不太关心我们的环境。
③ be concerned with着重于“对……感兴趣”。
What parts of this issue would they care about or be concerned with?
他们会关心或参与这个问题的哪些部分？
It is reported that the pop singer is concerned with selling drugs.
报道那个流行歌手涉嫌贩毒。
(3) concern n. “关心; 关注”
You need feel no concern about the matter. 你不必担心那件事。
China expresses its profound concern over such a development.
中国对此发展表示严重关切。
12. When people think of factories, they think of clouds of dirty smoke or a pipe pouring chemical waste into a river.（page 23, lines 31—32）每当人们想起工厂，就会想到滚滚烟尘，或向河流倾泄化学废物的管道。
(1) pouring chemical waste into a river是现在分词短语做后置定语。
(2) 辨析：pour into…， pour…into…
两个短语在意义上略有不同。
① pour into（不断地、大量地〕“流进；涌入”。例如：
The river pours into the sea. 河水奔腾流进大海。
The crowd suddenly poured into the store. 人群突然涌进商店。
② pour…into“把……倒入、投入”。例如：
She poured a little whisky into a glass. 她往杯里倒了点威士忌。
The government poured a large sum of money into the project.
政府把大笔资金投入了这项工程。
13. What I’m here to say is that having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and a stable economy should be possible at the same time. （page 23, lines 36—38）在这里我想说的是，与很多环保人士共同努力过后，我知道健康的环境和稳定的经济并存是可能的。
(1) 这是一个比较复杂的长句；what I’m here to say是主语从句, 系动词is后的that引导一表语从句；在整个表语从句中having worked side by side with many environmentalists现在分词的完成式做状语表时间，谓语动词know后面是that引导的宾语从句。
(2) side by side意为“并肩地”，其中by表示以连续的单位、批量或程度计。类似重叠短语有：
day by day 一天天地 little by little逐渐地
one by one一个一个地 step by step 逐步地
14. But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.（page 23, line 45）我的确赞同循环利用是助益两者的关键。
the key to sth./doing sth.意为“是……的关键”。此外，key还有“钥匙”、“答案”等意思。to 是介词，其后接名词、代词或V-ing形式。例如：
a key to the grammar exercises 语法练习答案
the answer to the question 问题的答案
the key to the door 房门的钥匙
secretary to the managing director 总经理的秘书
notes to the text 课文的注释
the key to the success 成功的秘诀
the solution to the problem 对于这个问题的解决办法
a monument to the martyrs 烈士纪念碑
15. This might make wood and seafood more expensive, but paying a higher price for some things is not always bad for the economy. (page 23, lines 49—51)
这或许会让木材和海产品价格上涨，但为某些东西付出高一些代价并不总意味着对经济不利。
(1) 这是一并列句，but后第二分句中paying a higher price for some things是动名词短语做主语。
(2) is not always bad for…是一部分否定句结构，部分否定句型结构归纳如下：
部分否定是将否定对象以各种不同的程度给以一部分，或大部分否定。这在英语学习中特别值得注意。常见结构有：
① 否定词not与表频率的副词always连用时（not always = sometimes），可理解为“并非总是”。例如：
He isn’t always late for school. 他也不是上课老迟到。
I don’t always begin work at nine in the morning. 我并不总是上午9点开始工作。
② 定词not与all, both, every及其复合词（everything、everybody、everywhere）等词连用,表示不完全否定。例如：
All the boys don’t like football. =Not all the boys like football.（Some boys like football but some of them don’t.）不是所有的男孩都喜欢足球。
Every horse can not run fast. = Not every horse can run fast. (Some horses can’t run fast.)
不是每匹马都跑得快。
Both of the answers are not right. (One of the two answers is wrong.) 并非两个答案都错。
This kind of thing is not found everywhere.（You can find this kind of thing somewhere.）
这种事不是处处皆有。
③ 含有seldom、hardly、little、few等准否定词的句子也应属于部分否定范围。例如：
You have done little for us. 你几乎没为我们干什么。
Very few people understood what he said. 几乎没人懂他的话。
Hardly anyone believes that. 怕没几个人相信。
16. Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.（page 23, lines 51—52）我征询周围很多人的看法，许多人愿意花稍高的价格来买环保产品。
(1) ask around “到处打听”, around是副词。
I do not know , but ask around—somebody will know.
我不知道，但你不妨打听一下，总会有人知道。
Well, I guess one thing I can do is to ask around. 我想我能为你做的事是去四处询问一下。
类似短语：
look around四下观望 get around随意走走
move around走来走去 run around 到处跑
drive around 到处驾驶 walk around 到处走动
show sb. around带领某人参观
(2) willing是形容词。它意为“愿意的”或“情愿的”时多作表语。常用句型有：
① 系动词 + willing to do sth. “乐于、愿意做……”.例如：
What dose Qian Liwei say many people are willing to do? (page 24)
钱利伟说许多人愿意干什么？
We are quite willing for you to have dinner with us. 我们很乐意你和我们一起吃饭。
They appear /seem willing to talk to us. 他们看起来愿意跟我们交谈。
② willing其后可以接从句。从句中的谓语动词习惯用虚拟语气should加原形动词。例如：
He is willing that she (should) marry him. 他愿意她和他结婚。
Are you willing that he (should) be allowed to join in? 你愿意让他加入吗?
(3) pay a / the price for “为……付出代价”。例如：
They will have to pay a high price for it. 为此他们得付很高的代价。
17. People should take responsibility for not buying certain kinds of fish, because there are not many left in the ocean.（page 25）人们应该负起责任来，拒绝购买某些种类的鱼，因为这些鱼类在海洋中所剩无几了。
(1) 辨析：take responsibility for, be responsible for
这一组短语在意义上有点相似, 都有“对……负责”的意思，但不应忽视他们的微细区别。
① take responsibility for “对……负起责任”, 侧重于动作的过程；与不同的动词搭配，产生不同的意义。例如：
If anything goes wrong, I’ll take responsibility for it. 出了问题我兜着。
Will you take responsibility for arranging the food? 你能负责安排食物的事宜吗？
He has no responsibility for that accident. 他对那个事故没有责任。
The bank refuses to accept responsibility for the mistake.
银行拒绝对这一错误承担责任。
② be responsible for “对……负责任”，这是一个系表结构，侧重于动作后的结果，例如：
You are supposed to be responsible for them. 你是应当对他们负责的。
He must be responsible to me for this matter. 这件事他必须对我负责。
They’re responsible for cleaning the engine. 他们是负责清洗发动机。
Who was responsible for the mistake? 谁应对这一错误负责？
(2) 辨析：certain, some
都可以做形容词来修饰名词，在意义上也比较接近，有时候可以互换，但在结构上应注意变化。
① certain意为“某, 某些”，即可修饰单数也可以是复数名词。例如：
To a certain degree, he has failed. 从某种程度上说，他已经失败了。
A certain person called on me yesterday. 某个人昨天拜会了我。
Certain plants don’t grow well in this country. 有些植物在这个国家生长不好。
② some做 “某个, 某一”理解 , 其本身已涵盖“一”的概念，因而仅用于修饰单数可数名词。修饰可数名词复数，其意思是“一些”。例如：
There must be some / a certain mistake. 这肯定有某种错误。
He is working at some / a certain place in the north. 他在北方某地工作。
He has gone to some / a certain place in Asia. 他到亚洲某地去了。
18. What if we run out of space? （page 25）
用完了空地，会出现什么结果呢？
(1) What if…? =What would happen if…?“要是/如果……又会怎样?”，和“what about…?”一样已成为一约定俗成的句型。
What if you should fail? 假如你失败了, 该怎么办呢?
What if we move the picture over here? 倘若我们把这幅画移到这儿来，怎么样呢？
What if you go instead of me? 你替我去会怎么样？
(2) run out (of)在本单元是 “用完、耗尽”的意思，强调动作的结果。例如：
Our food soon ran out. = Soon we ran out of food. 我们的粮食很快就吃完了。
You have run out of money. What if he comes back? 你已经把钱花完了，他回来怎么办？
19. My dad says he doesn’t mind a little bit of pollution, as long as it means people have jobs.（page 25）我爸说并不介意少量的污染，只要这意味着人们有就业的机会。
① as long as =so long as“只要”，是一从属连词词组，可引导条件状语从句。例如：
So long as we live, we must serve the people heart and soul.
只要我们还活着，就要全心全意为人民服务。
You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back.
只要你答应归还，你就可以把这书借走。
I’m sure we are safe as long as (we are) in his care.
我深信只要在他的保护下,我们就会平安无事。
② as long as=since / now that，也有“既然、因为”的意思, 引导原因状语从句。例如：
As long as we’ve driven this far, we might as well go on. 我们既然已经驶得这么远了,就不妨继续前进.
As long as you’ve offered, I accept. 既然你已给我，我就接受
课堂作业
Ⅰ. 根据首字母或汉语提示完成句子,注意词形变化。
1. As winter approached, the days became shorter.
2. We’re just debating the question of environment protection.
3. It was obvious to everyone that the child had been badly treated.
4. The agreements will be effective from November.
5. The figure of an angel appears on the coin.
6. I’m quite willing (自愿的) for you to go with them.
7. You can’t appreciate (赞赏) English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
8. People who refuse to pay tax (税)can be put in prison.
9. The father of a family should have more sense of responsibility(责任).
10. It has already brought many benefits to our national economy (经济).
Ⅱ. 补充翻译下列短语。
1. 依靠矿物能源 depend on fossil fuels
2. 大量的废弃物 a large amount of waste
3. 展开讨论 open the floor for discussion
4. 被有毒化学物质毁灭 be wiped out by poisonous chemicals
5. 转变成大问题 turn into a big problem
6. 对海洋生物有好处 be beneficial to sea creature
7. 友好的生活方式 friendly ways of living
8．关心目前状况 be concerned about the present situation
9. 保护环境的有效法律 effective laws to preserve environment
10. 帮助双方的关键 the key to helping both sides
Ⅲ. 单项选择。
1. Ten years ago the population of our village was C that of theirs. (2008陕西卷)
A. as twice large as B. twice as large as C. twice as much as D. as twice much as
2. Just in front of our house B with a history of 1,000 years. (2005上海春)
A. does a tall tree stand B. stands a tall tree C. a tall tree is standing D. a tall tree stands
3. The destruction of the World Trade Center has put US economy in a difficult C .
A. occasion B. case C. situation D. background
4. What will the world use for power when it A oil?
A. has run out of B. is running out of C. run out of D. ran out of
5. The government is trying to A drug trafficking.
A. wipe out B. copy out C. clean out D. wipe off
6. He is not a bit mean; instead he is always D to help anyone in trouble.
A. possible B. probable C. likely D. willing
7. The government has announced plans to cut back B defence spending B 10% next year.
A. upon; to B. on; by C. of; by D. for; to
8. —What do you suggest?
—My suggestion is that Andrew C abroad and he stay here until the project completes.
A. send B. should not send C. be sent D. not be sent
9. I find this treatment is very D to my health.
A. willing B. illegal C. serious D. beneficial
10. — Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?
—I don't mind where we go A there's sun, sea and beach. （2008全国卷1）
A. as it B. as long as C. now that D. in order
11. It is ___B___ that the radio is broken, for the sound given out is not B .
A. sure; pure B. obvious; clear C. clear; aloud D. certain; loudly
12. The dictionary still A where I A it a moment ago.
A. lies; laid B lied; lay C laid; laid D lies; lay
13. The English spoken in the United States is only B different from that spoken in England.
A. recently B. slightly C. mainly D. properly
14. The business D from having one office to having twelve.
A. expands B. will expand C. is expanding D. has expanded
15. In the United States, there is always A flow of people to areas of A country where more jobs can be found. （2008四川卷）
A. a; the B. the; a C. the; the D. a; a
Ⅳ. 选择括号中所给单词的适当形式填空
in addition, ask around, side by side, pour into, be bad for, be concerned about,
large amounts of, open the floor, clean up, run out of, wipe out, see…as
1. There are fine meals to be had if you ask around.
2. The two children are walking side by side.
3. TV presenter, thank you. Let’s open the floor to questions.
4. After his first novel was published, he was seen as one of the most outstanding new authors of his generation.
5. It shows your friends haven't stopped being concerned about you.
6. We are always ready to wipe out any enemy who dares to attack.
7. The waiter hurried to clean up the pieces of the broken plates.
8. More and more waste and poison are poured into the water, the soil and the air.
9. In addition, my visits will encourage people working on the projects and draw local people’s attention to the situation.
10. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
Word power & Grammar and usage
精讲典析
1. We use natural, safe energy from the sun, solar energy, instead of digging up Earth to find fossil fuels.（page 26）我们使用来自太阳的自然、安全的能源—太阳能，而不是挖掘地球找寻矿物能源。
辨析：dig up, dig
① dig up “掘起、挖出、找到、发现”，强调结果。例如：
They dug up their flower gardens to grow vegetables. 他们翻花园的土以种菜。
The children helped their parents to dig up potatoes. 孩子们帮他们的父母挖马铃薯。
An old coin was dug up in the garden. 在花园里挖出了一枚古硬币。
It’s a lovely picture. Where did you dig it up? 这张画很好玩，你在哪儿找出来的？
Have you dug up any information on the captain? 你有没有发现有关队长的消息？。
② dig “挖掘、掘地”，强调动作过程。例如：
She had to dig the garden. 她得把花园挖一挖。
They are digging a tunnel through the hill. 他们正在挖一条贯通这座山的隧道。
2. I am glad that you have asked readers to write in with their suggestions.（page 29）我很高兴贵报邀请读者发表自己的意见。
write in有“填写；将……插写进去；写信反映”的意思。例如：
Remember to write in an apology at the end of the note.
记住在纸条末尾加上一句道歉的话
He wrote in a paragraph at the editor’s request. 他应编辑的要求插入了一段落。
TV viewers have been writing in to complain of the false advertisement. 电视观众不断来信抱怨虚假广告。
Thousands of people have written in to us for a free sample. 现已有数千人给我们来信索要免费样品。
3. The state of our parks is very shocking, with rubbish everywhere.（page 29）遍地垃圾，我们的公园情况令人震惊，
(1) 辨析：state, condition, situation
这三个词都含有“情况”的意思。
① state在句中表示“状态”或“情况”。此时state是可数名词，但一般以单数形式出现。例如：state 系常用词, 指人或物存在或所处的状态, 但不着重于这种状态和具体原因或条件的关系。例如:
The house is in a dirty state now. 那屋子现在很脏。
Everything was in a state of disorder at that time. 当时一切处于混乱状态。
He is in a good state. 他身体健康。
② condition 指由于一定的原因、条件或环境所产生的特定情况。例如:
His condition will not permit him to travel. 他的情况不允许他旅游。
The bridge is in an extremely dangerous condition. 这座桥处于极度危险状态。
I haven’t been exercising much recently, so I’m a bit out of condition.
最近我没怎么运动，所以健康状况不太好。
③ situation 指多种具体情况造成的综合状态。例如:
We are in difficult situation. 我们处于困境。
The situation between her and Jake had come to a head. 她与杰克的关系很紧张。
The situation will soon come clear. 情况不久就会明朗的。
The economic situation has changed considerably. 经济形势已发生了相当大的变化。
(2) with rubbish everywhere 是“with＋宾语＋副词”组成的复合结构，在句中作状语，表示伴随情况。例如：
He fell asleep with the light on. 他睡着了，灯还亮着。
The boy stood there with his head down. 这个男孩低头站在那儿。
4. Now I just find it tiring because I have to pick up the rubbish where I am going to sit. (page 29) 现在我觉得令人生厌, 因为在我打算坐的地方，我得清扫垃圾。
where I am going to sit是由从属连词where引导的地点状语从句，和关系副词where引
导的定语从句在意义上相似，但应注意结构的区别。例如：
He lives where the climate is mild. / He lives in the place where the climate is mild.
他住在一个气候温暖的地方。
We should go where it is quieter. / We should go to the place where it is quieter.
我们应该到更安静些的地方去。
另一常见引导地点状语从句的连词是wherever。例如：
He seems to make enemies wherever he goes. 他好像走到哪就在哪树敌。
You can not just spit wherever you like. 你不能这么随地吐痰。
5. It is disappointing that none of the schools ask their students to do park clean-ups as part of their Science class.（page 29）令人失望的是没有一所学校把教育学生打扫公园当作他们科学课的部分内容。
disappoint用法
① disappoint vt. 使(人)失望。例如:
Please don’t disappoint me! 请别使我失望！
I promised to buy my son a new bicycle but I had to disappoint him.
我答应给儿子买辆新自行车, 可我不得不让他失望了。
② disappoint的现在分词disappointing常作形容词表示“令人失望的”, 在句子中做表语和定语。例如：
The result was disappointing. 结果是令人失望的。
The team made a disappointing start. 这个队一开始就让人失望。
③ disappoint的过去分词disappointed常作形容词用。意为“感到失望的”。常用句型为：
be disappointed with / in sb. 表示“对某人感到失望”。例如：
The manager is disappointed with his assistant. 那位经理对他的助手感到失望。
I’m disappointed in you, Mary. 玛丽，我对你感到失望。
He’s disappointed in his daughter. 他对女儿很失望。
be disappointed about/at/in/with sth/ to do sth.. 对某事感到失望。例如：
What are you disappointed about? 你对什么感到失望？
He was disappointed at the result. 他对这样的结果感到失望。
I was slightly disappointed by her attitude. 她的态度让我有点失望。
We’re disappointed with the new car. 我们对这辆新车感到失望。
be disappointed 从句/to do sth.. 对……感到失望，例如：
We were disappointed that they could not learn the lesson of history.
他们没能吸取历史的教训, 使我们感到很失望。
I was completely disappointed to hear that. 听到那个消息后我彻底失望了。
6. It would be a shame if they were destroyed because of people’s activities in the park.（page 29）如果它们遭到人为的毁灭，那是我们的耻辱。
shame的用法
① shame在句中是可数名词，意为“可耻的人/事、令人惋惜的事”。例如：
What a shame! 真惭愧！
It’s a shame you can’t stay with us. 你不能留下来和我们在一起, 真是太遗憾了。
It is a shame to be so wasteful. 这样浪费太可惜了。
② shame还可以用作不可数名词，意思是“羞愧、羞耻、惭愧”。例如：
His bad behavior brings shame on the whole school. 他的恶劣行为使整个学校蒙受耻辱。
She was hot with shame. 她羞惭得脸红发热。
When his teacher told his parents about his behavior, he felt great shame.
当老师告诉他父母他的行为时，他感到非常羞愧。
7. Two people were arrested yesterday at a Paris airport for bringing animals into Europe from South America illegally.（page 29）昨天在机场有两人因非法将动物从南美洲带入欧洲而被捕。
(1) be arrested for…意为“由于……被逮捕”，其中for是个介词，表示上文未交待过的情况或者述说间接原因，一般指推断性、解释性的附加理由。类似结构：
be famous for 因……而闻名 be well-known for因……而闻名
thanks for因……而感谢 apologize for因……而道歉
be praised for因……而受表扬
(2) bring into 把……拿入；带入(某处)；使达到…
Will you bring the tea things into the garden? 把茶具拿到花园去好吗?
This sudden warmth is bringing all the trees into leaf.
天气突然变暖, 所有的树都长出了叶子。
The new law will be brought into force by midnight tomorrow. 新法律于明日午夜生效。
词汇奥秘
有关环境问题的词汇
我们每天置身其中的环境，对我们的意义非同寻常。我们可以看到、听到、感觉到，所以我们也应该知道怎样去描述和谈论环境问题。就从我们身边开始，让我们来学习有关环境的英语词汇吧。我们所处的环境是一个大的生态系统：ecosystem，研究它的科学叫生态学：ecology；我们面临的问题是环境污染：environment pollution，我们要努力做的是保护环境：protect environment，其名词短语为：environment protection。我们面临的污染主要是空气污染：air pollution，水污染：water pollution，土壤污染：soil pollution。造成这些污染的原因是：工厂的有害废物：harmful waste from factories, 生活垃圾：household garbage，汽车尾气：traffic emission，等等。造成的危害有酸雨：acid rain，烟雾：smog，温室效应：greenhouse effect, 全球变暖：global warming，土壤沙漠化：desertification，自然灾害：natural disaster，有毒食品：poisonous food，等等。我们该做的是要尽量减少污染：reduce/lessen pollution，保护森林：protect forest，控制人口增长：control the overgrowth of population，寻找新能源：new energy，取代矿物燃料：replace fossil fuel，等等。
现在，请运用所学环境词汇知识，根据括号内的汉语提示，完成下列短文，要注意语意连贯，表达准确。
Development and the Environment
It is undeniable that 1. the worsening environment（不断恶化的环境）has become the biggest concern of the present-day world. Land resources（土地资源）are dwindling because of water loss and soil erosion（水土流失）. Waste gases poison（废气毒害）the air we breathe. The rivers and lakes are polluted by waste（被废弃物污染）dumped in them from factories. It is probably no exaggeration to say that deterioration of the quality of the environment（环境质量） threatens the existence of mankind itself.
Some people are of the opinion that the environmental problem（环境问题）is the price we have to pay for economic development（经济发展）. But I do not think that this argument is valid. After all, what is the point of economic growth if people's lives are adversely（不利地）affected by worsening environmental pollution（不断恶化的环境污染）?
　 There is plenty of evidence to show that sustainable development（可持续发展）can be achieved by balancing economic growth with protection of the environment（环境保护）. The key to achieving this is to make people aware of the seriousness of the problem（问题的严重性）. Both governments and ordinary citizens should join hands to make this world a better place to live in（更好的生活的地方）, not only for ourselves, but also for future generations（后代）.
语法知识：
现在分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词，除和助动词一起构成时态外，还可以是非谓语动词。分词做非谓语动词使用是高考考查的一个重要语法项目。
1. 形式
肯定式 doing sth. The old man sitting in the corner is John’s father.
否定式 not doing sth. Not knowing English, he asked his brother to translate the article into Chinese.
完成体 having done sth. Having finished his work, he went home.
被动式 being done The house being built is our dormitory.
完成被动式 having been done Having been criticized by his father, he gave up smoking.
2. 用法
现在分词表示主动和进行，可同它的宾语、状语构成分词短语，在句中作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
(1) 做定语
① 单个现在分词作定语一般需前置，放在所修饰的名词前；现在分词短语作定语时需后置，放在所修饰的词后面，都可转换成定语从句。被修饰的名词和现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
the rising sun = the sun that is rising
an interesting story = a story that is interesting
peace-loving people = people who are peace-loving
She brought shocking news.
This is a teaching building (which faces) facing the south.
They were talking about the boy (who was) standing in the snow.
② 与动名词做定语的区别
动名词做定语只能位于所修饰的名词之前，用以说明所修饰的名词, 其逻辑主谓关系不能成立。例如：
a swimming pool = a swimming for swimming
a teaching method = a method for teaching
(2) 做表语
① 现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。常见作表语的现在分词有exciting， interesting，disappointing，puzzling，surprising， astonishing，shocking，moving，amusing，encouraging，discouraging，confusing等，这些词实际上已成为形容词，亦称为分词形容词，因而可以有一副词加以修饰。例如：
The story sounds very interesting．
It’s very discouraging that so many students have failed.
The spelling of English is often puzzling.
His attitude was shocking to her.
② 与动名词做表语的区别
动名词做表语表示泛指意义的动作，其主谓关系无法体现动作在进行或主语所具有的特征。例如：
My hobby is growing flowers.
My favourite sport is playing tennis.
(3) 做宾语补足语
现在分词或分词短语作宾语补足语和宾语一起构成复合宾语。常见后接现在分词做宾补的动词有keep, have, get, send, set, sense, feel , see, look at, observe, watch, notice, hear, leave, like, imagine等。例如：
They kept me waiting for a long time．
We heard him singing in his room．
Don’t leave the water running while you brush your teeth.
After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice calling him.
(4) 做状语
现在分词或分词短语作状语时，修饰谓语动词所表示的动作，可以表时间、原因、行为方式、伴随等。其逻辑主语是句子的主语。例如：
① 现在分词或分词短语作状语表时间、原因、条件和让步时，可转换成相应的状语从句。例如：
Seeing nobody at home, I decided to come again. （表时间）
= When I saw nobody at home, I decided to come again.
Not knowing what to do，I went to Professor Zhang for help. (表原因)
= As I didn’t know what to do, I went to Professor Zhang for help.
Looking at it from the hill, you will find the city more beautiful. (表条件)
= If you look at it from the hill, you will find the city more beautiful.
Being ill today, I insisted on going to school. (表让步)
= Though I was ill today, I insisted on going to school.
② 现在分词或分词短语作状语表目的，可与动词不定式短语表目的或相应的从句转换，区别在于现在分词短语前一定有逗号隔开。例如：
Many people come to the parks, looking for amusement. =
Many people come to the parks to look for amusement. =
Many people come to the parks so that they can look for amusement.
Alice returned from the manager’s office, telling me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
= Alice returned from the manager’s office to tell me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
= Alice returned from the manager’s office in order that she could tell me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
③ 现在分词或分词短语做结果状语，具有“因果关系”，谓语动词应是瞬间动词, 分词短语前一定有逗号隔开, 也可以进行相应句型或从句的转换。例如:
It has also had harmful effects on the ecology, killing many plants and animals. (page 38)
污染对长江流域的生态也产生有害的影响，许多动植物遭灭顶之灾。
= It has also had harmful effects on the ecology so that many plants and animals are killed.
= It has also had harmful effects on the ecology. As a result, many plants and animals are killed.
In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ranking(名列) third of all the competing countries.
= In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals so that China ranked third of all the competing countries.
= In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals. As a result, China ranked third of all the competing countries.
His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan(孤儿).
= His parents died in the war. As a result, he became an orphan.
= His parents died in the war so that he became an orphan.
④ 现在分词或分词短语做伴随状语，谓语动词应是延续性动词, 分词短语前一定有逗号隔开；但无相应句型或从句的转换。例如:
He sat at the table, reading China Daily.
He was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette.
“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, looking out of the window.
We had an anxious couple of weeks, waiting for the results of the experiment.
As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not moving, and asked myself what I was going to do.
(5) 现在分词有一般式和完成式之区别，一般式是指分词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，而完成式则表示分词动作在谓语动词动作之前发生；结构为having done sth.，有时可进行相应的句型转换。例如：
Having seen this, the customer officer asked the woman to come over to his desk.（page 29）看到此景，这名海关官员令该女子来到他的办公桌前。(表时间)
= After he / she had seen this, the customer officer asked the woman to come over to his desk. （转换为时间状语从句）
What I’m here to say is that having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and a stable economy should be possible at the same time. （page 23, lines 36—38）在这里我想说的是，与很多环保人士共同努力过后，我知道健康的环境和稳定的经济并存是可能的。 (表时间)
= What I’m here to say is that after I have worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and a stable economy should be possible at the same time.
（转换为时间状语从句）
Not having heard from his daughter for a long time, the father wrote her again. (表原因)
= As he had not had heard from his daughter for a long time, the father wrote her again.
（转换为时间原因从句）
(6)“with+名词(或代词)+现在分词” 的with复合结构
“with+名词(或代词)+现在分词” 常在句中做状语, 现在分词与其前面的名词或代词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如:
I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise going on. （表原因）
With prices going up so fast, we can‘t afford to pay such a price. （表原因）
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. （表伴随）
(7) 现在分词的被动式
现在分词的被动式常见于在句子中做定语或状语, 。例如：
…not only is the amount of water taken from the river rising, but the waste (that is) being put back into the river has also been increasing. （page 38）
This is one of the experiments (that are) being done in our lab.
Having been attacked by terrorists(恐怖分子), the tall building fell down.
Having been shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
课堂作业
Ⅰ.根据首字母或汉语提示完成句子,注意词形变化。
1. This country is rich in natural resources.
2. It’s a shame you can’t stay with us.
3. They were arrested for having brought goods into the country illegally.
4. Her husband was once a customs officer before he retired.
5. “Your body language does not agree with what you are saying.” I said forcefully.
6. She was shocked(震惊)at the state of his injuries.
7. I have no wish to disappoint(使……失望)everyone by putting off the visit.
8. The police arrested(逮捕) her for stealing from her employers.
9. Special offers available for a limited(有限的) period.
10. His arrival(到来) brought complete silence to the room.
Ⅱ. 根据所给汉语意思完成短文。
Give eco-tourism the go-ahead
LAST week's topic: Tourism is 1.affecting (影响) society and the 2.environment (环境) in many ways. What 3.connection (联系) is there between tourism and environment? How can we maintain a 4.balance (平衡) between them?
Mike (Tianjin): There is no 5.doubt (怀疑) that we can 6.benefit（得益）a lot from tourism. We shouldn't 7.prohibit (禁止) tourism just because it 8.pollutes (污染) the environment. The key is keeping tourism from 9.destroying (毁坏) the environment. First, we can 10. construct (建造) fewer modern facilities at scenic spots than before. Second, tourists can be 11. educated (接受教育) about how to 12. protect (保护) the environment. I'm sure if we try our best, we can find a balance between tourism and the environment
Ⅲ. 选择填空
1. We had an anxious couple of weeks D for the results of the experiment. （08四川）
A. wait B. to be waiting C. waited D. waiting
2.—Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work B my mind, I almost break down.
A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled
3. A that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she’d like that little doll on her bed.（08北京）
A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen
4. A to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead（08重庆）
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
5. B in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. （08安徽）
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
6. I smell something A in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? （07全国）
A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
7. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice A him. （07上海）
A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call
8. He is a student at Oxford University, B for a degree in computer science.（07北京）
A. studied B. studying C. to have studied D. to be9.
9. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not B , and asked myself what I was going to do. （07 湖南卷）
A. moved B moving C. to move D. being moved
10. B that she didn’t do a good job, I don’t think I am abler than her.（07陕西）
A. To have said B. Having said C. To say D. Saying
Ⅳ.用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
1. Not having completed (complete) the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
2. The old man, having worked (work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
3. At this moment the bell rang, announcing (announce) the end of class.
4. The workers had the machines running (run) all night long to finish the work on time.
5. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding (add) that he had enjoyed his stay here.
6. A person to learn (learn) a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language, forgetting (forget) all about his own.
7. When he awoke, he found himself being looked after (look after) by an old man.
8. The graduating students are busy collecting (collect) material for their reports.
9. She caught the student cheating (cheat) in exams.
10.The missing boys were last seen playing (play) near the river.
Ⅴ.将下列句子划线部分改写为现在分词短语。
1.Look round when you cross the street.
Look round when crossing the street.
2. When she heard the news, she burst into laughter.
Hearing the news, she burst into laughter.
3. As she was still rather weak, she could not stay up for too long.
Being still rather weak, she could not stay up for too long.
4. While we were walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.
While walking in the street, we met some friends of ours.
5. There is a tall tree which covers the entrance to the cave.
There is a tall tree covering the entrance to the cave.
6. Since l didn’t know Chinese, I tried to speak to her in English.
Not knowing Chinese, I tried to speak to her in English.
Ⅵ. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。
Being killed (kill) by sharks was a common occurrence at that time.
Being exposed (expose) to sunlight for too long will do harm to one’s skin.
Hearing (hear) a footstep below, he rose and went to the top of the stairs.
Seeing (see) a little boy running across the street, the driver stopped his car all of a sudden.
Feeling (feel) cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television.
Having watered (water) the flower, he began to cut the grass.
Having been (be) ill for a long time, she was very weak.
Being (be) a tailor, she knows how to deal with this material.
Not knowing (not, know) her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.
Having lit (light) a candle, he went on reading.
Task & project
精讲典析
1. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification（UNCCD）was established in 1994.（page 35）联合国防治沙漠化公约缔结于1994年。
(1) 辨析：combat, battle, war, fight
这些词均可做名词用，都含有“战争；战斗”等意思，它们的区别是：
① combat是比fight正式的用语，也指格斗。例如：
There was fierce combat between the two sides. 双方进行了激烈的战斗。
No one knew how many troops had died in combat. 没人知道战斗中多少人战死。
The soldiers were in hand-to-hand combat. 战斗进入白刃战。
③ war意为“战争”，指交战双方的大战，war中包含多次的battles。例如：
We had two world wars in last century. 上世纪我们经历了两次世界大战。
They were fighting a just war. 他们在打一场正义战争。
Their courage brought the people through the war. 他们的勇气使人们熬过了战争。
③ battle意为“战役”，指war中大规模会战。在battle之中，包含多次的fights。例如：
That was an important battle in World War 2. 那是二战中的一次重要会战。
The battle finally brought the war to an end. 这一战役使这场战争终告结束。
④ fight是个常用语，fight常指个人或象征性的冲突，也可指与逆境的抗争。例如：
Are we losing the fight against illegal drugs? 我们要输掉这场打击毒品的战斗吗？
They are determined to go on with the fight. 他们决心继续这场斗争。
The fight against drug abuse goes on. 反吸毒的战斗在继续。
(2) combat vt. & vi. “与……战斗、与……斗争”。例如：
We must combat our own shortcomings and errors.
我们必须同我们自己的缺点和错误作斗争。
The government was urged to take measures to combat the spread of AIDS.
人们敦促政府采取措施以防止艾滋病的传播。
The police are now using computers to help combat crime.
警方现在使用电脑打击犯罪活动。
(3) 辨析：establish, set up, found, build
这一组词都有“建立”的意思，各有侧重，有时在某种意义上也能互换。
① establish侧重于“联系和交往”。例如:
We have established diplomatic relations with many countries.
我们已和许多国家建立了外交关系。
The club has established a new rule allowing women to join.
俱乐部制定了一条新规章, 允许妇女入会。
The company was established / founded in 1860. 这家公司创办于1860年。
② set up侧重于“组织和完善”
Thankfully, many people have recognized the importance of protecting the Yangtze River and environmental organizations and projects have been set up to deal with the problem. (page 38)
所幸的是，很多人已经认识到保护长江的重要性，设立了诸多环保组织和项目以试图解决这个问题。
The reserve was set up on the lower reaches of the river in Zhenjiang.（page 38, lines 30—31）这个自然保护区设立在长江下游的镇江段。
This centre was set up / founded in 1996. (page 35) 这个中心成立于1966年。
③ found侧重于“成立和产生”。例如：
They founded the company themselves. 他们自己创办了这家公司。
The college was founded in 1872. 这所大学兴建于1872年
When was the satellite city founded / built? 这座卫星城市是什么时候兴建的?
④ build侧重于“修建”的过程。例如：
They have built / set up another space station. 他们又建了一个太空站。
They will build us a new school. 他们将给我们建造一所新学校。
2. This centre was set up in 1996 and is stocked with modern technical equipment and computers for environment research.（page 35）这个中心成立于1966年，储备了现代化的用于环境研究的技术设备和计算机。
(1) stock的用法
① stock 用作动词，意为“储备”；“保持……的供应”。例如：
This store stocks all types of toys. 这家商店储备各种类型的玩具。
They do not stock flowers, only fruit. 他们不储存鲜花，只储存水果。
They used the house to store the building materials. 他们用那座房子来储藏建筑材料。
② be stocked with 储备了……
His head is well stocked with ideas. 他的头脑里主意很多。
The pond is well stocked with fish. 池塘里有很多鱼。
(2) equipment指“设备”时是不可数名词。例如：
This factory has imported a piece of equipment this year. 这家工厂今年进口了一台设备。
The complete equipment of the new hospital will take a year.
这个新医院完全装备起来要花费一年时间。

3. There are also things that can be done at a national or international level, such as sharing information and solutions between countries and using satellites to pick out areas likely to be affected by desertification.（page 35）还有些事情需要国家的力量或通过国际合作才能完成，比如国与国之间共享信息资源和解决问题的方法，利用卫星找出可能受到沙漠化影响的地区。
(1) at a…level “在……层次上、在……水平上”
The talks took place at a high level. 那些谈判是高级别的。
The whole class is at a third grade math level. 整个班级处于三年级数学的水平。
(2) pick out “挑选、分辨出”。例如：
They have picked out the best items on the menu. 他们从菜单上选出最好的菜。
Let’s pick out the bad potatoes from the basket. 让我们把坏掉的土豆从篮子里挑出来。
There were so many people at the conference that I couldn’t pick him out.
参加会议的人太多了, 我没法认出他。
He picked out a friend’s face in the crowd. 他在人群中认出了一位朋友的脸。
(3) to be affected by… 是不定式的被动语态，表示不定式的逻辑主语与不定式所表动作构成被动关系。又如：
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。
Many university students asked to be sent to work in the west of the country.
许多大学生请求被派去西部工作。
4. Rapid agricultural and industrial development plus huge population growth has meant that not only is the amount of water taken from the river rising, but the waste being put back into the river has also been increasing. （page 38, lines 2—4）工农业的飞速发展，加上人口的迅速增长，不仅意味着取水量的增加，也意味着回放到河流的废物在增加。
(1) plus意为“加上”，但它是介词，而不是动词。例如：
Three plus two equals five. 三加二等于五。
This work requires intelligence plus experience. 这项工作需要才智和经验。
All apartments have a small kitchen plus a bathroom.
所有公寓都有一个小厨房和一个浴室。
(2) not only is the amount of water是倒装分句，当not only…bust also连接两个分句, not only位于第一个分句句首用以强调加强语气时，应进行局部倒装。例如：
Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.
我们不但把钱丢了，还差点丢了命。
Not only does he studies hard，but also he works well.
他不仅学习努力, 而且认真工作。
Not only did he make a promise, but also he kept it.
他不仅做出了承诺, 而且履行了诺言。
5. Nor is it good news for the fish and wildlife that live in or along the river.（page 38, lines 8—9）对生活在长江沿岸的鱼类和野生动植物来说也不是好消息。
(1) Nor is it good news…是倒装句。句中nor= neither是否定副词，作“也不”解。当neither /nor位于句首用以强调加强语气时,句子应进行局部倒装。例如：
He did not come. Nor did he give me a call. 他没有来，也没有给我打电话。
I will not help him. Nor will I help you. 我不会帮他，我也不会帮你。
(2) 否定句后接neither \ nor所引起的另一分句。这种倒装句的结构是：Nor /Neither +助动词/情态动词/be +主语。例如：
He didn’t explain it, neither / nor did his father. 他没解释，他父亲也没解释。
—Do you know Tom quarreled with his brother? 你知道汤姆跟他弟弟争吵了吗？
—I don’t know, nor do I care. 我不知道，我也不在意。
He can’t afford a new house. Neither can I. 他买不起一套新住宅，我也买不起。
6. The pollution of the river has resulted in unsafe drinking water which has led to health problems for people living near the river.（page 38, lines 9—10）河流污染使得饮水不安全，导致了沿河居民的健康问题。
(1) 辨析：result in, result from,
① result in 有“引起、导致= lead to”和“以…为结局”的意思, 后跟“结果”。例如：
If breathed in, they can result in / lead to illness or even death.
如果通过呼吸吸入，他们会导致生病甚至死亡。
Their efforts resulted in failure. 他们的努力归于失败。
The attack led to / resulted in the US coming into the Second World War.
这次袭击导致美国参与二战。
In given conditions, a bad thing can lead to / result in good results.
在一定条件下, 一件坏事可以导致好的结果。
② result from 表示“由……产生”， 后跟“原因”。例如：
The damage resulted from the fire. 这损害由火灾造成。
His failure resulted from not working hard enough. 他的失败是工作不够努力造成的。
(2) lead to除有“导致”、“引起”意义外，还表示“把……带到、(道路)通向……”。例如：
The bell-boy led us to our rooms. 旅馆服务员把我们带到了我们的房间。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。
7. Experts have assessed river and are now trying to work out possible solutions to the many problems.（page 38, lines 19—21）有关专家已经对长江作出了评估，目前正试图针对许多问题拿出可能的解决方案。
It wasn’t too long before we had worked out a plan acceptable to all.
没多久我们就制订出一个大家都能接受的计划。
The plan has already been worked out, and can be put into operation before long.
计划已经拟好，不久即可付诸实施。
(2) work out还有一些其他的意义。例如：
① 锻炼
I used to go to the gym three times a week, but I don’t work out any more.
我以前总是每星期去三次健身房，但我现在不再外出锻炼了。
② 设计出
Mr Liu’s doctor worked out a safe treatment plan for him.
刘先生的大夫为他做出了一个安全的治疗方案。
③ 解答；计算出
I’ve worked out your share of the expenses at $10.
我已经计算出你应分摊的费用是10美元。
④ 产生结果；发展
Things worked out in an interesting way. 事情变得很有趣。
⑤ 使筋疲力尽；耗尽
He never seems to be worked out. 他好像永远不会疲倦似的。
8. The Yangtze River is home to a diverse range of fish and animals including the white-flag dolphin, a rare Chinese mammal which depends on the Yangtze River for survival. （page 38, lines 25—26）长江是很多鱼类和动物的家园,包括白鳍豚这种中国稀有的哺乳动物也是依赖长江得以存活。
(1) be home to / of“为……的所在地/产地”。例如：
Antarctic is home to penguins. 南极是企鹅的家。
Yunnan province is the home of elephants and peacocks. 云南是大象和孔雀的生息地。
Paris is the home of women's fashions. 巴黎是妇女时装的中心。
America is the home of baseball. 美国是棒球的发源地。
(2) a range of一套；一系列的东西
We offer a wide range of size or range of style. 我们提供广泛系列型号和款式。
The area offers a wide range of activities for the tourist.
该地区为游客提供各种各样的活动。
A range of buildings have sprung up along the river. 沿河建起了一排楼房。
(3) 辨析: depend on, rely on
① depend on和rely on都有“依赖、依靠”的意思，可互换。例如：
This is not good news for the people who live in all the towns and cities along the Yangtze River and who rely on / depend on it for water. (pages 6—8)
这对居住在长江两岸，饮用水源需依赖长江的所以城镇居民来说并不是好消息。
You can’t depend on your / rely on parents forever. 你不能永远依赖你的双亲。
② depend on /upon 还可表示“取决于”、“依（视）……而定”，表示此义时，不用于被动语态。而rely on则有“指望、信赖”的意思，两个短语不能互换。例如：
Whether the game will be played or not depends on the weather.
比赛是否举行，取决于天气。
It depends (on) who will be the first to arrive there. 要看是谁第一个到达那里。
Don’t rely on going abroad for our holiday—we may not be able to afford it.
不要指望去国外度假, 我们可能负担不起费用。
You may rely on /upon me. 你可以信赖我。
8. Boats are prohibited from entering this area in order to keep the dolphins safe. （page 38, line 31—32）为了保护这些海豚的安全，渔船禁止进入这片海域。
辨析: prohibit / forbid sb. From doing sth
两个词都是及物动词, 都有“禁止”之意，但也有细微之区别。
① prohibit语气较重, 指权威机关通过法律、法令、警告等正式规定或规则来禁止，有时候也见两个词通用。prohibit还有“妨碍、阻止”的意思，例如：
The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark. 天黑后士兵不准离开营房。
He was forbidden / prohibited from leaving the country. 他被禁止出境。
Smoking is prohibited in the workshop. 车间禁止吸烟。
His small size prohibits his becoming a policeman. 他的个子太小使他无法当警察。
② forbid是普通用语，比prohibit通俗，用于较小事物，或个人、上级、官方、长辈做出的禁止命令、规定，或客观条件不允许。forbid更多见用于forbid sb. to do sth.结构。例如：
He has even forbidden me from meeting my friends online at the Internet café!
他甚至禁止我在网吧与网上朋友见面。
I was forbidden from leaving Russia. 我被禁止离开俄罗斯。
The storm forbids us to go out. 暴风雨使我们不能外出。
I forbid you to call me late at night. 我禁止你在深夜给我打电话。
9. We still have a long way to go to solve all the problems concerning the Yangtze River. (page 38, line 33) 为了解决长江的各种问题，我们还有很长的路要走。
辨析：concerning，about，on
这几个词都有“有关”的意思，区别在于：
① concerning比较正式而已。例如：
Let me take a look at all the official documents concerning the sale of this land.
让我看看买卖这块土地的所有官方文件。
What do you know concerning / about this? 关于这事你知道些什么?
I spoke to him concerning / about his behavior. 我和他谈了他的行为。
② about则比较通俗，更加口语化。例如：
There has been much debate about prices. 关于价格问题已经有很多讨论了。
—What is this book about? 这是一本关于什么内容的书？
—It’s about a debate about animal rights. 是关于动物权利的辩论。
③ on多用于专业性内容或较正式的看法。例如：
Many of these points were raised during the debate on the fishing industry.
这些问题中有许多都是在关于渔业的讨论中提出来的。
Many countries have contributed to the debate on world poverty.
许多国家都参加了有关世界贫困问题的讨论。
课题实践
How to design a poster
海报是一种户外广告，分布于各处街道、影院、展览会、商业区、机场、码头、车站、公园等公共场所的街头艺术。海报广告由设计的画面和文字构成，海报广告设计仍然在特定的领域里施展着活力，并取得了令人满意的广告宣传作用。
我们先来欣赏一下下列海报，从文字到字体，到颜色，再到图案，很有感染力。

Planning your poster
Technical guidelines:
• Layout
• Colour
• Text size and font type
• Visuals
Other useful website links
1. 海报涵盖的内容：
● 标题（观众会最先看到）（title (the audience will view this first)）
● 介绍（introduction）
● 情况说明（problem statement）
● 方式（method）
● 结果（results）
● 推荐（recommendations）
● 结论（conclusion）
2. 海报设计的原则：
● 清晰的标题和副标题。（Clear headings and subheadings.）
● 组织好信息段。（Organizing the information into sections.）
● 应该平衡而简洁。（There should be balance and simplicity.）
● 决定在什么地方加图片。（Deciding where you want to add graphics, photographs, graphs, etc.）
● 不要试图呈现太多细节，简单就是美。（Do not try to present too much detail. Less is more.）
● 留出足够多的空白——不要试图把海报挤得满满的，海报应该清晰、简单。（Le

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